2. Creep
• Creep is a time-dependent process where a
material under an applied stress exhibits a
dimensional change at high temprature.
• High temperature progressive deformation of a
material at constant stress is called creep.
• The process is also temperature-dependent
• Creep always increases with temperature.
3. How Does Creep Occur
• Normally, Creep occurs when vacancies in the
material migrate toward grain boundaries that
are oriented normal to the direction of the
applied stress.
• Creep can be occur due to different
Mechanisms
4. Threshold for Creep
The Critical Temperature for Creep is 40% of
the Melting Temperature.
If T > 0.40 TM Creep Is Likely
TM = Melting temprature
5. Mechanisms of Creep
• Different mechanisms are responsible for creep in
different materials and under different loading
and temperature conditions. The mechanisms
include
• Stress-assisted vacancy diffusion
• Grain boundary diffusion (diffusion creep)
• Grain boundary sliding
• Dislocation Glide
• Dislocation creep
7. Effect of High Temperature on Metals:
• Lower strength.
• Greater atomic and dislocation mobility, assisting
dislocation climb and diffusion.
• Higher equilibrium concentration of vacancies.
• New deformation mechanisms, such as new slip
systems or grain boundary sliding.
• Recrystallisation and grain growth.
• Oxidation and intergranular penetration.
8. Creep Testing
• Usually tensile bar
• Dead load applied
• Strain is plotted with
time
• Test usually ends with
rupture (creep
failure)
11. 11
After Creep Test
Sample deformation at a constant stress (s) vs. time
Primary Creep: slope (creep rate)
decreases with time.
Secondary Creep: steady-state
i.e., constant slope.
Tertiary Creep: slope (creep rate)
increases with time,
s
s,e
0 t
12. Sample deformation at a constant stress
(s) vs. time
1.Instantaneous deformation: Mainly elastic.
2. Primary/transient creep: Slope of strain vs.
time decreases with time: work-hardening
3. Secondary/steady-state creep: Rate of
straining is constant: balance of work-hardening
and recovery.
4. Tertiary/Rapidly accelerating strain rate up to
failure: Formation of internal cracks, voids, grain
boundary, separation, necking, etc.
13. Creep: stress and temperature effects
With Increasing stress or
temperature:
• The instantaneous strain
increases
• The steady-state creep
rate increases
• The time to rupture
decreases
14. Creep fracture or Stress Rupture
• Stress rupture testing is similar to creep testing
except that the stresses used are higher than in a
creep test.
• Stress rupture testing is always done until failure of
the material or fracture
• Cracking that precedes the rupture of the material
can be either transgranular or intergranular
17. Stress vs Rapture lifetime
Dependence of creep strain rate on stress; stress versus rupture lifetime for a
low carbon-nickel alloy at 3 temperatures.
20. • Bulging or blisters in the tube
• Thick-edged fractures often with very little obvious
ductility
• Intergranular voids and cracks in the microstructure
• Longitudinal "stress cracks" in either or both ID and OD
oxide scales
• External or internal oxide-scale thicknesses that suggest
higher than expected temperatures
Creep failures are characterized by:
21. To Avoid creep failure
Creep is generally minimized in materials with:
• High melting temperature
• High elastic modulus
• Large grain sizes
Materials which especially resilient to creep:
• Stainless steels
• Refractory metals (containing elements like Nb, Mo, W, Ta)
• “Super alloys” (Co, Ni based: solid solution hardening and
secondary phases)
22. Allison AE 2100 Turboprop engine
Single Crystal Turbine Blade
23. • Nuclear power plant
• Heat exchangers
• Turbines in jet engines
• Hypersonic airplanes