Opening Day at #CK2017 | Amit Bhatt, WRI India

1. A product of WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities
AMIT BHATT, DIRECTOR, INTEGRATED TRANSPORT
MOVING INDIA FORWARD
An Overview

2. INDIA
Population: 1.2 Billion (2011 Census)
The second-most populated country in the world, population expected to
surpass China in 2030.
India occupies 2.4% of world’s area and supports 16.9% of the world’s
population
1020.00
1040.00
1060.00
1080.00
1100.00
1120.00
1140.00
1160.00
1180.00
1200.00
1220.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population in million
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Population Growth
Source: Census 2011

3. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA
Road
• Total Road Length:
48,65,394 km
• NH: 76,818 km
• SH: 1,64,360 km
• Rural Roads: 19,38,220 km
• Urban Roads: 4,64,294 km
• Road Length increased 12
times between 1951 to
2012
• Road Length per 1000 km²
: 1480 km
• Road Length per 1000
Population: 4.03 km
Rail
• 7500 Railway Stations
• 64,600 km route
• 12000 and 7000 pass &
freight trains a day
• 2.8 million tonnes of
freight a day
• 25 million pass a day
• 3rd Largest Rail Network
in the World
Air
• 132 Airports in India
• 32 International and 154
Domestic Airport
• 27 Proposed Airports
• 20 operational airlines in
India
• 407.96 million
international passenger
traffic handled
• 121.51 million domestic
passenger traffic handled
in 2011-12
• 1.4 and 0.8 million tonnes
of cargo handled in 2011 -
12
Water
• 12 Major Ports and 200
non-Major Ports
• 917 million tones of Cargo
traffic handled
• 21.5 million passenger
traffic handled
• 6 National Waterways of
length 4503 km serving 15
states
• 40% of cargo and 98% of
passenger traffic handled
by non-major ports.
Source: Infrastructure Statistics -2014 , MoSPI

4. Traffic by air
2%
Traffic by Railway
13%
Traffic by Road
85%
Share of passengers by mode
SNAPSHOT OF SHARE OF TRANSPORT BY MODE IN INDIA
Source : CRISL | Railway | Aviation | CIRT
Year
2012-13
Passenger KM in Billion
Passenger By Public Transport 5756
Traffic by air 108
Traffic by Railway 740
Traffic by Road 4908
% share of Road Transport 85%
Traffic by Buses 4173
% share of Bus 74%
Traffic by State transport buses 485
% share of STU buses 8%
Traffic by Private operated buses 3688
% share of Private buses 64%
2/3rd of
which is
Bus
Transport

5. Commute Pattern

6. HOW INDIA COMMUTES TO WORK: CENSUS 2011
23%
13%
13%3%
3%
11%
3%
1%
30%
Commute Pattern
On foot
Bicycle
Moped/Scooter/Motor
Cycle
Car/Jeep/Van
Tempo/Auto/Taxi
Bus
Train
Water Transport
Source: The Hindu, 2015, Census 2011
Commuting in Mega Cities
Source: The Hindu, 2015, Census 2011

7. Bus Transport Statistics

8. ESTIMATED OWNERSHIP PATTERN OF BUSES IN INDIA (2012)
Total Buses around 1.7 million
School Buses
53%
Public Sector /
STU's
9%
Private Sector
38%

9. BUS TRANSPORT
A state-wise comparison of the population served by each SRTC bus: 2012-13
Over 250 million passengers
uses the government-owned
buses daily
Southern states outclass
northern states in availability of
buses
Bihar operates just one SRTU
bus per 2.5 lakh people.
Karnataka has one of the best
network of SRTU buses available
– one bus every 2700 persons

