5. 5
UNIT 2
Present perfect
( Have has + p.p من التام المضارع يتكون
(
( Have has + p.p بين توضع
( ( Already , just , ever , never عالماته
(
الجملة اخر في
. Already تأتي ان يمكن
Ever مع التفضيل صيغة
) Since , for , so far , yet , lately , recently , up till now عالمات
(
Yet والنفي السؤال اخر lately ونفي اثبات recently فقط اثبات
in the last years, over the years. This, المضارع اثر because…
*Since (2008, May, Friday, o’clock, last مدة, yesterday, the age of, فاعل + فعل, birthday,
the last مناسبة holiday, childhood
For (year, month, day, week, the last, hour, ages, over (less)than a year, a long time,
as long as I can remember)
Since ( بسيط ماضي, تام )ماضي تام ماضي since بسيط ماضي
It’s مدة since فاعل + مثبت بسيط ماضي
Have gone to ( been in ) يعد ولم ذهب Have been to وعاد ذهب
Have been in مكان في موجود
Present perfect continuous
(Have has + been + v.ing من المستمر التام المضارع يتكون
(
(Since for + still , not , now , all عالماته
(
أفعال
التام المضارع في توضع قصيرة او عدد بعدها والتي والملكية الحواس
تام ماضي
) ) by + ماضيه سنه بسيط ماضي in سنه تام مضارع since سنه
قاعدتان لهم الزمنية الروابط
(when/after/as soon as/once/by the time/till/until/while)
رابط + تام مضارع بسيط مضارع …………… مستقبل بسيط مضارع امر
رابط + تام ماضي بسيط ماضي …………… بسيط ماضي
6. 6
استخدام عند
the
اسم إلي الصفة تتحول معينة صفات قبل
جمع فعل معه ُستخدميو جمع
:
the poor / the rich / the disabled المعاقين/ the deaf ُمصال/ the blind المكفوفين/ the dumb ُكمبال
/the sick / the dead / the young / the old / the homeless المشردون/ the elderly السن كبار/ the
unemployed العاطلون
The poor are in need of our help. = Poor people are in need of our help.
تستخدم
a
بمعني معينة كلمات قبل
(
لكل أو كل في
)
كلمة مكانها نستخدم أن يمكن وعادة
per
a day / a month / per hour / per person
He earns 500 pounds a month. He drove 70 miles per hour.
اسم وبعدها عدد قبلها جاء إذا اآلتية الكلمات جمع عدم الحظ
:
Week / second / month / year / minute / hour / day
I usually have a ten-minute break for coffee at midday.
a five-hour meeting a three-day trip
نقول ولكننا
:
The trip took three days. The meeting lasted for five hours.
حالة وفي
كلمة وجود
time
نستخدم السابقة الكلمات بعد
's)
)
و المفرد حالة في
(s')
الجمع حالة في
:
in a week's time in two years' time
experience: )جمعُت ال معين عمل خالل من ومهارات معرفة من الشخص يكتسبه (ما الخبرة
experiences : الحياة في خبرات أو حياتية تجارب أو أحداث أو مواقف
They offered me the job because I had a lot of experience.
I had some interesting experiences while I was travelling. (= things that happened to me)
experiment : معينة لنتائج التوصل أو ما شيء صحة إلثبات علمية تجربة
Teachers usually carry out simple experiments in the laboratory.
One of + )مفرد الفعل أن (الحظ جمع اسم
One of the ancient wonders is the Great Pyramid at Giza.
Words often confused:
routine )يوميا الوقت نفس في أعمال من الشخص به يقوم (ما اليومي الروتين
red tape الرسمية اإلجراءات روتين
Dressing is a task which we do every day as a matter of routine.
We must get rid of the red tape in government offices.
Language notes
7. 7
custom: جماعية عادة
It’s the custom for the bride’s father to pay for the wedding
mend )يعمل ال أو تالف (شيء بإصالح يقوم amend قانون أو نص في تغيير أو تعديل بإجراء يقوم
The plumber came to mend the burst pipe.
The constitution الدستورwas amended some time ago.
win (T/I)بـ يفـوز / يكسـب a game/ a race سباق/ a medal / a competition مسابقة / a cup / a match /
a contest مسابقة/ support دعم
/
مساندة
/
تأييد / love / trust ثقة / confidence ثقة / approval استحسان
/war/loyalty والء
/
إخالص / friends
Which year was it that Italy won the World Cup?
beat علي يتغلب / يهزم Holland beat Argentina by 3/1.
gain يكتسب )information / knowledge معرفة/ experience / reputation سمعة (
gain (weight / speed / height )االرتفاع أو الطول/السرعة/(الوزن في )يزداد
earn (money / earn a living) عمل من يكسب
She earns $40,000 a year.
abroad الخارج aboard قطار أو طائرة أو سفينة متن علي
My father travelled abroad on business. They finally went aboard the plane.
other than = except عدا ما
rather than = in preference to / instead of خخر علي شيء مفضال / من بدال
otherwise = or وإال
The form cannot be signed by anyone other than the manager.
