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Similaire à What is Urban Agriculture?
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What is Urban Agriculture?
- 1. Urban Agriculture: What? Why? When? Where? How? Who? AG299.03 Introduction to Urban Agriculture Dr. Eileen Cullen Winter Quarter 2015
- 2. Setting the stage … • Over half the world’s population (7 billion) living in cities United Nations Population Fund 2008 Annual Report. • In North America & Europe, 80 percent of the population lives in metropolitan areas Cockrall-King, J. 2012. Food and the City. • There are now thirty-five “megacities” – urban clusters of over 10 million people – around the world “Population 7 billion” National Geographic, January 2011; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity
- 3. • The Los Angeles megacity, which is home to more than 40% of the population of California, is the second largest megacity in the United States and an intense source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases Wong et al. 2014. Atoms. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 14. • California leads the country in agricultural production; meanwhile it has 7 of the most densely populated urban centers in the USA Surls et al. 2014. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems.
- 4. WHAT? Exploring Definitions of Urban Agriculture
- 6. Urban Farms: Different things to different people • Home-scale food production: community gardens, backyard plots, and school/educational youth gardens. • Specialized techniques and infrastructure: rooftop gardens, aquaponics, hydroponics, and vertical farming systems. • Market Farms: in-ground production and selling those products for profit.
- 7. UC ANR Uses This Definition “Urban agriculture includes production (beyond that which is strictly for home consumption or educational purposes), distribution and marketing of food and other products within the cores of metropolitan areas and at their edges. Examples include community, school, backyard, and rooftop gardens with a purpose extending beyond home consumption and education, urban market gardens, innovative food-production methods that maximize production in a small area, community supported agriculture based in urban areas, and family farms located in metropolitan greenbelts” (Adapted from the American Planning Association, 2011).
- 8. Similar (simpler) Definition “Urban agriculture is the growing, processing, and distribution of food and other products through intensive plant cultivation and animal husbandry in and around cities” Bailkey and Nasr. 2000. From Brownfields to Greenfields: Producing Food in North American Cities. Community Food Security News. Fall 1999/Winter 2000:6
- 9. A United Nations Definition “Urban agriculture is an industry that produces, processes and markets food and fuel, largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or metropolis, on land and water dispersed throughout the urban and peri- urban area, applying intensive production methods, using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diversity of crops and livestock” Smit et al. 1996. Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs, and Sustainable Cities. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
- 10. Urban Agriculture Vocabulary • Agroecology • Colony collapse disorder (CCD) • Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) • Co-Producer • Edible Forest • Food Desert • Food Justice • Food Mile • Food Policy • Food Policy Council Terms to be used in AG299.03 Readings, Discussion, Videos, News Articles, Field Trips and Urban Ag discourse in general. Become familiar the meaning of these terms throughout the quarter. Class activities and assignments will be organized around these terms. We may expand this list as a group!
- 11. Urban Agriculture Vocabulary • Food security • Foodshed • Food Shock • Food Sovereignty • French Intensive Agriculture • Green Revolution • Guerilla Gardening • Industrial Food • Intercropping • Locavore • Metropolitan area • Organopónico • Peak Food Terms to be used in AG299.03 Readings, Discussion, Videos, News Articles, Field Trips and Urban Ag discourse in general. Become familiar the meaning of these terms throughout the quarter. Class activities and assignments will be organized around these terms. We may expand this list as a group!
- 12. Urban Agriculture Vocabulary • Peak Oil • Peak Water • Peri-urban • Permaculture • Slow food • Social Capital • SPIN farming • terroir • Urban agriculture • Urban area • Urban heat island • Vertical farming • Victory Garden Terms to be used in AG299.03 Readings, Discussion, Videos, News Articles, Field Trips and Urban Ag discourse in general. Become familiar the meaning of these terms throughout the quarter. Class activities and assignments will be organized around these terms. We may expand this list as a group!
- 13. WHY? Social, Health, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Urban Agriculture Graphic: Powerhouse Growers
- 14. Urban Agriculture movement isn’t happening in a vacuum • Role of urban agriculture in global food security is a topic of increasing discussion. • Urban Agriculture plays an important role in environmental sustainability programs. • Strategy for business development, job training, community development, democratic process. • Contributes to nutritional self-reliance, reducing hunger and malnutrition in urbanizing areas around the world.
