Objectives:
1. Identify significant world events from ancient China and India.
2. Identify example of the humanities in ancient civilizations, such as art, architecture, and philosophy.
3. Identify major key examples from the humanities that reflect developments in world events and cultural patterns in ancient China and India.
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
HUM: 100 - Early China and Ancient India
1. Early China
and Ancient India
HUM/100 – Intro to the Humanities I
The Ancient World to Medieval Time
Prof. Francisco Pesante-Gonzalez
University of Phoenix – Puerto Rico Campus
2. Objectives
Identify significant world events from ancient China
and India.
Identify example of the humanities in ancient
civilizations, such as art, architecture, and philosophy.
Identify major key examples from the humanities that
reflect developments in world events and cultural
patterns in ancient China and India.
6. World Population (2016): 7.444 Billions
China Population: 1.383 Billions (18.6%)
India Population: 1.329 Billions (17.9%)
United States Population: 324 Millions (4.4%)
North+Central+South America Population: 959 Millions (12.9%)
7. PREHISTORIC ASIA
The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent
Indian Subcontinent
Subcontinent—landmass that includes India,
Pakistan, and Bangladesh
World’s tallest mountain ranges separate it
from rest of Asia
8. PREHISTORIC ASIA
The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent
Rivers, Mountains, and Plains
Mountains to north, desert to east, protect
Indus Valley from invasion
Indus and Ganges rivers from flat, fertile
plain—the Indo-Gangetic
Southern India, a dry plateau flanked by
mountains
Narrow strip of tropical land along coast.
10. PREHISTORIC ASIA
The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent
Monsoons
Seasonal winds dominate India’s climate
Winter winds are dry; summer winds bring rain
can cause flooding
11. PREHISTORIC ASIA
The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent
Environmental Challenges
Floods along the Indus unpredictable; river
can change course
Rainfall unpredictable; could have droughts
or floods
12. PREHISTORIC ASIA
Civilization Emerges on the Indus
Indus Valley Civilization
Influenced an area larger than Mesopotamia
or Egypt
Earliest Arrivals
About 7000 B.C., evidence of agriculture and
domesticated animals
By about 3200 B.C., people farming in villages
along Indus River
13. PREHISTORIC ASIA
Civilization Emerges on the Indus
Planned Cities
By 2500 B.C., people build cities of brick laid
out on grid system
Engineers create plumbing and sewage
systems Indus Valley called Harappan
civilization after Harappa, a city
14. PREHISTORIC ASIA
Civilization Emerges on the Indus
Harappan Planning
City built on mud-brick platform to protect
against flood waters
Brick walls protect city and citadel—central
buildings of the city
Streets in grid system are 30 feet wide
Lanes separate rows of house (which
featured bathrooms)
16. INDIA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
Harappan Culture
Language
Had writing systems of 400 symbols; but
scientists can’t decipher it
Culture
Harappan cities appear uniform in culture; no
great social divisions
Animals important to the culture; toys suggest
prosperity
17. INDIA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
Harappan Culture
Role of Religion
Priests closely linked to rulers
Some religious artifacts reveals links to
modern Hindu culture
Trade
Had thriving trade with other peoples,
including Mesopotamia
18. INDIA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
Indus Valley Culture Ends
Harappan Decline
Signs of decline begin around 1750 B.C.