I think I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than go out.
You'll have to go now, otherwise you'll miss your bus.
Make or Do?
make friends أصدقاء يتخذ do an operation جراحية بعملية يقوم
make sure يتأكــد do a job وظيفة يؤدي
make contributions بإسهامات يقوم do work بالعمل يقوم
make sense معني له do the shopping يتسوق
make a decision يقرر
/
قرار يتخذ do the homework المدرسية بواجباته يقوم
make a difference to
في اختالف يحدث
/
له يكون
علي تأثير
do wrong يخطئ
8. 8
make a mistake يخطئ
/
خطأ يرتكب do good ُفيـدي
make parts of cars السيارات أجزاء يصنع do harm يضــر
make a fire نارا يشعل do the washing up يقوم
األواني بغسل
make a suggestion اقتراح يقدم do the cleaning بالتنظيف يقوم
make a promise دِعَي do the sweeping بالكنس يقوم
make achievements انجازات يحقق do a favour معروف أو خدمة يقدم
make peace السالم يحقق do a project دراسة أو بحث بعمل يقوم
make war حرب يشن do research أبحاث بعمل يقوم
make lunch/dinner الغداء يعد
/
العشاء do without عن يستغني
Make use of من يستفيد do (his) hair شعره يصفف
make up (his) mind يقرر
do
something/nothing
شيء يفعل
(
شيء ال
)
make a noise ضوضاء يثير do the cooking بالطهي يقوم
Make arrangements بترتيبات يقوم Do your best بوسعك ما تفعل
Make an offer بعرض يتقدم Do sport الرياضة يمارس
Make changes to علي تغييرات ُجريي Do gymnastics القوي ألعاب يمارس
Make a plan خطة ُعدي Do exercises رياضية تمارين يؤدي
Make progress تقدم يحقق Do a survey رأي استطالع ُعدي
Make a phone call تليفونية مكالمة ُجريي Do the dishes األطباق ُنظفي
Make a prediction يتنبأ Do business عمل مهمة في
Make money أمواال يجني
/
أرباحا يحقق Do duties بواجباته يقوم
Make efforts جهود يبذل Do the housework منزلية بأعمال يقوم
Make an invention الختراع يتوصل Do revision ُراجعي
Make a profit ربح يحقق Do repairs باصالحات يقوم
Make a discovery الكتشاف يتوصل
be associated with = be related to = be connected with بـ عالقة له/بـ مرتبط
There are problems which are associated with cancer treatment.
association: مؤسسة / منظمة / جمعية
They set up an association to collect money and build a new school.
بـ المنتهية الصفات تحويل عند ۩ly حال الي adv.:نستخدم
In a + adj. + way/manner
9. 9
fatherly أبوي/ motherly باألم مرتبط/ friendly / cowardly جبان/ neighbourly عطوف/ودود/
lovely / silly / ugly قبيح/ brotherly أخوي/ deadly مميت/ lonely / likely محتمل/ unlikely غير
محتمل/ heavenly سماوي/ manly رجولي/ lively نشيط/حيوي
She spoke in a friendly way.
He behaved in a silly way.
بـ المنتهية األفعال أن الحظ ۩ize بـ ًاأيض تنتهي أن يمكن ise
realize = realise recognize = recognise
organize = organise economize = economise
كلمة تستخدم ۩even:المقارنة حالة في تكون بعدها صفة وجود حالة وفي متوقع غير شيء علي للداللة
He didn't even have enough money to pay the rent.
I haven't even started making dinner.
Frank played well last season and this season he has played even better.
:السنوات ونطق كتابة طريقة الحظ ۩
1908 = Nineteen oh-eight
2015 = two thousand and fifteen / twenty fifteen
Grow up doing something:
Many people have grown up reading the books of Abdel-Tawab Youssef.
Leave someone doing something
The head teacher left him dreaming about his life as a teacher.
rest: راحة فترة
the rest (of): ..بقية
The doctors had told him to have complete bed rest for a whole week.
what do you want to do for the rest of your life?
