Circulatory system

The Circulatory System
Contents
 Components of the cardiovascular system (CVS)
 The systemic and pulmonary circulation
 Basic functions of the various parts of the CVS.
 General function of the CVS.
 Physiological anatomy of the heart.
 Heart sounds
 Blood vessels
 Characteristics of blood
 Disease of CVS
 Yogic Co-relation

CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM- (CVS)
Circulatory system - Oxygenated Blood pumped by heart is carried to
all the body cells and de oxygenated blood is brought back to heart
through blood vessels.
Cardio – Greek word – Kardia – Heart.
Vascular -- Latin word – Vasculum – Vessels carrying blood.
CVS consist of :
• Heart --- the pump.
• Blood vessels --- network as pipe lines.
• Blood --- Fluid that fills the circulatory system

Function of CVS :
• Transportaion
• Protection
• Regulation

❖Heart:
 It is a pump composed of 4 chambers (2 atria & 2 ventricles.
 The heart provides the driving force for the cardiovascular system.
❖Blood Vessels:
 The blood vessels are systems of tubes including:
 Arteries and arterioles which carry the blood from the heart to all
parts of the body.
 The arteries serve as distribution channels to the organs.

 Venules and veins which carry the blood back from the tissues to the
heart.
 The veins serve as blood reservoirs and collect the blood to return it to
the heart.
 Blood capillaries which form a network of fine vessels connecting the
arterioles with the Venules.
 The blood capillaries are the sites of exchange of gases (O2 & CO2),
nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues.

a)HEART:
1) The left side of the heart (high pressure side) acts a pressure pump
that pumps blood into the systemic arteries at a sufficient pressure that
drives blood to the tissues.
2) The right side of the heart (low pressure side) pumps blood into the
pulmonary arteries at a relatively lower pressure that drives blood into
the lungs.

Where the Heart is located
Sternum
Heart
Diaphragm

How Heart
looks like and
size of heart
as well as size
of various
parts of heart

Cardiac Chambers & their functions
The human HEART consist of four chambers:
• Two atria (right and left) which are separated from each other by the
interatrial septum.
• Two ventricles (right and left) which are separated from each other by the
interventricular septum.
• The wall of the left ventricle is about 3 times thicker than the wall of the
right ventricle.
• The ventricular myocardium (wall) is much thicker and stronger than the
atrial myocardium (wall). The atrial muscle (of both atria) is completely
separated from the ventricular muscle (of both ventricles) by a fibrous ring
called AV ring (atrioventricular ring).

The atria have 2 main functions:
1) They act as blood reservoir for the blood returning back to the heart.
2) They act as pumps (primer pumps). Atrial contraction pushes about 25% of the
blood filling the ventricles during ventricular diastole and about 75% of the blood
that ventricles during their diastole pass passively i.e. by its own weight.
The ventricles, on the other hand , are the powerful cardiac pumps filling the
arteries with blood. The right ventricle (pulmonary pumps) pushes blood into the
pulmonary arteries and the left ventricle (systemic pump) pushes blood into the aorta
during ventricular systole.

Cardiac Valves
The human heart contains four valves
Two atrioventricular valves (AV valves) between the
atria and the ventricles:
Two semi lunar valves:

❖ During ventricular systole, blood is pumped into the circulation.
❖ During diastole, the pumping of blood stops and the ventricles get filled with blood.
❖ In this way, the flow of blood from the ventricles into the systemic and pulmonary
circulations is an intermittent pulsatile flow.
❖ The heart rate is under neural control. Cardiac sympathetic efferent activity
increases the heart rate, whereas parasympathetic (vagal) efferent impulses
decreases heart rate.
Blood flow from the heart

❖ The heart of a normal adult male beats automatically and regularly at a rate of 75
beats/minute during rest. The normal range of heart rate is between 60 – 100.
❖ The stroke volume for each ventricle averages 70 ml of blood, and a normal heart
rate is approximately 70-75 beats/minute; therefore, the cardiac output at rest is
approximately 5 L/min.

sinoatrial node
SA Node
atrioventricular node
AV Node

b) BLOOD VESSELS:
1) The arteries: the aorta and the pulmonary artery are elastic arteries i.e. they
have the properties of stretch (=distension or compliance) and recoil.
During ventricular contraction (systole), they distend by the blood ejected into
them; and energy is at load in their walls.
During ventricular relaxation (diastole), this energy is released causing elastic
recoil of their walls, which acts as an additional pump to blood during diastole.
Thus on efficient pressure is maintained during systole and diastole, resulting in
a continuous blood flow through the tissues.

2) The arterioles are resistance vessels that act as variable resistors
because their diameters continuously undergo changes in order to
regulate the amount of blood flow into the capillaries. Therefore, the
arterioles are considered the “taps” regulating blood flow to the
tissues.
3) The veins act as capacitance vessels (volume reservoir) that hold most
of the blood volume.
▪ Veins have a high distending capacity (=high compliance) and they
can store or mobilize blood depending upon the underlying
condition.