Earthquakes, floods, soil depletion may have
caused decline
Around 1500 B.C., Aryans enter area and
become dominant
19. PREHISTORIC ASIA
The Geography of China
Barriers Isolate China
Ocean, mountains, deserts isolate China from
other areas
River Systems
Huang He (“Yellow River”) in north, Yangtze in
south
Huang He leaves loess—fertile silt—when it
floods
22. PREHISTORIC ASIA
The Geography of China
Environmental Challenges
Huang He floods can devour whole villages
Geographic isolation means lack of trade;
must be self-sufficient
China’s Heartland
North China Plain, area between two rivers,
center of civilization
23. PREHISTORIC ASIA
Civilization Emerges in Shang Times
The First Dynasties
Around 2000 B.C. cities arise; Yu, first ruler of
Xia Dynasty
Yu’s flood control systems tames Huang He
(“Yellow River”)
Shang Dynasty, 1700 to 1027 B.C., first to
leave written records
24. PREHISTORIC ASIA
Civilization Emerges in Shang Times
Early Cities
Built cities of wood, such as Anyang—one of
its capital cities
Upper class lives inside city; poorer people live
outside
Shang cities have massive walls for military
defense
25. CHINA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
The Development of Chinese Culture
Chinese Civilization
Sees China as center of world; views others as
uncivilized
The group is more important than the
individual
26. CHINA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
The Development of Chinese Culture
Family
Family is central social institution; respect for
parents a virtue
Elder males control family property
Women expected to obey all men, even sons
Social Classes
King and warrior-nobles lead society and own
the land
27. CHINA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
The Development of Chinese Culture
Religious Beliefs
Spirits of dead ancestors can affect family
fortunes
Priests scratch questions on animal bones and
tortoise shells
Oracle bones used to consult gods; supreme
god, Shang Di
28. CHINA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
The Development of Chinese Culture
Development of Writing
Writing system uses symbols to represent
syllables; not ideas
People of different languages can use same
system
Huge number of characters make system
difficult to learn
29. CHINA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle
The Zhou Take Control
In 1027 B.C., Zhou Dynasty takes control of
China
Mandate of Heaven
Mandate of Heaven—the belief that a just
ruler had divine approval
Developed as justification for change in
power to Zhou
Dynastic cycle—pattern of the rise and
decline of dynasties
30. CHINA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle
Control Through Feudalism
Feudalism—system where kings give land to
nobles in exchange for services
Over time, nobles grow in power and begin
to fight each other
31. CHINA EARLY ANCIENT HISTORY
Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle
Improvements in Technology and Trade
Zhou Dynasty builds roads, canals to improve
transportation
Uses coins to make trade easier
Produces cast iron tools and weapons; food
production increases
32. CHINA EARLY ANCIENT
HISTORY
Zhou and the Dynastic
Cycle
A Period of Warring States
Peaceful, stable Zhou
empire rules from
around 1027 to 256
B.C.
In 771 B.C., nomads
sack the Zhou capital,
murder monarch
Luoyang becomes
new capital; but
internal wars destroy
traditions
King Cheng of the Zhou
33. RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE -
CHINA
Confucius and the
Social Order
Confucius Urges
Harmony
End of Zhou
Dynasty (256 B.C.)
is time of disorder
Scholar Confucius
wants to restore
order, harmony,
good government
Confusius ( 551 – 479 b.C.)
34. Confucius and the Social Order
Confucius Urges Harmony
Stresses developing good relationships,
including family
Promotes filial piety—respect for parents and
ancestors
Hopes to reform society by promoting good
government
RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - CHINA
35. Confucius and the Social Order
Confucian Ideas About Government
Thinks education can transform people
Teachings become foundation for
bureaucracy, a trained civil service
Confucianism is an ethical system of right and
wrong, not a religion
Chinese government and social order is
based on Confucianism
RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - CHINA
36. Other Ethical Systems
Daoists Seek Harmony
Laozi teaches that people should follow the
natural order of life
Believes that universal force called Dao
guides all things
Daoism philosophy is to understand nature
and be free of desire
Daoists influence sciences, alchemy,
astronomy, medicine
RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - CHINA
37. RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - CHINA
Other Ethical Systems
Legalists Urge Harsh Rule
Legalism emphasizes the use of law to restore
order; stifles criticism
Teaches that obedience should be
rewarded, disobedience punished
38. RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - CHINA
Other Ethical Systems
I Ching and Yin and Yang
I Ching (The Book of Changes) offers good
advice, common sense
Concept of yin and yang—two powers
represent rhythm of universe
Yin: cold, dark, soft, mysterious; yang: warm,
bright, hard, clear
I Ching and yin and yang explain how people
fit into the world
39. RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - INDIA
Buddhism and Hinduism Change
Traditional Hindu and Buddhist Beliefs
Hinduism blends Aryan and other beliefs;
belief in many gods
To Buddhists, desire causes suffering but
suffering can be overcome
40. RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - INDIA
