1. THE RISE OF EUROPE!!!

3. THE ROMAN WORLD TAKES SHAPE
WHAT ADVANTAGES
IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
EXIST FOR THE ITALIAN
PENINSULA?
HOW IS THIS
DIFFERENT THAN
GREECE?

4. HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY THE GREEKS AND THEIR RELIGION //

5. A TRIBES CALLED LATINS ARE THE
FIRST TO SETTLE THE PENINSULA //
SETTLE ALONG THE
TIBER RIVER // MANY VILLAGES
COMBINE TO EVENTUALLY FORM THE
CITY OF ROME TO BETTER PROTECT
THEMSELVES // YET, THERE IS A MYTHICAL
BEGINNING TO ROME
ROMULUS VS. REMUS

6. LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE NORTH OF ROME//
RULED MOST OF NORTH & CENTRAL ITALY //
ETRUSCANS TOOK OVER ROME // AND BROUGHT
MANY NEW CULTURAL CHANGES //
1. WRITING AND AN ALPHABET
2. ARCH
3. IRRIGATION OF THE MARSH LANDS
SURROUNDING THE RIVERS
4. GAINED NEW GODS IN THEIR RELIGION
DROVE THE ETRUSCANS OUT IN 509 BCE

7. ROMANS CREATE “RES PUBLICA”  BELONGS TO THE PEOPLE
FORM OF GOVT WHERE PEOPLE CHOOSE SOME OF THE POLITICIANS AND
PUBLIC SERVANTS // IDEA WAS TO LIMIT THE POWER OF INDIVIDUALS AND
MAKE GOVT RESPONSIVE TO THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE //
ELECTED A SENATE TO CREATE LAWS (MOSTLY RICH FROM THE PATRICIAN CLASS)
SENATORS SELECTED 2 CONSULS  RAN THE GOVT & THE ARMIES .. LIMITED
TO ONE TERM // HAD TO APPROVE EACH OTHER’S DECISIONS // CHECKS OF POWER
DURING WAR, THE SENATE COULD CHOOSE A DICTATOR // 6 MONTHS AT A TIME
CINCINNATUS EXAMPLE  15 DAYS AS DICTATOR

8. PLEBIANS  BUSINESS CLASS, FARMERS, AND ARTISANS // HAD LITTLE
POWER OTHER THAN CITIZENSHIP // THEN GAINED THE RIGHT TO
ELECT TRIBUNES WHO HAD THE RIGHT TO VETO LAWS DEEMED UNFAIR
OR UNFIT // AS THEIR INFLUENCE SPREADS, THE SENATE BEGINS TO ELECT
PLEBIANS TO THE CONSUL JOBS AND THEN BEGIN TO TAKE SENATE SEATS //
MAJOR EVENT!!! 12 TABLETS  POSTED POLITICAL RIGHTS AND SOCIAL
RIGHTS OF THE PLEBIANS 450 BCE LAWS OF THE 12 TABLES
LAWS WRITTEN DOWN!!! (HAMMURABI’S CODE)
NORMAL CITIZENS NOT COMPLETELY SHUT OUT OF GOVT AND NOT COMPLETELY
DOMINATED BY THE LEADERS OF THE GOVT
INFLUENCED MODERN REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACIES

10. CITIZEN SOLDIER ARMY // BROKEN INTO UNITS // LEGION = 5,000 SOLDIERS
BEGAN TO CONQUER OTHER LANDS
AND SPREAD INFLUENCE.. WERE
ALLOWED TO KEEP CUSTOMS AND
LOCAL GOVTS // BUT HAD TO
SUBMIT TO TAXES AND SUPPORTING
THE ROMAN ARMY // SOME
AREAS WERE COMPLETELY TAKEN
AND CITIZENS OF THE AREAS WERE
GIVEN FULL CITIZENSHIP //
PROBLEM? EMPIRE BUILDING,
HOW DO YOU RULE IT?

11. PUNIC WARS
1ST PUNIC WAR  ROME
ATTACKS AND WINS SICILY, CORSICA, & SARDINIA
2ND PUNIC WAR  HANNIBAL AND HIS
ELEPHANTS SURPRISED ROMAN BY COMING
FROM THE NORTH // BEAT UP THE ROMAN AREA
FOR 15 YEARS // NEVER COULD TAKE ROME
// ROME SENDS ARMY TO CARTHAGE // HANNIBAL
GOES HOME TO PROTECT IT // DEFEATED
3RD PUNIC WAR  ROME WINS AND
DESTROYS CARTHAGE.. HOW?
ROME IS NOW AN
IMPERIALIST EMPIRE.. TURNS
AND TAKES OVER THE FORMER
AREAS OF THE GREECE EMPIRE

15. Technology
• Roman Roads, Concrete
“All roads lead to Rome” City planning

17. WHAT WILL THE CONNECTEDNESS OF THE EARLY CONQUERED
LANDS DO TO THE CULTURES?

18. Language
• Latin (the language of
Rome) evolves into the
Romance Languages
– French, Italian, Spanish,
and Portuguese
– Latin is still the official
language of the Roman
Catholic Church

19. PROOF OF MASSIVE WEALTH ACCUMULATION FOR ROMAN CITIZENS //
CAPTURED PEOPLES FROM CONQUERED LANDS BECOME SLAVES ON LARGE
PLANTATIONS // DRIVES FARMERS OUT OF BUSINESS

20. THE END OF THE REPUBLIC & THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE EMPIRE

22. MANY CIVIL WARS SET THE STAGE FOR JULIUS CAESAR’S TAKE OVER //
NEXT, A POWER FIGHT BETWEEN THE SENATE AND POPULAR
LEADERS (LIKE GENERALS) // SLAVE AND CONQUERED LANDS BEGIN
TO REVOLT SEEING AN OPPORTUNITY TO BREAK AWAY //
BUT MOST IMPORTANTLY, THE ARMIES SHIFT THEIR ALLEGIANCE FROM
THE STATE/GOVT TO THEIR COMMANDERS (CAESAR INCLUDED).
CAESAR AND POMPEY WERE THE TWO MOST POWERFUL AND POPULAR//
ALSO, CAESAR INVADED AND CONQUERED GAUL (FRANCE & BELGIUM) //
58 BCE // SENATE GETS POMPEY TO GO AGAINST CAESAR //
CAESAR MARCHES HIS ARMY INTO ROME // HAD SENATE
DECLARE HIM DICTATOR //
***HAD A CALENDAR CREATED USED FOR 1,600 YEARS // AND
STARTED A PUBLIC WORKS SYSTEM FOR THE POOR TO GET JOBS
DID NOT DISBAND ALL OF THE REPUBLIC STRUCTURES

23. CAESAR KILLED BY SENATORS AND ASSOCIATES // HIS GRAND NEPHEW,
OCTAVIAN DEFEATS MARC ANTONY (& CLEOPATRA) TO TAKE OVER
SENATE GIVES HIM THE TITLE AUGUSTUS //

26. AUGUSTUS RULE HIGHLIGHTS
CENSUS ORDERED  FAIR TAXATION
STABILITY COMES TO THE FAR OFF LANDS  GIVES THEM A LOT OF SELF RULE
POWER
CIVIL SERVICE TO HELP POLICE AND ORGANIZE REGIONS
MAIL SERVICE
COINS TO STANDARDIZE TRADE
MORE JOBS FOR THE POOR
HOWEVER, THE REPUBLIC IS GONE AS AUGUSTUS RULES!

28. Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

29. The Greatest Extent of the
Roman Empire – 14 CE

30. FOCUS QUESTIONS ON ROMAN CULTURE:
SOCIETAL/CULTURAL QUESTIONS
WHAT IS THE LAW OF CULTURE?
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACCULTURATION AND DIFFUSION?
HOW DOES CULTURE “TRAVEL”?
IS ROMAN CULTURE UNIQUE?
CAN A DOMINANT POLITICAL EMPIRE OVERRUN AND CHANGE SUBJECTED
CULTURES?