Arteries: carries blood Away from heart
Large
Thick-walled, Muscular
Elastic
Carries Oxygenated blood
Exception Pulmonary Artery
Carried under great pressure
Steady pulsating
Arterioles: smaller vessels, enter tissue

Puncture in Artery

Capillaries
– Smallest vessel
– Microscopic
– Walls one cell thick,
semi-permeable
– Nutrients and gases
diffuse here

Veins: Carries blood to heart
Carries blood that contains waste and CO2.
Exception pulmonary vein.
Blood not under much pressure.
No pump for return of deoxygenated blood from tissues.
Valves to prevent much gravity pull.
Venules: larger than capillaries

Construction of CVS
 The cardiovascular system is actually made up
of two major circulatory systems, acting
together.
 The right side of the heart pumps blood to the
lungs through the pulmonary artery (PA),
pulmonary capillaries, and then returns blood
to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins
(PV).
 The left side of the heart pumps blood to the
rest of the body through the aorta, arteries,
arterioles, systemic capillaries, and then
returns blood to the right atrium through the
Venules and great veins

In the cardiovascular system, blood passes through two circulations
in series. One full circulation consists of these two circulations
together. Both circulations start and end in the heart. These two
circulations are:

The pulmonary (or lesser or
low-pressure) circulation:
It starts in the right ventricle
→ the pulmonary trunk →
pulmonary arteries →
pulmonary capillaries →
pulmonary veins → ends in
the left atrium.

The systemic (or greater
or high-
pressure)circulation:
It starts in the left
ventricle → the aorta →
systemic arteries →
systemic capillaries →
systemic veins →
superior and inferior
vena cava → ends in the
right atrium.

Portal Circulation –
Digestive system- Liver
– Toxins are removed-
Glycogen.
Placental, neonatal
circulation in
pregnancy, circulation -
Lymphatic, muscle,
skin, cerebral
Circulation and so on

❖The two circulations are in series. So, blood finishes one circulation to
start the other.
❖This allows the whole blood volume to carry out its respiratory function
more efficiently as blood goes once through the systemic capillaries and
once through the pulmonary capillaries.
❖Thus, both ventricles must pump the same volume of blood during any
significant time interval because of the series arrangement of the
systemic and pulmonary circulations.

Systemic and pulmonary circulations

 From an Engineering stand point, systemic circulation is a high
resistance circuit with a large pressure gradient between the arteries
and veins.
 Heart is analogous to the pump but the analogy to pump and
hydraulic piping system should not be used too discriminately.(Blood is
not a pure Newtonian fluid).
 Muscle contraction of the left side of heart is larger and stronger than
that of right heart because of the greater pressure required for the
systemic circulation.

Blood
 Blood is the only liquid tissue in the body. It is a connective tissue.
 Consists of formed elements (cells and cell fragments) in a liquid
intercellular matrix (plasma)
 Average adult blood volume is around 5 liters (8% of body weight)
Consists of
• Water + Plasma
• Red Blood Cells
• White blood cells and platelets

Blood Functions
Transportaion
• Gases such as oxygen and Carbo dioxide to and from tissues
• Nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
• Waste products such as urea, and lactic acid
• Hormones from the glands to target cells / tissues
• Heat to the skin
Protection
• Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection
of foreign material by antibodies
• Coagulatio: Platelets for blood clotting
Regulation
• pH by interacting acid and bases
• Water balance
• Regulation of core body temperature
• Hydraulic functions, Change blood flow as per need

Blood Cells

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Transporters of
– Oxygen (hemoglobin)
– Carbon Dioxide
RBC are produced in red bone marrow of
– ribs,
– humerus,
– femur,
– sternum, and other long bones

Leukocytes (WBC)
WBC fight infection
– Attack foreign
substances
Large cells

Platelets
Platelets for clotting blood
Cell fragments
Produced in bone marrow
Fibrin (sticky network of protein fibers)
Form a web trapping blood cells

Clotting:
Involves a series of enzyme
controlled reactions resulting
in the formation of protein
fibers that trap blood cells and
form a clot.

45%
1%
54%
Composition of Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells + Blood Platelets
Plasma

Blood Types
Important in blood donation
Massive loss of blood requires a transfusion
Four Types
– A
– B
– AB
– O
Inherited from your parents

What happens when you mix
blood types?
• Plasma contains proteins that correspond to the shape of the different
antigens
• If you mix one type with the wrong one, you get CLUMPING
• Type O is the universal donor
• Type AB is the universal acceptor

Pulse
Corresponds with the heart Contractions
Pulse rate is 70-80/min
Felt at thumb side at wrist.
Can be felt at many other places

Blood Pressure: (Hypertension)
The force or pressure developed
by the heart, which acts to pump
blood through the circulatory
system.
Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure
Two Distinct pressures that are
measured!!
• Systolic: A measure of the maximum
force or pressure developed in the
arteries when the heart contracts
• Diastolic: A measure of the lowest
pressure, which occur in the arteries
during cardiac relaxation.