Buddhism and Hinduism Change
A More Popular Form of Buddhism
Belief in bodhisattvas develops—potential
Buddhas who save humanity
Mahayana sect—Buddhists accepting new
doctrines of worship, salvation
Theravada sect—Buddhists who follow
original teachings of Buddha
Wealthy Buddhist merchants build stupas -
stone structures over relics
42. RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - INDIA
Buddhism and Hinduism Change
A Hindu Rebirth
Hinduism is remote from people by time of
Mauryan Empire
Hinduism moves toward monotheism; gods
part of one divine force
43. RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - INDIA
Buddhism and Hinduism
Change
A Hindu Rebirth
Chief gods:
Brahma: creator of
the world
Vishnu: preserver of
the world
Shiva: destroyer of
the world
44. RELIGIONS AND THEIR CULTURE - INDIA
Buddhism and Hinduism Change
A More Popular Form of Buddhism
Belief in bodhisattvas develops—potential
Buddhas who save humanity
Mahayana sect—Buddhists accepting new
doctrines of worship, salvation
Theravada sect—Buddhists who follow
original teachings of Buddha
Wealthy Buddhist merchants build stupas -
stone structures over relics
45. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Mauryan Empire Is Established
Chandragupta Maurya Seizes Power
In 321 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya seizes
power, starts Mauryan Empire
Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India
Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India
united for first time
Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large
army
46. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Mauryan Empire Is Established
Running the Empire
Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a
priest
Chandragupta creates bureaucratic
government
He divides the government to make it easier
to rule
47. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Mauryan Empire Is Established
Life in the City and the Country
A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of
the empire
Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269
B.C., 32 years
Asoka—Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the
empire to its height
48. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Mauryan Empire Is Established
Asoka Promotes Buddhism
After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka
promotes Buddhism and peace
Preaches religious toleration—accepting
people of different religions
Builds roads, with wells along them
49. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
A Period of Turmoil
The Breakup of the Mauryan Empire
Asoka dies in 232 B.C.; kingdoms in central India
soon break away
The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for
centuries
Northern India receives immigrants from Greece,
other parts of Asia
Tamils—a people living in southern India - remain
separate and frequently war with rival peoples
50. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Gupta Empire Is Established
Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire
Chandra Gupta marries into kingship in north
India in A.D. 320
Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire;
flowering of Indian civilization, especially
Hindu culture
His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with
conquest
51. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Gupta Empire Is Established
Daily Life in India
Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family
raises crops together
Families are patriarchal—headed by the
eldest male
Farmers have to contribute work to
government and pay heavy taxes
Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by
mother rather than father
52. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Gupta Empire Is Established
Height of the Gupta Empire
Chandra Gupta II rules from A.D. 375–415
He defeats the Shakas and adds western
coast to empire
Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion,
and science
After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire
declines
53. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
Achievements of Indian Culture
Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
Ocean trade leads to advances in astronomy
Indian astronomers in Gupta Empire prove
that world is round
Mathematicians develop idea of zero and
decimal system
Doctors write medical guides and make
advances in surgery
54. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Spread of Indian Trade
India’s Valuable Resources
India has spices, diamonds, precious stones,
and good quality wood
55. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Spread of Indian Trade
Overland Trade, East and West
Trade routes called Silk Roads connect Asia
and Europe
Indians build trading posts to take advantage
of the Silk Roads
56. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Spread of Indian Trade
Sea Trade, East and West
Indian merchants carry goods to Rome by
sea
Merchants trade by sea with Africa, Arabia,
China, Southeast Asia
58. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT INDIA
The Spread of Indian Trade
Effects of Indian Trade
Increased trade leads to rise of banking
Bankers lend money to merchants, careful of
degree of risk
Increased trade spreads Indian culture to
other places
Trade brings Hinduism, Buddhism to other
lands
59. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Qin Dynasty Unifies China
Zhou Dynasty
Lasted 1027 to 256 B.C.; ancient values decline near
end of dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
Qin Dynasty replaces Zhou Dynasty in third century
B.C.
60. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Qin Dynasty Unifies China
A New Emperor Takes Control
Emperor Shi Huangdi unifies China, ends fighting,
conquers new lands
Creates 36 administrative districts controlled by Qin
officials
With legalist prime minister, murders Confucian
scholars, burns books
Establishes an autocracy, a government with unlimited
power
61. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Qin Dynasty Unifies China
A Program of Centralization
Shi Huangdi builds highways, irrigation projects;
increases trade
Sets standards for writing, law, currency, weights and
measures
Harsh rule includes high taxes and repressive
government
62. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Qin Dynasty Unifies China
Great Wall of China
Emperor forces peasants to build Great Wall to
keep out invaders
The Fall of the Qin
Shi Huangdi’s son loses the throne to rebel
leader; Han Dynasty begins
63. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Han Restore Unity to China
Troubled Empire
In Qin Dynasty peasants resent high taxes and
harsh labor, rebel
64. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Han Restore Unity to China
Liu Bang Founds the Han Dynasty
Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu, a rival for power,
and founds Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty - begins in 202 B.C., lasts 400
years
Han Dynasty has great influence on Chinese
people, culture
Liu Bang establishes centralized government -
a central authority rules
Liu Bang lowers taxes and reduces
punishments to keep people happy
65. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Han Restore Unity to China
The Empress Lü
Liu Bang dies in 195 B.C.; wife Lü seizes control
of empire
Empress Lü rules for her young son, outlives
him
Palace plots and power plays occur
throughout Han Dynasty
66. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Han Restore Unity to China
The Martial Emperor
Liu Bang’s great-grandson Wudi rules from 141
to 87 B.C.
“Martial Emperor” Wudi defeats Xiongnu
(nomads) and mountain tribes
Colonizes Manchuria, Korea, and as far south
as what is now Vietnam
67. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
A Highly Structured Society
Emperor’s Role
Chinese believe their emperor has authority
to rule from god
Believe prosperity reward of good rule;
troubles reveal poor rule
68. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
A Highly Structured Society
Structures of Han Government
Complex bureaucracy runs Han government
People pay taxes and supply labor, military
service
Government uses peasant labor to carry out
public projects
69. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
A Highly Structured Society
Confucianism, the Road to Success
Wudi’s government employs 130,000; bureaucracy
of 18 ranks of jobs
Civil service jobs—government jobs obtained
through examinations
Job applicants begin to be tested on knowledge
of Confucianism
Wudi favors Confucian scholars, builds school to
train them
Only sons of wealthy can afford expensive
schooling
Civil service system works well, continues until 1912
70. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture
Technology Revolutionizes Chinese Life
Invention of paper in A.D. 105 helps spread
education
Collar harness, plow, wheelbarrow improve
farming
71. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture
Agriculture Versus Commerce
As population grows, farming regarded as
important activity
Government allows monopolies—control by
one group over key industries
Techniques for producing silk become state
secret as profits increase
72. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Han Unifies Chinese Culture
Bringing Different Peoples Under Chinese Rule
To unify empire, Chinese government
encourages assimilation
Assimilation—integrating conquered peoples
into Chinese culture
Writers encourage unity by recording Chinese
history
73. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Han Unifies Chinese Culture
Women’s Roles—Wives, Nuns, and Scholars
Most women work in the home and on the
farm
Some upper-class women are educated, run
shops, practice medicine
74. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Fall of the Han and Their Return
The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor
Large landowners gain control of more and
more land
Gap between rich and poor increases
75. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Fall of the Han and Their Return
Wang Mang Overthrows the Han
Economic problems and weak emperors cause
political instability
In A.D. 9, Wang Mang seizes power and stabilizes
empire
Wang Mang is assassinated in A.D. 23; Han soon
regain control
76. THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA
The Fall of the Han and Their Return
The Later Han Years
Peace restored, Later Han Dynasty lasts until
A.D. 220
77. • Murpey, R. & Stapleton, K. (2014). History of
Asia (7TH ed). Pearson Education.
• World History: Patterns of Interaction
(2007). McDougal Littell.
REFERENCES