2. Classical Liberalism
It emphasized on the rights and liberties that
individuals should possess:
Equality before the law
Freedom of speech and press
Right of own property
Against Absolutism.
They defended separation of powers and National
Sovereignty (Through Constitutions, Elections and
Parliaments).
Constitutions: Governments should be limited by
written constitutions.
Representative Government: elected assemblies or
parliaments which should make laws.
3. Not democratic: not everyone should be
allowed to vote (censitary suffrage or census
suffrage)
Social classes that supported this movement:
Business and professional classes
Factory owners
Enterprising landowners
They wanted changes, but in an orderly way,
by processes of legislation, and not by
Revolutions.
4. Economic Liberalism
Adam Smith and David Ricardo
Government should not interfere with business,
it should stay out of the economy and let
businessess compete.
“Laissez-Faire”
Law of supply and demand
Freedom of trade and abolition of tariffs
5. Other Ideological Movements
Radicalism (Democrats)
Working class leaders
They wanted to extend many of the liberal
arguments to wider segments of the population
Republicanism (Democrats)
It's the continent version of radicalism
They are opposed to royalism and monarchies.
They supported “Revolutions”
Heirs of the “French Revolution”
Democrats: “universal male suffrage”
Because of police repression they joined in secret
societies.
6. Utopian Socialism
It was previous to marxism
They regarded the economic system as aimless,
chaotic and unjust.
They looked for a fairer and more equal distribution
of income among all the members of society.
Personalities:
− Robert Owen
− Saint Simon
− Charles Fourier and his phalanstère
7. Scientific Socialism, Marxism or Communism
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
They wanted to improve the working conditions
They believed in progress and in society.
All the social classes would disappear and “the
proletariat” would create a new society without
social classes called “Communist Society”
All means of production should be owned by
society through the Government
Surplus value (plusvalía): the worker creates some
benefits, that are taken by capitalists, not by
workers.
8. • Feminism
• This movement wanted to expand the rights of
women in both public and private life.
• Main aims: a better education, reforms in property
and divorce laws, the right to participate in public
debates and voting rights
• Nationalism
• It defends the right of a group of individuals to be
identified with a political entity called “nation”.
• Centrifugal nationalism: it destroys already existing
empires or nations
• Centripetal nationalism: it creates new nations