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Trauma to the leg
1. Trauma to the Leg
Gazi Rashid, M4
grashid@emory.edu
Dec 12th 2018
ASP Clinical Anatomy
2. Objectives
Use a common trauma injury case to…
1. Understand the basic pathophysiology of compartment syndrome
2. Focus on the neurovasculature of a single compartment
3. Walk through the treatment guided by anatomical landmarks
19. Objectives
Use a common trauma injury case to…
1. Understand the basic pathophysiology of compartment syndrome
2. Focus on the neurovasculature of the anterior compartment
3. Walk through the treatment guided by anatomical landmarks
20. Review the Qs
1. What’s the major artery passing through the
anterior compartment that eventually
becomes the dorsalid pedis?
2. The Common Peroneal nerve gives off what
branch in the Lateral compartment and
what branch in the Anterior compartment?
3. CS of the anterior compartment presents as
numbness or tingling where?
4. Foot drop occurs with damage to the deep
peroneal because which muscle is affected?
21. Links
1. Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Leg: A Review:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4970751/
2. Lower extremity compartment syndrome:
https://tsaco.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000094
3. Two Incision Four Compartment Fasciotomy:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
1NDJkFH1vM&ab_channel=operationgivingback
22. Things to Know
• Vasculature
• Anterior tibial artery is the blood supply for this compartment…terminal
branch of popliteal artery…passes anteriorly through gap in superior part of
interosseous membrane, at malleoli Becomes dorsal artery of foot
• The posterior tibial artery and its biggest branch the fibular artery supply the
posterior compartment.
• Know nerves
• Deep peroneal - Extends in to foot to supply extensor digitorum brevis and
extensor hallicus brevis and skin b/ 1st and 2nd toes
• Goes to tibialis anterior dorsiflexes foot drop
Notes de l'éditeur
4 well-named compartments
Fascia around all of them
Septa separating them
24 yo female presents to the Marcus Trauma for peds v. auto
Picture credit: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r-_FpBBe0dA/UN5xCFqNGQI/AAAAAAAAAJU/DwAH4si57xk/s1600/slide0006_image001.jpg
2 pulse check points branches of descending artery: popliteal AT & PT, aptly named
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of ACS is based largely on physical examination and six cardinal clinical manifestations described as the six P's.1-3, 6, 8 The six P's include: (1) Pain, (2) Poikilothermia, (3) Paresthesia, (4) Paralysis, (5) Pulselessness, and (6) Pallor.1-3, 8
Basic pathophys
Many different causes and can occur in many different “compartments”
Basic pathophys
Many different causes and can occur in many different “compartments”
Fascia is very tight and tough, surrounded by 2 bones
Swollen, edemetaous tissue starts to compress vasculature
Many, many, many causes of foot drop – very important to know for boards, NOT for anatomy
Credit: https://slideplayer.com/slide/3433447/12/images/32/ANTERIOR+COMPARTMENT+FOOT+DROP%3A+DAMAGE+EITHER+1%29+COMMON+PERONEAL+NERVE.jpg
Helpful mnemonic about presenting symptoms – important for later – 5 Ps – know early vs. late symptoms
Left leg
Full video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1NDJkFH1vM&ab_channel=operationgivingback
CS = compartment syndrome
Anterior tibial artery
Deep peroneal (ant comp), Superficial Peroneal (lat comp)
Cutaneous sensation at Space btwn 1st and 2nd toe innervated by deep peroneal, which is the nerve in the anterior compartment
Tibialis major
Damage from loss of common fibular nerve: (most commonly injured nerve in lower limb because of where it winds around fibular neck) 1. Motor: (both deep and superficial fibular nerves) a. Paralysis of all muscle of anterior (dorsiflexors/extensors) and lateral (everters) compartments b. Get foot-drop → Foot passively plantarflexes and inverts causing toes to drag on the floor when walking, so the person develops high stepping (“steppage”) gate to keep toes from hitting the ground. Also, the foot slaps down when the heel is planted, producing a distinctive “clop.” c. Loss of function of the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallicus brevis on foot, which are innervated by deep fibular nerve 2. Sensory: a. Loss of sensation of the skin on lateral portion of the leg via lateral sural cutaneous nerve. b. Loss of sensation of skin on lateral ankle (malleolus) and lateral aspect of foot including lateral heel via dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve of foot (termination of sural nerve, so has some tibial component) c. Loss of sensation of skin on dorsum of foot and all digits, except lateral side of 5th digit and adjoining sides of 1st and 2nd digits via superficial fibular nerve d. Loss of sensation of the skin on contiguous sides of 1st and 2nd digits via deep fibular nerve