- 15. Food Security Data USDA ERS • Food security means access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy lifestyle. • Food insecurity means that households didn’t know where their next meal was coming from on any given day.
- 17. USDA Definitions and 2013 Stats • Food insecure: 14.3 percent (17.5 million) of U.S. households at some time during 2013. Composed of: • Low food security: 8.7 percent (10.7 million) of U.S. households sometime in 2013. • Very low food security: 5.6 percent (6.8 million) of U.S. households at some time during 2013.
- 18. Bad Hollywood Movie? • Food shock: Sudden, dramatic interruption to food supplies for any reason, such as weather or natural catastrophe, war, or lack of fuel. • Supermarket retail business very sophisticated just-in- time “value chain logistics” systems. • Manage inventory so well, only need three-day supply of food in distribution system at any given time. Lord Cameron of Dillington, Head of the UK Countryside Agency 2007.
- 20. Food Mile Concept • Food must travel through a complex network to supply cities. • Approximately 1,500 miles from farm to plate, about 25 percent farther than in 1980. • At the same time, expectations of food freshness continue to increase. • Food with high durability can make the long journey to supermarket shelves, appearance vs. taste?
- 21. Food deserts • Areas in cities devoid of markets and grocery stores, where people have little or no access to healthy, nutritious, fresh, whole foods as grocery stores moved to suburbs. • Fast food outlets and convenience stores. • For past decade, the average distance Americans must travel between their home and the closest grocery store is six miles.
- 22. Ron Finley: A guerilla gardener in South Central LA – Ted.com http://www.ted.com/talks/ron_finley_a_guerilla_gardener_in_south_central_la?language=en
- 23. Environmental Sustainability • Increases green space, which reduces the urban heat island, stormwater runoff, and improves air quality. • Locally produced food reduces energy consumption and pollution associated with transportation (reduced food miles). • Improved hydrology, soil quality, biodiversity. • Specific initiatives focus on organic gardening and urban yard and food waste recycling streams.
- 24. Social Impacts • Creating Safe Places/Reducing Blight • Access to Land • Community Development/Building Social Capital • Education and Youth Development Opportunities • Cross-Generational and Cultural Integration UC ANR Urban Agriculture, Dr. Rachel Surls http://ucanr.edu/sites/UrbanAg/Research/
- 25. Health Impacts • Food Access and Security • Increased Fruit and Vegetable Consumption • Food and Health Literacy • General Well-Being (Mental Health and Physical Activity) UC ANR Urban Agriculture, Dr. Rachel Surls http://ucanr.edu/sites/UrbanAg/Research/
- 26. Economic Impacts • Job Creation, Training and Business Incubation • Market Expansion for Farmers • Decreased Food Expenditures • Savings for Municipal Agencies • Increased Home Values UC ANR Urban Agriculture, Dr. Rachel Surls http://ucanr.edu/sites/UrbanAg/Research/
- 27. Urban Agriculture History • Even before WWI (1914-1918), vacant lot gardening was an organized movement in most cities in North America and Europe. • WWI urban food gardening went from relief to war effort with Victory Garden movement. • Boosted morale, helped address food shortages, and steep price rises in food. • 1918 est. 5.3 million victory gardens in the U.S.
- 28. Rose-Hayden Smith aka “The Victory Grower” • Author, U.S. historian. Food systems advocate. • University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources – Cooperative Extension Ventura County. • Blog: “A Garden for Everyone. Everyone in a Garden.” http://rosehayden-smith.com
- 29. • Great Depression (~1929-1941) “Relief Gardens” • WWII (1939-1945) Victory Gardens. • 1943, est. 3/5ths of Americans were gardening – immigrant, native born, rich and poor, young and old, rural and urban. • ~40 percent of fresh fruits and vegetables consumed in US were grown in school, home and community gardens.
- 30. The Top 5 US First Lady Gardeners http://www.plantingseedsblog.com/2 009/11/the-top-5-us-first-lady- gardeners/
- 31. Urban Agriculture: South Central LA Urban Farming History of Richland Farms, Compton LA
- 32. Richland Farms: An Introduction • History of Compton, LA: Shoshone tribes, Spaniards and missionaries prior to The War of 1847/Mexican War (1846-1848). • Compton incorporated in 1888 with requirement that certain acreage be zoned for agricultural purposes, City of Compton and Richland Farms. • WWI and WWII: Segregation, poverty and southern agricultural economy, - migration to West and Richland Farms in particular.