استخدام الحظ ۩most/least:اآلتية األفعال مع
what do you most/least enjoy/like/love/hate about..?
what do you enjoy/like/love/hate most/least … about..?
What I like/love/enjoy/hate most is/are…
What do you most enjoy about your job? / What do you enjoy most about your job?
What I liked most were the beautiful beaches.
conduct: سلوك
conduct: )الكهرباء/(الحرارة يوصل
conduct (a survey/a study/a poll رأي استطالع/ an experiment): بـ يقوم/جريُي
A conducted tour: )منظمة (جولة مرشد بصحبة سياحية جولة
He was arrested for unlawful conduct. قانوني غير سلوك
This material conducts electricity well.الكهرباء توصل
They conducted a survey to ask local residents المحليون السكانwhat they would like.
:كفعل أو كإسم خدمتُتاس سواء الحروف بنفس تكتب الكلمات من كثير أن الحظ ۩
plan / ache / break / chat / demand / face / use / delay / stay
I plan an introduction and then use steps.
He made a plan for the lesson.
The demand for fish exceeds the supply.العرض عن يزيد
Words Often Confused:
social (issues / problems / reforms) )بالمجتمع عالقة (له اجتماعي
10. 10
sociable )آخرين مع أنشطة فيه مارسُت وقت تصف أن ويمكن – (لألشخاص اجتماعي
Team sports help to develop a child's social skills.
You can join a social club to make friends.
She's a sociable child who'll talk to anyone.
We had a very sociable weekend.
EXERCISES
1.At the age of seven, my parents ……………… me to Jordan.
a. are taking b– were taking c– took d– take
why?............................................................................................
2. At the age of seven, he …………….. a prize for a drawing of an animal.
a. gave b– was given c– has given d– had given
why?............................................................................................
3. Someone phoned me while I ………………. the dinner.
a. cook b– was cooked c– am cooking d– was cooking
why?............................................................................................
4. While my car …………………, I went shopping.
a. was mending b– was being mended c– has mended d– had mended
why?............................................................................................
5.While my mother was doing the washing up, my baby sister …………………… after.
a. was looking b– has been looked c– was being looked d– had looked
why?............................................................................................
6. As soon as he …………………… the photograph, he showed it to his friend.
a. takes b– has taken c– will take d– had taken
why?............................................................................................
7. As soon as the robbers ………………………., they were taken to jail.
a. had arrested b– had been arrested c – were arresting d– are arrested
why?............................................................................................
8. I …………………. him a few days ago.
a. have seen b– saw c– would see d – was seen
why?............................................................................................
9. He ………………... need much sleep, but he does now.
a. didn't use to b- isn't used to c– used d– uses
why?............................................................................................
10.…………………….. you use to play with dolls?
a. Are b– Is c– Did d– Does
why?............................................................................................
11.While he was finishing one story, he ………………. of another one.
a. thinks b– is thinking c– was thinking d– has thought
why?............................................................................................
12.My last e-mail …………………… to six people.
a. send b– was sending c– has sent d– was sent
why?............................................................................................
13.When she ………………………. seven, she wrote a poem which won a prize.
a. is b– was c– was being d– has been
why?............................................................................................
11. 11
14.She …………………………. poetry for 7 years, but now she writes novels.
a. writes b– has written c– wrote d– will write
why?............................................................................................
15.This film ……………………….. by Thomas Wilson.
A. directed b– had directed c– was directed d– was directing
why?............................................................................................
16. This author uses very short sentences. That is his................of writing.
a) routine b) route c) fashion d) style
why?............................................................................................
17. The computer............... a noise and gave us a headache.
a) made b) did c) had d) found
why?............................................................................................
18. How do you think Haqqi’s training as a ................. affected how he wrote?
a) diplomacy b) porter c) diplomat d) politician
why?............................................................................................
19. The prisoner of Zenda was so fantastic that it was made ............ a film?
a) into b) in c) up d) off
why?............................................................................................
20. He ............... an urgent telephone call asking for help.
a) did b) revised c) made d) delivered
why?............................................................................................
21. This survey was ................... by phone and asked people's political opinions.
a) made b) done c) acted d) represented
why?............................................................................................
22. Will you ................. me a favour and post this letter for me?
a) make b) do c) present d) offer
why?............................................................................................
23. We rewarded her as she ............... well in the exam.
a) made b) cheated c) did d) played
why?............................................................................................
24. Yehia Haqqi’s writing is still important today because he ............. a new style of writing
a) did b) discovered c) proved d) created
why?............................................................................................
