Project is used to control the robotic vehicle using RF remote operation. Low power laser beam light is interfaced with microcontroller for desired operation
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RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
Introduction
The project is designed to control a robotic vehicle by using a RF
technology for remote operation. A low power laser light is interfaced for
demonstrating the possibilities of destroying a distant object by its beam.
An 8051 series of microcontroller is used for the desired operation. At the
transmitting end using push buttons, commands are sent to the receiver
to control the movement of the robot either to move forward, backward
and left or right etc. At the receiving end two motors are interfaced to the
microcontroller where they are used for the movement of the vehicle.
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Microcontroller 8051
Microcontroller 8051 is designed in 1980’s by Intel.
It is a computer on chip type.
It is 40 pin dip type ic.
It is designed for performing special type operation to do specific jobs.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Microcontroller 8051
It has four sets of i/o pins which can be used both input and output
operations.
It contains four ports.
Each port contains 8 pins.
The pin configuration is shown below
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Pin diagram of 8051
Pins 1-8:it is said to be port 1 and it is used for input/output
operations.
Pin 9 is a reset pin.
Pins 10-17: it is port 3 is also used for input/output operations but
specially it has alternate operations
Pin 10(RXD): - Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial
synchronous communication output.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Pin diagram of 8051
Pin 11(TXD): Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial
synchronous communication clock output.
Pin 12(INT 0):Interrupt 0 input.
Pin 13(INT 1);Interrupt 1 input.
Pin 14(T0):Counter 0 clock input.
Pin 15(T1):Counter 1 clock input.
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Laser Beam Arrangement
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Pin diagram of 8051
Pin 16(WR): Write to external (additional) RAM.
Pin 17(RD):Read from external RAM.
Pin 18 to 19(X1,X2):Internal oscillator.
Pin 20(GND):Ground
Pin 21-28(port 2): I/P or O/P port when no external memory is used.
In case external memory is used, the higher address byte.
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Laser Beam Arrangement
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Pin diagram of 8051
Pin 29 (PSEN): Program Store Enable.
If external ROM is used for storing program then a logic zero (0)
appears on it every time the microcontroller reads a byte from
memory
Pin 30 (ALE): Address Latch Enable
Pin 31 (EA): Enable Access.
To use program from an ext. memory(Logic zero), to use program
from both int. as well as ext. memory (logic 1).
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Pin diagram of 8051
Pin 32-39 (port 0): -I/P or O/P when ALE is low and lower order
address byte when ALE is high.
Pin 40(Vcc): +5v power supply.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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RF Transmitter and
Receiver RF modules are normally divided into three groups, RF
transmitter module
RF receiver module and RF transceiver module
433MHz ASK transmitter and receiver is used for the remote
control.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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RF Transmitter Module
Working
An RF transmitter module is connected to the transmitter unit with the
help of an encoder device.
The push buttons of the transmitter are connected to the
microcontroller as input switches.
The commands are transferred to a receiver that controls the
movement of the robot either in forward, backward, left or right
directions corresponding to the buttons that are pressed on the
transmitter end.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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RF Transmitter Module
Working An RF receiver is connected to the receiver end with the help of a
decoder device.
The two motors are interfaced to the microcontroller through a motor
driver IC wherein they are used to move or change the directions of the
moving robotic vehicle.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Features of
RF Range in open space(Standard Conditions) : 100 Meters
RX Receiver Frequency : 433 MHz
RX Typical Sensitivity : 105 Dbm
RX Supply Current : 3.5 mA
RX IF Frequency : 1MHz
Low Power Consumption
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Laser Beam Arrangement
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Features of
RF
Easy For Application
RX Operating Voltage : 5V
TX Frequency Range : 433.92 MHz
TX Supply Voltage : 3V ~ 6V
TX Out Put Power : 4 ~ 12 Dbm
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Robotic Vehicle Working
The robot is controlled by an RF remote wherein the commands are sent by
the transmitter
Based on these commands, the receiver controls the directions of the robot.
A laser beam is mounted on the robot's body whose operation is carried out
by the microcontroller output through an appropriate signal from the
transmitting end.
The low power laser light used in this project is employed just for
demonstration purpose only because high power ones are dangerous to use.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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HT 12
ENCODER
Operating voltage is 2.4V~12V for the HT12E.
Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at VDD=5V
HT12A with a 38kHz carrier for infrared transmission medium
Minimum transmission words are Four words for the HT12E
Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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HT12
DECODER
Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V.
Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology.
Low standby current.
Capable of decoding 12 bits of information.
Binary address setting.
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Laser Beam Arrangement
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HT12
DECODER
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
Address/Data number combination for HT12D: 8 address bits and 4
data bits.
Valid transmission indicator
Minimal external components
18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package
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MOTOR DRIVER
(L293D)
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
Wide supply-voltage range: 4.5V to 36V
Separate input- logic supply
Internal ESD protection
Thermal shutdown
High-Noise-Immunity input
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MOTOR DRIVER
(L293D)
Functional Replacements for SGS L293 and SGS L293D
Output current 1A per channel (600 mA for L293D)
Peak output current 2 A per channel (1.2 A for L293D)
Output clamp diodes for Inductive Transient suppression(L293D)
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Laser Beam Arrangement
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L293D Description
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC).
In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven
simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction.
The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at
pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15.
Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10
will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.
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Laser Beam Arrangement
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L293D Description
Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be
high for motors to start operating.
When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled
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Laser Beam Arrangement
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DC- MOTOR
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC)
electricity.
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple
electromagnetism.
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Laser Beam Arrangement
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DC- MOTOR
A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet
or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a
magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature),
stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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BC547 (NPN –
Transistor) The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor.
It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547
series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of the
device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β).
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Laser Beam Arrangement
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BC547 (NPN –
Transistor)
The current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is
called Alpha, (α), and is a function of the transistor itself
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Working Principle
A low power laser light is interfaced for demonstrating the possibilities
of destroying a distant object by its beam.
An 8051 series of microcontroller is used for the desired operation.
At the transmitting end using push buttons, commands are sent to the
receiver to control the movement of the robot either to move forward,
backward and left or right etc.
At the receiving end two motors are interfaced to the microcontroller
where they are used for the movement of the vehicle.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Working Principle
The RF transmitter acts as a RF remote control that has the advantage
of adequate range (up to 200 meters) with proper antenna.
While the receiver decodes before feeding it to another
microcontroller to drive DC motors via motor driver IC for necessary
work.
A laser pen is mounted on the robot body and its operation is carried
out from the microcontroller output through appropriate signal from
the transmitting end.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Working Principle
The laser light used is just for demonstration purpose and not a
powerful one.
Further the project can be enhanced using DTMF technology.
Using this technology we can control the robotic vehicle by using cell
phone.
This technology has an advantage over long communication range as
compared to RF technology.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
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Conclusion
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with Laser Beam Arrangement , This project is
designed to control a robotic vehicle by using a RF technology for remote operation.
A low power laser light is interfaced for demonstrating the possibilities of
destroying a distant object by its beam. An 8051 series of microcontroller is used for
the desired operation.
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement