SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  17
Exercise and Testing IDRC 2010
Emergent Leadership ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Exercise and Testing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercising and Testing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Exercise Pyramid Test:  Test Capability Testing Training Exercising Based on Draft ISO/WD 22398-1.0, Societal Security – Guidelines for exercises and testing Train:  Develop Capability Educate Exercise:  Gain New Knowledge Educate
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Exercising, Testing &Training
Exercise and Testing ,[object Object]
 
The Approach
What We Need to Know ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercise Assistance Checklist Identify the monitoring and review method for the implementation of the exercise report recommendations Confirm the format of the exercise report Identify the time and location for the debrief Conduct the exercise Brief participants and exercise support resources prior to the exercise beginning Confirm the appropriateness of the developed exercise material by the sponsor of the exercise Identify support required to develop and conduct the exercise Identify the exercise date, location and timings Identify the communications strategy for the exercise Identify exercise participants and exercise support resources Identify issues that could affect the exercise – operating environment, adequacy of current plans and procedures, location, participants, etc Identify regulatory / legislative / governance / contractual basis for exercise Identify aim and objectives for the exercise Identify the sponsor for the exercise Conduct initial meeting to determine context and scope of exercise  Activity
Testing What? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Common Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What You Need to Do
So what does that really mean? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercise and Testing ,[object Object],Amanda Ripley Blog, 18 June 2008

Contenu connexe

Tendances

BSMS L4Q Flyer 5_final
BSMS L4Q Flyer 5_finalBSMS L4Q Flyer 5_final
BSMS L4Q Flyer 5_final
Vikki Pearce
 
Deborah Marie Allen Resume
Deborah Marie Allen ResumeDeborah Marie Allen Resume
Deborah Marie Allen Resume
Deborah Allen
 
External QM Resume 12_29_2015
External QM Resume 12_29_2015External QM Resume 12_29_2015
External QM Resume 12_29_2015
Maria Ensenat
 
Value of safety improvement collaboratives for home care providers impactful ...
Value of safety improvement collaboratives for home care providers impactful ...Value of safety improvement collaboratives for home care providers impactful ...
Value of safety improvement collaboratives for home care providers impactful ...
BCCPA
 
Introduction to Continous Quality Improvement
Introduction to Continous Quality ImprovementIntroduction to Continous Quality Improvement
Introduction to Continous Quality Improvement
Gina Ingrouille
 
Quality Client Care
Quality Client CareQuality Client Care
Quality Client Care
natagor
 
Mike Messinger Detailed 1_2017
Mike Messinger Detailed 1_2017Mike Messinger Detailed 1_2017
Mike Messinger Detailed 1_2017
Mike Messinger
 

Tendances (20)

BSMS L4Q Flyer 5_final
BSMS L4Q Flyer 5_finalBSMS L4Q Flyer 5_final
BSMS L4Q Flyer 5_final
 
lesley massey collaborative launch
lesley massey collaborative launchlesley massey collaborative launch
lesley massey collaborative launch
 
Impact practice in the third sector for public health practitioners
Impact practice in the third sector   for public health practitionersImpact practice in the third sector   for public health practitioners
Impact practice in the third sector for public health practitioners
 
Deborah Marie Allen Resume
Deborah Marie Allen ResumeDeborah Marie Allen Resume
Deborah Marie Allen Resume
 
Taking Efficiency to Scale: Spread of a Delegate Model in an FQHC
Taking Efficiency to Scale: Spread of a Delegate Model in an FQHCTaking Efficiency to Scale: Spread of a Delegate Model in an FQHC
Taking Efficiency to Scale: Spread of a Delegate Model in an FQHC
 
What Are Your Employees Thinking? Presentation Offers Tools for Managing Or...
What Are Your Employees Thinking?   Presentation Offers Tools for Managing Or...What Are Your Employees Thinking?   Presentation Offers Tools for Managing Or...
What Are Your Employees Thinking? Presentation Offers Tools for Managing Or...
 
Improving safety in maternity services - Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust
Improving safety in maternity services - Northampton General Hospital NHS TrustImproving safety in maternity services - Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust
Improving safety in maternity services - Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust
 
External QM Resume 12_29_2015
External QM Resume 12_29_2015External QM Resume 12_29_2015
External QM Resume 12_29_2015
 
SafeCare and Kenya Quality Model of health Linkages
SafeCare and Kenya Quality Model of health LinkagesSafeCare and Kenya Quality Model of health Linkages
SafeCare and Kenya Quality Model of health Linkages
 
Logic Model Template
Logic Model TemplateLogic Model Template
Logic Model Template
 
Falls Prevention Program Implementation
Falls Prevention Program ImplementationFalls Prevention Program Implementation
Falls Prevention Program Implementation
 
Mark Warner DSE Software
Mark Warner DSE SoftwareMark Warner DSE Software
Mark Warner DSE Software
 
Value of safety improvement collaboratives for home care providers impactful ...
Value of safety improvement collaboratives for home care providers impactful ...Value of safety improvement collaboratives for home care providers impactful ...
Value of safety improvement collaboratives for home care providers impactful ...
 
Policy and procedure
Policy and procedurePolicy and procedure
Policy and procedure
 
Introduction to Continous Quality Improvement
Introduction to Continous Quality ImprovementIntroduction to Continous Quality Improvement
Introduction to Continous Quality Improvement
 
Quality assurance in healthcare
Quality assurance in healthcareQuality assurance in healthcare
Quality assurance in healthcare
 
Quality in health care
Quality in health careQuality in health care
Quality in health care
 
Quality Client Care
Quality Client CareQuality Client Care
Quality Client Care
 
FrancescaH
FrancescaHFrancescaH
FrancescaH
 
Mike Messinger Detailed 1_2017
Mike Messinger Detailed 1_2017Mike Messinger Detailed 1_2017
Mike Messinger Detailed 1_2017
 

En vedette (10)

Inside Sales - Approach, Attitude, Techniques
Inside Sales - Approach, Attitude, TechniquesInside Sales - Approach, Attitude, Techniques
Inside Sales - Approach, Attitude, Techniques
 
The art of sales
The art of sales The art of sales
The art of sales
 
Art of sales
Art of salesArt of sales
Art of sales
 
Sales Training
Sales TrainingSales Training
Sales Training
 
Sales closing toolbox indranil bhaduri
Sales closing toolbox  indranil bhaduriSales closing toolbox  indranil bhaduri
Sales closing toolbox indranil bhaduri
 
Closing the sale
Closing the saleClosing the sale
Closing the sale
 
8 Sales Closing Techniques
8 Sales Closing Techniques8 Sales Closing Techniques
8 Sales Closing Techniques
 
Sales Training: Always Be Closing
Sales Training: Always Be ClosingSales Training: Always Be Closing
Sales Training: Always Be Closing
 
The secret to closing the sale
The secret to closing the saleThe secret to closing the sale
The secret to closing the sale
 
The quantum sales process. a 21st century approach to corporate sales 2011....
The quantum sales process.   a 21st century approach to corporate sales 2011....The quantum sales process.   a 21st century approach to corporate sales 2011....
The quantum sales process. a 21st century approach to corporate sales 2011....
 

Similaire à Exercise and Training

Seminar organization
Seminar organizationSeminar organization
Seminar organization
Roussel81
 
Suncor suppliers 2013 conf exercise planning
Suncor suppliers  2013 conf  exercise planningSuncor suppliers  2013 conf  exercise planning
Suncor suppliers 2013 conf exercise planning
Heather Maitland, MCS
 
Program Rationale and Logic for Post Monitoring
Program Rationale and Logic for Post MonitoringProgram Rationale and Logic for Post Monitoring
Program Rationale and Logic for Post Monitoring
Thabang Nare
 
QESH Training slides with Check list for
QESH Training slides with Check list forQESH Training slides with Check list for
QESH Training slides with Check list for
GobiNava1
 
Change Management Toolkit_Final v1.0
Change Management Toolkit_Final v1.0Change Management Toolkit_Final v1.0
Change Management Toolkit_Final v1.0
lee_anderson40
 

Similaire à Exercise and Training (20)

05 integrated management system telkom 2016 penanganan bencana - tanggap da...
05 integrated management system   telkom 2016 penanganan bencana - tanggap da...05 integrated management system   telkom 2016 penanganan bencana - tanggap da...
05 integrated management system telkom 2016 penanganan bencana - tanggap da...
 
Delivering Crisis Projects with Business Resilience by Serhiy Kovela, Sheila ...
Delivering Crisis Projects with Business Resilience by Serhiy Kovela, Sheila ...Delivering Crisis Projects with Business Resilience by Serhiy Kovela, Sheila ...
Delivering Crisis Projects with Business Resilience by Serhiy Kovela, Sheila ...
 
EVIDENCE BASED ADVOCACY.PPT
EVIDENCE BASED ADVOCACY.PPTEVIDENCE BASED ADVOCACY.PPT
EVIDENCE BASED ADVOCACY.PPT
 
The event planning model.pptx
The event planning model.pptxThe event planning model.pptx
The event planning model.pptx
 
Managing Change: Tools and Techniques
Managing Change: Tools and TechniquesManaging Change: Tools and Techniques
Managing Change: Tools and Techniques
 
Good practices template en-jan2015
Good practices template en-jan2015Good practices template en-jan2015
Good practices template en-jan2015
 
Seminar organization
Seminar organizationSeminar organization
Seminar organization
 
Centre for effective services nuala doherty
Centre for effective services   nuala dohertyCentre for effective services   nuala doherty
Centre for effective services nuala doherty
 
Suncor suppliers 2013 conf exercise planning
Suncor suppliers  2013 conf  exercise planningSuncor suppliers  2013 conf  exercise planning
Suncor suppliers 2013 conf exercise planning
 
Data management (1)
Data management (1)Data management (1)
Data management (1)
 
Transforming Workplace Wellbeing
Transforming Workplace Wellbeing  Transforming Workplace Wellbeing
Transforming Workplace Wellbeing
 
Program Rationale and Logic for Post Monitoring
Program Rationale and Logic for Post MonitoringProgram Rationale and Logic for Post Monitoring
Program Rationale and Logic for Post Monitoring
 
QESH Training slides with Check list for
QESH Training slides with Check list forQESH Training slides with Check list for
QESH Training slides with Check list for
 
Case study - Workplace wellbeing - Mental health in the workplace Australia...
Case study  - Workplace wellbeing - Mental health in the workplace  Australia...Case study  - Workplace wellbeing - Mental health in the workplace  Australia...
Case study - Workplace wellbeing - Mental health in the workplace Australia...
 
Change Management Toolkit_Final v1.0
Change Management Toolkit_Final v1.0Change Management Toolkit_Final v1.0
Change Management Toolkit_Final v1.0
 
MeTA MSP workshop: The Generic Multi Stakeholder Process Model
MeTA MSP workshop: The Generic Multi Stakeholder Process ModelMeTA MSP workshop: The Generic Multi Stakeholder Process Model
MeTA MSP workshop: The Generic Multi Stakeholder Process Model
 
Strategic management
Strategic managementStrategic management
Strategic management
 
Quality management services sustainability training
Quality management services sustainability trainingQuality management services sustainability training
Quality management services sustainability training
 
Change Management 2004
Change Management 2004Change Management 2004
Change Management 2004
 
Training needs analysis
Training needs analysisTraining needs analysis
Training needs analysis
 

Plus de Global Risk Forum GRFDavos

Plus de Global Risk Forum GRFDavos (20)

Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre, Brian Doherty
Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre, Brian DohertyDisaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre, Brian Doherty
Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre, Brian Doherty
 
Disaster risk reduction and nursing - human science research the view of surv...
Disaster risk reduction and nursing - human science research the view of surv...Disaster risk reduction and nursing - human science research the view of surv...
Disaster risk reduction and nursing - human science research the view of surv...
 
Global alliance of disaster research institutes (GADRI) discussion session, A...
Global alliance of disaster research institutes (GADRI) discussion session, A...Global alliance of disaster research institutes (GADRI) discussion session, A...
Global alliance of disaster research institutes (GADRI) discussion session, A...
 
Towards a safe, secure and sustainable energy supply the role of resilience i...
Towards a safe, secure and sustainable energy supply the role of resilience i...Towards a safe, secure and sustainable energy supply the role of resilience i...
Towards a safe, secure and sustainable energy supply the role of resilience i...
 
Making Hard Choices An Analysis of Settlement Choices and Willingness to Retu...
Making Hard Choices An Analysis of Settlement Choices and Willingness to Retu...Making Hard Choices An Analysis of Settlement Choices and Willingness to Retu...
Making Hard Choices An Analysis of Settlement Choices and Willingness to Retu...
 
The Relocation Challenges in Coastal Urban Centers Options and Limitations, A...
The Relocation Challenges in Coastal Urban Centers Options and Limitations, A...The Relocation Challenges in Coastal Urban Centers Options and Limitations, A...
The Relocation Challenges in Coastal Urban Centers Options and Limitations, A...
 
C&A Save the Children Urban DRR Project, Ray KANCHARLA
C&A Save the Children Urban DRR Project, Ray KANCHARLAC&A Save the Children Urban DRR Project, Ray KANCHARLA
C&A Save the Children Urban DRR Project, Ray KANCHARLA
 
Involving the Mining Sector in Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality, Simone ...
Involving the Mining Sector in Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality, Simone ...Involving the Mining Sector in Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality, Simone ...
Involving the Mining Sector in Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality, Simone ...
 
Disaster Risk Reduction and Nursing - Human Science research the view of surv...
Disaster Risk Reduction and Nursing - Human Science research the view of surv...Disaster Risk Reduction and Nursing - Human Science research the view of surv...
Disaster Risk Reduction and Nursing - Human Science research the view of surv...
 
Training and awareness raising in Critical Infrastructure Protection & Resili...
Training and awareness raising in Critical Infrastructure Protection & Resili...Training and awareness raising in Critical Infrastructure Protection & Resili...
Training and awareness raising in Critical Infrastructure Protection & Resili...
 
IDRC Davos 2016 - Workshop Awareness Raising, Education and Training - Capaci...
IDRC Davos 2016 - Workshop Awareness Raising, Education and Training - Capaci...IDRC Davos 2016 - Workshop Awareness Raising, Education and Training - Capaci...
IDRC Davos 2016 - Workshop Awareness Raising, Education and Training - Capaci...
 
Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes - Hirokazu TATANO
Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes - Hirokazu TATANOGlobal Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes - Hirokazu TATANO
Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes - Hirokazu TATANO
 
Capacity Development for DRR, Beatrice PROGIDA
Capacity Development for DRR, Beatrice PROGIDACapacity Development for DRR, Beatrice PROGIDA
Capacity Development for DRR, Beatrice PROGIDA
 
Dynamic factors influencing the post-disaster resettlement success Lessons fr...
Dynamic factors influencing the post-disaster resettlement success Lessons fr...Dynamic factors influencing the post-disaster resettlement success Lessons fr...
Dynamic factors influencing the post-disaster resettlement success Lessons fr...
 
Consequences of the Armed Conflict as a Stressor of Climate Change in Colombi...
Consequences of the Armed Conflict as a Stressor of Climate Change in Colombi...Consequences of the Armed Conflict as a Stressor of Climate Change in Colombi...
Consequences of the Armed Conflict as a Stressor of Climate Change in Colombi...
 
Disaster Risk Perception in Cameroon and its Implications for the Rehabilitat...
Disaster Risk Perception in Cameroon and its Implications for the Rehabilitat...Disaster Risk Perception in Cameroon and its Implications for the Rehabilitat...
Disaster Risk Perception in Cameroon and its Implications for the Rehabilitat...
 
Systematic Knowledge Sharing of Natural Hazard Damages in Public-private Part...
Systematic Knowledge Sharing of Natural Hazard Damages in Public-private Part...Systematic Knowledge Sharing of Natural Hazard Damages in Public-private Part...
Systematic Knowledge Sharing of Natural Hazard Damages in Public-private Part...
 
