A survey on the nutritional value of soybean and rapeseed meals and wheat and corn for monogastric feeds has been conducted by Adisseo. Results show great variations in the nutrient value depending on year of harvest, cultivar, geographical origin, and processing conditions. The survey included analysis of the digestible amino acid and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values using Adisseo’s NIR predictive equations which have been calculated in reference to in vivo digestibility tests.

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Assessing nutritional value with NIR
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3. A
survey on the nutritional value of
soybean and rapeseed meals and
wheat and corn for monogastric
feeds has been conducted by Adisseo.
Results show great variations in the
nutrient value depending on year of
harvest, cultivar, geographical origin, and
processing conditions. The survey included
analysis of the digestible amino acid and
apparent metabolizable energy (AME)
values using Adisseo’s NIR predictive
equations which have been calculated in
reference to in vivo digestibility tests.
In 2012, Adisseo conducted a large sur-
vey of the nutritional content of soybean and
rapeseed meals in Europe over a 6-week
period. Great heterogeneity was observed,
with variation coefficients ranging from 3
percent to 8 percent for the main com-
ponents: crude protein, total and digestible
lysine, total and phytic phosphorus and AME.
Highest variations were observed for AME
of soybean meals, and digestible amino acid
contents of rapeseed meals (Table 1).
An important influence of the
country of origin
In 170 samples of soybean meals collect-
ed over a 6-week period from 13 countries
in Europe and America, crude protein con-
tent ranged from 44 percent to 51 percent
and total lysine from 2.54% to 3.01%. The
lysine to crude protein ratio depended on
the country of origin.
Is this a botanical or cultural effect? It
is difficult to say without further investiga-
tion, but observations are clear; for similar
crude protein contents, samples coming
from Argentina had higher lysine levels than
samples coming from Brazil and the USA.
Interestingly, lysine digestibility was higher
in US samples, as reported by Mateos et
al. (2010). Consequently regarding the total
content of digestible lysine, soybean meals
from Argentina
contained the
most, followed
by those from the
USA, then those
from Brazil and
finally, with the
least, those from
India (Figure 1).
Are you
sure about
the value of
your soybean
meal?
Even for a
well-characterised
product, great
variations in nutri-
tional content
were observed.
Soybean meal 48
ProFat is supposed
to contain 48 per-
cent crude protein
+ fat, with com-
parable digestible
amino acid and
energy contents. In
fact, the Adisseo
study showed that
crude protein con-
tent varied by 1-2
percentage points
and digestible
amino acid con-
tent by 4-5 per-
cent. The most variable nutrient was AME
with variations between 80 to 120 kcal/kg.
The oil content is not the main cause of
the variation in AME. Crude fibre explains a
part of it. Let’s explain why. To manufacture
soybean meal 48 ProFat, the crushers can
decide to dehull the beans before extracting
the oil. They then add back the hulls to an
extent they perceive is necessary to create
a protein + fat content of 48 percent. The
higher the initial protein content of the bean,
the higher the amount of hulls to be added,
and the higher the crude fibre content as
well. We achieve a paradox where better
seeds may result in meals of lower nutrient
interest.
Figure 1: Digestible lysine contents of soybean meal depend
on crude protein and country of origin
Figure 2: Apparent metabolisable energy content of soybean
meal 48 ProFat is highly variable
Assessing nutritional
value with NIR
Results of a survey on the nutritional
value of soybean and rapeseed meals
and cereals for animal nutrition
by Claire Relandeau, solution
development manager, Europe Africa
Middle East Adisseo, France
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy40 | may - June 2013
FEATURE