- 33. 'Until the 1950s, Los Angeles County was the top agricultural county in the U.S.' • http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/hist ory/bringing-back-urban-agriculture-to-la- communities-30290.html View this 5:00 minute Video on KCET SOCAL FOCUS featuring Rachel Surls, our Jan. 7th guest speaker in AG299.03. Dr. Surls wrote a new book on LA/SoCal farm history coming out soon!
- 34. WHERE? Urban Agriculture: SoCal, Nationally and Globally Graphic: Powerhouse Growers Graphic: Cultivate LA, UCCE LA County
- 36. Cultivate LA • Capturing the state of Urban Agriculture in LA. • UCLA students, professors and project partners (Dr. Rachel Surls UCCE LA Co.) reviewed zoning codes and municipal regulations for all 88 incorporated cities in LA County and unincorporated areas. • Zoning, Mapping, School Gardens, Economics & Geography, Distribution.
- 37. • How has urban agriculture changed over time, and what are planners’ roles in addressing urban food sources? • The most visible forms of Urban Agriculture – farmer’s markets and community gardens – do not tell the whole story. • Planners face challenges in redefining the role of agriculture within cities.
- 38. Recent Report on Urban Ag Cropland • Researchers, using satellite data, found agricultural activities within 20km (12.4 m) of urban areas occupy an area equivalent to the 28-nation European Union. Thebo et al. 2014. Global assessment of urban and peri-urban agriculutre: irrigated and rainfed croplands. Environ. Res. Lett. 9
- 39. The table is moving closer to the farm • Global area of urban irrigated croplands est. 24 Mha (59 Ma) – 11% of all irrigated croplands. • Global area of urban rainfed croplands est. 44 Mha (108 Ma) – 4.7% of all rainfed croplands. Thebo et al. 2014. Global assessment of urban and peri-urban agriculutre: irrigated and rainfed croplands. Environ. Res. Lett. 9
- 40. HOW? Agroecological Principles Technological Innovations Business Models Social Movements/Community Development We will study the How? In this course from multiple perspectives and disciplines!
- 41. WHO? “To truly change our food system, we need 50 million new people growing food in their local community” – Will Allen, urban farmer and CEO of Growing Power, Inc., 2011
Notes de l'éditeur
- This course explores the social, ecological and plant science foundations and applications for urban agriculture. Students will gain an understanding of the origins and current innovations in urban farming. Topics include planning and zoning examples of farming in cities, regional food systems, food production technologies and scale, and soil-plant-pest management approaches. Case studies, with an emphasis on Southern California, incorporate outreach and community components of urban agriculture enterprises.
- Megacity can be a single metropolitan area or two or more metropolitan areas that converge. Tokyo is currently the largest with 37.9m, Mexico City and Beijing are 6th and 7th with 22.2m and 21.6m, respectively. New York City is 10th (20.3m). Los Angeles is 16th of 35 with 17.9 million.
- The increasing population growth of recent years has brought the issue of sustainability to the forefront. Urban agriculture is one way to significantly impact not only people’s lives, but also environmental sustainability. This growing population has created a number of questions over how to deal with sustainability in terms of transportation demand, housing needs, recreational interests, food supply.
- These types of gardens are popular and easily acces- sible to the broad community of home-scale food producers. require significant infrastructure for everything from growing medium support to water cycling, heat, and even artificial light. These systems tend to be less accessible because of both the costs associated with the infrastructure and the specialized growing techniques that are required. They also start to cross over from purely household production to production of crops for sale. This last slice of urban agriculture has fairly low barriers to entry, and has the potential to contribute a significant volume of food to urban communi- ties while earning significant income for urban farmers.
- University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
- The expression originates from the French word périurbanisation, which is even used by INSEE[1] (the French statistics agency) to describe spaces—between the city and the countryside—that are shaped by the urbanisation of former rural areas in the urban fringe, both in a qualitative (e.g. diffusion of urban lifestyle) and in a quantitative (e.g. new residential zones) sense. It is frequently seen as a result of post-modernity—(not post-modernism). In science, the term was used initially in France and Switzerland.
- Include food justice, poverty and workforce capacity, ….