Exploring the Effectiveness of Humanitarian NGO-Private Sector Collaborations...
Exploring the Effectiveness of Humanitarian NGO-Private Sector Collaborations...Exploring the Effectiveness of Humanitarian NGO-Private Sector Collaborations...
Exploring the Effectiveness of Humanitarian NGO-Private Sector Collaborations...
 
Can UK Water Service Providers Manage Risk and Resilience as Part of a Multi-...
Can UK Water Service Providers Manage Risk and Resilience as Part of a Multi-...Can UK Water Service Providers Manage Risk and Resilience as Part of a Multi-...
Can UK Water Service Providers Manage Risk and Resilience as Part of a Multi-...
 
A Holistic Approach Towards International Disaster Resilient Architecture by ...
A Holistic Approach Towards International Disaster Resilient Architecture by ...A Holistic Approach Towards International Disaster Resilient Architecture by ...
A Holistic Approach Towards International Disaster Resilient Architecture by ...
 

Dernier

Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdfMaking and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Chris Hunter
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
ciinovamais
 
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch LetterGardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
MateoGardella
 

Dernier (20)

Ecological Succession. ( ECOSYSTEM, B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II, Environmen...
Ecological Succession. ( ECOSYSTEM, B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II, Environmen...Ecological Succession. ( ECOSYSTEM, B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II, Environmen...
Ecological Succession. ( ECOSYSTEM, B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II, Environmen...
 
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
 
SECOND SEMESTER TOPIC COVERAGE SY 2023-2024 Trends, Networks, and Critical Th...
SECOND SEMESTER TOPIC COVERAGE SY 2023-2024 Trends, Networks, and Critical Th...SECOND SEMESTER TOPIC COVERAGE SY 2023-2024 Trends, Networks, and Critical Th...
SECOND SEMESTER TOPIC COVERAGE SY 2023-2024 Trends, Networks, and Critical Th...
 
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across SectorsAPM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
 
PROCESS RECORDING FORMAT.docx
PROCESS      RECORDING        FORMAT.docxPROCESS      RECORDING        FORMAT.docx
PROCESS RECORDING FORMAT.docx
 
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdfMaking and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
 
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introductionmicrowave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
 
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityParis 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
 
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptxUnit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
 
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17  How to Extend Models Using Mixin ClassesMixin Classes in Odoo 17  How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
 
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingGrant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
 
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
 
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and ModeMeasures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
 
Z Score,T Score, Percential Rank and Box Plot Graph
Z Score,T Score, Percential Rank and Box Plot GraphZ Score,T Score, Percential Rank and Box Plot Graph
Z Score,T Score, Percential Rank and Box Plot Graph
 
Sports & Fitness Value Added Course FY..
Sports & Fitness Value Added Course FY..Sports & Fitness Value Added Course FY..
Sports & Fitness Value Added Course FY..
 
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
 
Nutritional Needs Presentation - HLTH 104
Nutritional Needs Presentation - HLTH 104Nutritional Needs Presentation - HLTH 104
Nutritional Needs Presentation - HLTH 104
 
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.pptApplication orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
 
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch LetterGardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
 

Exercise and Training

  • 2.
  • 3.  
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. The Exercise Pyramid Test: Test Capability Testing Training Exercising Based on Draft ISO/WD 22398-1.0, Societal Security – Guidelines for exercises and testing Train: Develop Capability Educate Exercise: Gain New Knowledge Educate
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.  
  • 11.
  • 12. Exercise Assistance Checklist Identify the monitoring and review method for the implementation of the exercise report recommendations Confirm the format of the exercise report Identify the time and location for the debrief Conduct the exercise Brief participants and exercise support resources prior to the exercise beginning Confirm the appropriateness of the developed exercise material by the sponsor of the exercise Identify support required to develop and conduct the exercise Identify the exercise date, location and timings Identify the communications strategy for the exercise Identify exercise participants and exercise support resources Identify issues that could affect the exercise – operating environment, adequacy of current plans and procedures, location, participants, etc Identify regulatory / legislative / governance / contractual basis for exercise Identify aim and objectives for the exercise Identify the sponsor for the exercise Conduct initial meeting to determine context and scope of exercise  Activity
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.