4. Energy value is somewhat correlated
with fibre content, but the linear regression
from fibre to energy content is not precise
enough to be used in formulation: with 5
percent crude fibre content, a soybean meal
can contain 2300 or 2450 kcal AME/ Kg
(Figure 2). This 150 Kcal difference, picked
up by PNE, Adisseo NIRs Service, would
correspond to a soybean meal shadow price
difference of 45 €/ T.
In practice, excluding high crude fibre
contents for monogas-
trics should be the first
reflex, but privileging
the raw materials with
the lowest levels of
fibre is not a guaran-
tee of high nutritional
value.
Aurélie Preynat,
enzyme research
manager, Adisseo
and author of several
reports on the effi-
cacy of multi enzyme
Rovabio in soybean
meal, says, “Indeed
fibres do not act only
as nutrient diluent.
Their complex con-
stituents, such as man-
nans, pectins, xylans,
and cellulose, also
specifically decrease
energy and amino acid digestibility. Our
NIRs service is an efficient tool to rapidly
and efficiently monitor the nutrients really
available to the poultry.”
“The commercial nomination 48 ProFat
is not sufficient for precise nutrition and
optimised feed production. More effi-
cient characterisation and selection of
the ingredients, based on their nutritional
values, can result in savings as high as 10
€/t of feed,” calculates Elisabeth Bourgueil,
technical manager France, Iberia and Italy,
Adisseo.
Rapeseed meal quality affected
by crushing process
Rapeseed meal quality also depends on
the country of production and crushing
plants.
In this 2012 survey, rapeseed meals pro-
duced in Germany appeared to have higher
non-phytic to phytic phosphorus ratios than
those produced in France, suggesting higher
available phosphorus values. On average,
digestible lysine contents are also higher.
Differences within a country are however
as high as between countries. Repeated sam-
pling of six French rapeseed meal factories
over a one-month period showed for exam-
ple that lysine digestibility ranges between
72 and 80 percent and is very plant specific
(Figure 3).
This analysis shows an important effect
of suppliers, especially for digestible amino
acid contents. The method using regressions
to predict digestible amino acid content
based on crude protein content is unable
to reflect these differences. Introducing NIR
calibrations for digestible amino acids in
quality control plans at raw material recep-
tion is therefore a step forward to optimise
ingredient purchases and proper use in feed
formulations.
Table 1: variations in nutrient values of oilseed meals*
Min < Mean < Max Soybean meals
(n=170)
Rapeseed meals
(n=118)
Chemical components
Crude protein (%) 44 < 48 < 51 31 < 35 < 39
Total lysine (%) 2.54 < 2.83 < 3.01 1.53 < 1.81 < 2.03
Total phosphorus (%) 0.48 < 0.64 < 0.73 0.97 < 1.03 < 1.11
Phytic phosphorus (%) 0.31 < 0.42 < 0.51 0.77 < 0.85 < 0.93
Non phytic phosphorus (%) 0.14 < 0.22 < 0.30 0.08 < 0.18 < 0.23
Nutrients
Lysine digestibility (%) 85 < 88 < 91 72 < 75 < 80
Digestible lysine (%) 2.24 < 2.49 < 2.66 1.10 < 1.36 < 1.59
Metabolisable energy (kcal/kg) 2055 < 2363 < 2517 n.d.
* All analyses performed with NIR
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy may - June 2013 | 41
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FEATURE

5. Apparent Metabolisable Energy
“Digestible lysine content is a key
marker of quality of rapeseed meals. We
have similar findings in DDGS, the by
products of ethanol production, and this
observation may be applied to a larger
range of processed feedstuffs”, says Cécile
Gady, Adisseo NIRs and feedstuff man-
ager, Adisseo.
400 equations provide precise
values
This large-scale study illustrates that clas-
sical laboratory analyses and knowledge of
the origin of the raw material are a first
steps in feedstuff characterisations, but they
are not sufficient to get a good prediction
of nutritional contents. Precise Nutrition
Evaluation (PNE), the Adisseo NIR service,
gives the possibility to go one step further,
with the measurement of the real digestible
amino acid and AME values.
For 15 years, Adisseo has been work-
ing on the correlations existing between
feedstuff NIR spectra and in vivo data,
obtained in vivo digestibility trials con-
ducted at their research facility CERN in
France.
The outcome? 400 equations provid-
ing the most precise values on total
and digestible amino acids, AME, total
and phytic phosphorus and the possibil-
ity to estimate, on a routine basis, those
most costly nutrients in monogastric diets
(Figure 4).
These NIRs analyses are useful to ensure
that diets provide the expected nutrients at
the lowest cost. Knowing one’s raw materials
should be a concern shared by all func-
tions: quality manager, nutritionist and buyer.
Especially when feedstuffs are so expensive,
it is important to ensure you are purchasing
the right feedstuff for the right objective at
the right price.
PNE for wheat and corn
Nutritionists also need Precise Nutrition
Evaluation for wheat and corn. In 2009 and
2010, Adisseo also carried out a large
survey of 300 samples of wheat and corn
collected from 19 countries from Europe
and Africa. The aim was to measure the
nutritional profile of cereals according to
harvest and country. All samples were
analysed for their nutrient content, digest-
ible amino acid concentrations and AME
using NIR.
The concentrations of digestible
lysine in wheats ranged from 0.23 to
0.32 g/100 g, with a significant effect of
geographical origin. For AME, Eastern
countries exhibited the lowest content
(from 2,786 to 2,860 Kcal/kg) whereas
the highest concentrations were found in
the northern countries (2,880 to 2,923
Kcal/kg).
Amino acids and AME contents of corn
showed a similar level of variability, with a
significant country effect. AME ranged from
3367 Kcal/ kg in Romania and Spain to 3,441
Kcal/kg in Germany and Argentina. This
observation may be due to the interaction
of many factors, including grain growing and
drying conditions.
More inforMation:
Website: www.adisseo.com
Figure 3: Rapeseed meal digestibility is pretty much affected by the
manufacturing process. Different symbols represent rapeseed meals from
crushing plants (29 samples from 6 crushing plants)
Figure 4: NIR analysis as shortcuts for in vivo
nutrient value measurements
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy42 | may - June 2013
FEATURE

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7. www.gfmt.co.uk
LINKS
• See the full issue
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A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891
INCORPORATING PORTS, DISTRIBUTION AND FORMULATION
In this issue:
• Additives
for flour
standardisation
Part II:
Additives other than
enzymes
• High efficiency
elevator
buckets:
modern vs
traditional
design
• Feed focus
Poultry
• Assessing
nutritional value
with NIR
May-June2013
• ‘Kill step’
validation of
low-moisture
extrusion
• Adding value to
feed milling
with profit-oriented feed
formulation
• Pest control
across the supply
chain
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