25. His first short story…............ him as one of the great short story writers of the Arab
world.
why?............................................................................................
a) developed b) did c) provided d) established
26. She got .................... when I asked her some personal questions.
a) confuse b) confusing c) confusion d) confused
why?............................................................................................
27. A……………is someone who produces books , newspapers or magazines.
a) publisher b) beggar c) writer d) editor
why?............................................................................................
28. Has he ................. a decision about buying the car yet?
a) did b) made c) took d) had
why?............................................................................................
29. I spend two or three days ……..... the week’s work until I’m happy with what I’ve written.
a) to check b) checking c) check d) to checking
12. 12
why?............................................................................................
30. He is wealthy as he has been working ……....... for more than 20 years.
a) aboard b) broad c) abroad d) board
why?............................................................................................
31. The government is working on improving access to public transport for ............. people.
a) disabled b) rich c) wealthy d) affluent
why?............................................................................................
32. If you continue to study hard, your knowledge of French will...................
a) prove b) disprove c) approve d) improve
why?............................................................................................
33. His................ seems to be worse when visitors come.
a) behave b) favour c) behaviour d) behold
why?............................................................................................
34. It's.............. to thank the host for his hospitality.
a) traditional b) fake c) unusual d) rarely
why?............................................................................................
35. I ran for ten kilometres yesterday and now my legs ....................... .
a) Ache b) fake c) lake d) itch
why?............................................................................................
36. We .....................to go to Greece for the holidays next year.
a) plan b) planet c) plan e d) plant
why?............................................................................................
37. Dr Ahmed Zewail is an .................... person in the field of science.
a) idle b) impatient c) incorrect d) influential
why?............................................................................................
38. The school secretary is ......................... for sending emails to the parents.
a irresponsible b respected c responsible d awarded
why?............................................................................................
39. My father said that his teacher was very.................... . My father couldn't talk in
his lessons! a serious b strict c fatherly d kind
why?............................................................................................
40. Nabila ....................her grandchildren. She always gives them lots of food and
presents! a annoys b hates c spills d spoils
why?............................................................................................
41. This film is very................. I'd prefer to watch something that will make us laugh!
a sensible b funny c serious d fun
why?............................................................................................
42. He achieved a lot in his field, so the president ................. him.
a) Donated b) imprisoned c) honored d) persuaded
why?............................................................................................
43. Many people think that teaching is difficult, but it is a .......... job.
a) worth b)worthless c) boring d) worthwhile
why?............................................................................................
44. Hazem does not like cold water but we................ him that swimming is good for him!
a) encouraged b) convinced c) confused d) discouraged
why?............................................................................................
a) lived b) lives c) has lived
why?............................................................................................
13. 13
45- Belal is not here. He .............. to the dentist’s. d) have lived
a) went b) has been c) has gone d) goes
why?............................................................................................
46- We haven’t travelled by train...................... years
a) since b) for c) ago d) in
why?............................................................................................
47- Hala cannot play tennis. because she ............. her hand
a) hurts b) hurt c) has hurt d) had hurt
why?............................................................................................
48- It ….................. very cold lately, but it's just beginning to get warmer.
a) was b) has been c) is
why?............................................................................................
49- Basel is not hungry because he ................... a big lunch d) had been
a) eats b) has eaten c) ate d) is eating
why?............................................................................................
50- She has been to America. This means that she …….. there.
a) is still b) is no longer c) will be d) won't be
why?............................................................................................
51- It's more than 20 years ……............. I traveled abroad.
a) while b) before c) when
why?............................................................................................
52- I haven't seen the new adventure film ........................ d) since
a just b yet c already
why?............................................................................................
53- Radwa doesn't know what flying is like because she............ . d never
a) never flies b) has never flown c) has ever flown d) has just flown
why?............................................................................................
54- A long time has passed ……….. I saw him.
a) as long as b) because c) since d) until
why?............................................................................................
55- They ……….. what to do for the holidays yet.
a) hadn't decided b) haven't decided c) don't decide d) won't decide
why?............................................................................................
56- Ahmed ................ London. He is going to return to Cairo next week.
a) has gone b) has been c) has gone to d) has been to
why?............................................................................................
57- Karim has been really good at English............ he went to England on holiday last summer.
a) when b) for c) although d) since
why?............................................................................................
58- My little brother is sad because he ................... his favourite toy.
a) is breaking b) was breaking c) had broken d has broken
why?............................................................................................
59- Ali isn't here. He................... to the park.
a) has been b) has gone c) had been d) had gone
why?............................................................................................
60- My uncle ……….. to Germany lately.
a) is b) will be c) has been d) is being
why?............................................................................................