10. BUSES PER 1000 POPULATION IN SELECT COUNTRIES
Country Buses per 1000 population
Australia 4
Bangladesh 1
Brazil 4
China 2
France 1
Germany 1
India 1
Japan 2
Malaysia 3
Mexico 3
Russian Federation 0.5
South Africa 6
Thailand 8
UK 3
USA 2
Source: Review of the Performance of State Road Transport Undertakings (Passenger Services) for April, 2013 – March, 2014
India has less than one bus for
every 1000 citizens
India typically has 0.5-1 buses
per 1000 population
Countries like Mexico, Brazil,
China boast of more than 2
buses per 1000 population
This has an effect on waiting
time, number of citizens catered
to and headway
Less connectivity by buses gives
rise to innovative and often
unsafe IPT options

11. BUSES REQUIRED IN 2021
Population in 2021 1.35 Billion Office of the Registrar
General, India
Urban Population in 2021 530 Million MoUD
Buses per lakh population in urban
areas 60
Ministry of Finance &
ADB Toolkit 2010
Number of buses required in urban
areas 318,000
Buses per lakh population for intercity
travel 40
Lee Schipper, 2008
Number of buses for intercity travel 326,800
Total number of buses required in 2021 644,800

12. BUS TRANSPORT –
FROM HERE TO THERE

13. MANUFACTURING CAPACITY
Source: https://data.gov.in/resources/, MoSPI
Production of buses in
2009-10 is 46,000
Projected production of
buses in 2020 is 80,500
and that in 2030 is
1,13,000
But, India requires
more than 3 lakh
buses in cities alone
Growth in production of buses
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1,13,000
80,500

14. About half of the buses sold in India
are manufactured by TATA Motors
Ashok Leyland and TATA Motors
together constitute about 75% of
the market share of buses
Mahindra, SML Isuzu, Volvo-Eicher,
etc constitute the non-public buses
(School, Office, Tour buses)
LIMITED COMPETITION
Tata Motors
49%
Ashok Leyland
23%
Volvo-Eicher
12%
Mahindra
6%
SML Isuzu
9%
AB Volvo
1%
Share of Sale of Buses
Source: Sharpe, 2015

15. TAXATION
Source: Calculation by WRI India based on MoRTH Data
Government bus operators are liable for as
many as 13 different taxes on their
assets and operations
Taxes contribute close to 20% of an
STU’s operating cost.
In 2015, of all reporting STUs, ten STUs
declared a surplus before taxes, but only three
remained self-sufficient after clearing their
direct tax liabilities.
In 2014-15, BMTC reported a loss of INR 649
million, with a total tax liability of INR 3.096
billion from Motor Vehicle and fuel tax alone.
Benefits of Lowering Taxes for Public Agencies

16. LIMITED FINANCING OF BUS TRANSPORT
Fare Box is main
source of revenue
Source: Bus Karo 2.0 – Case Studies from India, WRI
Non fare box sources
are less than 5%
National financing for
buses under JNNURM
Viability gap, especially
for operations is an issue

17. TECHNOLOGY HAS FOUND LIMITED IMPACT
Source: Bus Karo 2.0 – Case Studies from India, WRI
Need for deploying a system with
protocol sharing between the bus
manufacturers and system vendors
Setting up fully functional Traffic
Management Centres for coordinating
ITS activities
ITS in City Bus Services

18. TECHNICAL CAPACITY
There is negligible technical
expertise with SRTU’s across the
country
DTC, BEST does not have a
transport engineer or a planner in
the team
BEST employs non-transport
planners as planners
BMTC has DT Planning and DT
Engineering as a post
Source: Bus Karo 2.0 – Case Studies from India, WRI

19. BUS TRANSPORT FORUMS
ASRTU is the is the only forum in India which
facilitates procurement, exchange of
knowledge, best practices, etc.
International Transport Forum convened by
the OECD has a forum on Public Transport
which conducts events on Bus Transport
US has transport forums with Brazil and
China which highlights on innovation and
Race to Zero Emissions (R2ZE)
European Bus Forum is organized by
Eurotransport which brings together key
stakeholders in the European Bus Sector.
The need for knowledge transfer and Innovative thinking in Bus Reforms in
India has peaked.

20. Thank you
abhatt@wri.org