- Similarly, in spite of its seeming simplicity, urban agriculture does not just happen. To foster the development and growth of urban agriculture, a city may have to consider implementing techniques that include zoning ordinances, comprehensive plans and, in some cases, state legislation. Physically, it increases green space, which reduces the urban heat island, stormwater runoff, and improves air quality. Because food is produced locally, urban agriculture also reduces energy consumption and pollution associated with transportation. An urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.
- Food Insecure: Uncertain of having, or unable to acquire, enough food to meet the needs of all their members because they had insufficient money or other resources for food. Food insecure households include those with Low food security and Very low food security. Low food security: Obtained enough food to avoid substantially disrupting their eating patterns or reducing food intake by using a variety of coping strategies, such as eating less varied diets, participating in Federal food assistance programs, or getting enough emergency food from community food pantries. Very low food security: Normal eating patterns of one or more household members were disrupted and food intake was reduced at times during the year because they had insufficient money or other resources for food.
- The phrase 'nine meals from anarchy' sounds more like the title of a bad Hollywood movie than any genuine threat. But that was the expression coined by Lord Cameron of Dillington, a farmer who was the first head of the Countryside Agency - the quango set up by Tony Blair in the days when he pretended to care about the countryside - to describe just how perilous Britain's food supply actually is. A far-fetched warning for a First World nation like Britain? Hardly. Because that's exactly what happened in the U.S. in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. People looted in order to feed themselves and their families.
- http://www.wired.com/2012/11/sandy-supply-chain-impact/all/ But for a company that’s succeeded in retail the way Walmart has, it’s hardly surprising that it would invest in systems to track flooded roads and power outages with as much zeal as any emergency management agency. For a company like Walmart, a normal day doesn’t look that much different than a disaster day, at least from a supply chain perspective.
- "I don't grow food, I grow people," he says. "And food just happens to be a byproduct of growing people, where you're showing people how to be self-sufficient and self-sustaining and how to be creative.”
- In sociology, social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups. Although different social sciences emphasize different aspects of social capital, they tend to share the core idea "that social networks have value". Just as a screwdriver (physical capital) or a university education (cultural capital or human capital) can increase productivity (both individual and collective), so do social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups.
- This doesn’t mean that every urban agriculture project or urban farm offers all of these benefits! Every site is unique. Projects must be designed and implemented with their goals in mind. Economic Development while most forms of urban agriculture are not for profit, participants, and sometimes units of government, can benefit economically (Herbach 1998). Furthermore, community supported agriculture and involvement in farmers’ markets are two opportunities to share benefits between consumers and producers (Barrs [n.d.]). Farmers’ markets have a locational advantage over commercial producers since the distance of transport is shorter and there is less need for packaging (Nugent 1999). The gross returns to farmers’ market participants are generally 200 to 250 percent higher than the returns from wholesaler or distributor sales (Abel et al 1999). In addition, the markets provide an alternative for consumers who value “quality and variety” or who wish to support local agriculture (Lyson et al. 1995).
- Hayden-Smith advocates for school, home and community gardens and food enterprises…and for public policies that support a healthy, affordable, sustainable, accessible and just food system. You can find her work under the moniker ”Victory Grower”. Hayden-Smith holds Masters degrees in Education and U.S. history, and a doctorate in U.S. history from the University of California, Santa Barbara.
- In WWI, the Federal Bureau of Education rolled out a national school garden program and funded it with War Department monies.
- http://www.plantingseedsblog.com/2009/11/the-top-5-us-first-lady-gardeners/
- http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/richland-farms/
- This study instead integrates global data on croplands and urban extents using spatial overlay analysis to estimate the global area of urban and peri-urban irrigated and rainfed croplands. their sum does not necessarily represent the total urban cropland area when the maximum extent of irrigated and rainfed croplands occurs in different months. Further analysis of croplands within 20 km of urban extents show that 60 and 35 percent of, respectively, all irrigated and rainfed croplands fall within this distance range.
- Synergy of Traditional & Urban Agriculture Traditional agriculture will always play a major role in global food supply and economics. Since traditional farmland is much larger in area than most urban farms, more crops can potentially be yielded and more animals can be raised. Looking into the future though, with a constant growing population, new methods of growing are necessary in order to survive. With the decline in the area of farmland annually, urban agriculture will be this new method and can make up for the declining land for traditional agriculture. These two methods can work hand in hand to ensure that food supply stays at a sufficient amount as well as cleaning up the environment. ???? http://www.powerhousegrowers.com/traditional-urban-agriculture-need/