VEINS
CAPACITY
VESSELS
HEART
80 mmHg 120 mmHg
SYSTOLE
DIASTOLE
ARTERIES (LOW COMPLIANCE)
CAPILLARIES

GENERAL FUNCTION OF THE CVS:
The normal function of the CVS is to maintain homeostasis (i.e. a
constant optimum internal environment). Thus, in spite of continuous
metabolic activity of the tissue cells, homeostasis is maintained by
continuous adequate blood flow to the tissues.

Increase in Blood pressure due to :
Force of heart contraction, Volume of blood
Viscosity of blood
Lost of elasticity of walls of blood vessels, peripheral resistance
Age, sex, time of day, posture, exercise, emotions, oxygen lack.
Stress in social field, work place, in relationship, lack of exercise
Increased plaque formation in vessels results in narrowing the vessel to flow blood.
Other diseases :
I.H.D - Reduction in blood supply to heart muscle.
Myocardial Infarction – Death due to heart attack.
Paralysis – Clot in artery going to brain.
Congestive Cardiac Failure- reduction in pumping force of heart

Effects of Stress on
Brain
Pituitary Gland
Release A.C. T.H.
Adrenal Gland
Adrenaline Cortisone
Increased B.P. Increased Blood
Sugar

Varicose Veins: Damaged Valves in Veins

Four Filters of the Blood
1. Liver
2. Kidneys
3. Lymph
Nodes –
located in
the neck
4. Spleen –
Cemetery
for the red
blood cells

Yogasadhana
1. Shudhdhikriya:
How
• Kapalbhati,
• Uddiyan
• Nauli
• Shankhaprakshalana
• Basti
Helpful to purify blood, Blood Circulation
Contra: Vaman, varisaar for High BP

Yogasadhana
2. Asanas
Sukshma Vyayama helpful in blood circulation and to relax heart
Vajrasana, Padmasana, Swastikasana helpful to relax heart
Shalabhasa, Ardha matsyendrasana etc. tone up cardiac muscles (Dr. Dean
Ornish),
Utthit ek/ dvi padasan, vipreet Karni, Shirshasana helps in venous drainage,
proper circulation of blood.
Brahma Mudra – affects carotid body, Thyroid gland
Shavasana for the relaxation to entire CVS
स्थिर सुखं आसनम्

Yogasadhana
3. Abdomenal breathing helpful to lower BP and relax heart
Pranasadhana - Chandrabhyas, Nadishodhana, bhramari, Ujjayi
Manas Pranayama - मानस प्राणायाम
Divyasadhana – Ajapajap, Soham, Pratyahaara, Antermouna, dharana,
dhyana

Yogasadhana
4. Yoga Nidra – चित्त चिश्रांचि कररकम्
Relaxaation should be practiced at regular interval. Full practice of
YogaNidra should be practiced once in a day to regulate BP

Yogasadhana
5. Karma Yoga: Selfless service during recovery from cardiac
illness.
Bhakti Yoga: The channeling of emotional energy brings relief
to cardiac patient and BP. Chanting, Kirtan, singing is very
relaxing.

Yogasadhana
6. Swadhyaya Study of various scriptures and inspiring life of saints
helps in stress-free living.

Yogasadhana
7. Diet should be light, avoiding meat, excessive protein, milk and dairy
products, oil and excessive spices. These should be replaced by whole
grains, fruits and fresh vegetables. This will reduce obesity which imposes
constant, excessive strain on the heart. Overeating must be avoided. The
digestive organs should never be continually overtaxed.
It is important that the heart patient avoid constipation, as this leads to
pranic blockage in the digestive tract. Excessive straining at stool is also
stressful for the heart and for this reason, only a light, semi-liquid diet is
recommended following a cardiac crisis.

Yogasadhana
Stimulation of sympathetic system.
Yogasadhana activates parasympathetic.
Resulting in reduction of (heart rate, contraction of cardiac
muscle, constriction of arteries).

Yogasadhana
Bhavsadhana –
क्रोधाद्भवति संमोहः संमोहात्स्मृतितवभ्रमः।
्मृतिभ्रंशाद् बुतिनाशो बुतिनाशात्सरणश्यति ।। Bh. G. 2.63 ।।
Dhyayato vishanpunsa- Attachment- desire- anger- sammoha- loss of memory-
budhhinash- pranashyanti.
Bhaktiyoga, Mantrayoga for hypertension and BP
Diet – prescribed in Bhagavat Gita, H.P., Gherand Samhita.

Reference:
Ghantali Mitra Mandal Notes
Neela Tamhane’s PPT
books from BSY
Internet

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