31. VIRGIL ~ AENEID
STORY OF AENEAS, A CHARACTER
IN HOMER’S ILIAD ABOUT THE
WAR IN TROY // CONNECTS THE
STORIES TO THE FOUNDING OF ROME
AS AENEAS CONQUERS THE LATINS //
STORY IS SPRINKLED WITH GREEK GODS//
AND LINKS THE EARLY EMPERORS AS DESCENDANTS OF THE GREEK HEROES
AND GODS //

32. LIVY // TITUS LIVIUS // (ALIVE DURING CAESAR AND AUGUSTUS)
PATRIOTIC STORY TELLER THROUGH POEMS ABOUT THE EARLY
REPUBLIC AND ITS HEROES // USING GREEK POETIC STYLES //
Ab Urbe Condita (From the Founding of the City) // HISTORIAN TO THE
EMPERORS ESPECIALLY YOUNG CLAUDIUS (THE FAT WEAK ONE) //
LIVY IS IMPORTANT AS HE TRIED TO WRITE A COMPLETE CHRONICLE OF
ROMAN HISTORY BUILDING OFF VIRGIL’S STORIES OF AENEAS //
TACITUS // GAIUS CORNELIUS TACITUS // (BORN DURING NERO’S REIGN)
SENATOR AND HISTORIAN // HOW DO YOU THINK HE FELT ABOUT
AUGUSTUS AND HIS COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? //
FOCUSES ON THE EMPIRE HISTORY FROM AUGUSTUS ON // HIGHLY CRITICAL //
WE GET COMPLETE HISTORY OF AUGUSTUS AND HIS DESCENDANT EMPERORS
TO NERO // ALSO, WRITES ON THE HANDLING OF JESUS BY PONTIUS PILATE
AND THE PERSECUTION OF EARLY CHRISTIANS ESPECIALLY AFTER NERO’S FIRE //
MUCH OF HIS WORK CONTAINS CYNICISM, WIT, AND HIGHLY CRITICAL
ANALYSIS //

33. ROMAN MOSAICS
GREAT EXAMPLE OF ROMAN CULTURAL
DIFFUSION //
ANCIENT MOSAICS FOUND
THROUGHOUT EUROPE

34. Art/Architecture

35. Art/Architecture Its architecture was
Hellenistic (meaning
“Greek inspired”)
The Coliseum
The Pantheon – first dome
Roman Arch

36. The Greek Acropolis The Roman Forum

37. The Roman Colosseum

38. The Colosseum Interior

39. Circus Maximus

40. Technology
• Roman Roads, Concrete
“All roads lead to Rome”
City planning

42. Technology:
Aqueducts

43. Roman Aqueducts

44. SCIENTIFIC IMPROVEMENTS MAINLY CAME FROM GREECE (WITHIN THE
EMPIRE) // PTOLEMY AND THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE //
GALEN AND THE EXPERIMENTATION FOR MEDICAL IMPROVEMENTS //
ROMANS COMPILED VOLUMES OF INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
SPREAD ADVANCING CIVILIZATION //
PLINY THE ELDER!!! WROTE ENCYCLOPEDIAS ON JUST ABOUT EVERYTHING

45. FROM THE 12 TABLES TO THIS!!!
RULE OF LAW IS ADHERED TO THROUGHOUT THE REPUBLIC AND
EMPIRE ERAS OF THE ROMAN HISTORY // GREAT INFLUENCE THROUGHOUT
HISTORY //
CIVIL LAW APPLIED TO CITIZENS OF THE EMPIRE // AS EMPIRE GREW,
CHANGES NEEDED TO HAPPEN FOR THE CONQUERED PEOPLE //
LAW OF NATIONS WAS CREATED TO APPLY TO THE EMPIRE // CIVIL LAW WAS
EVENTUALLY EXTENDED AS ROMAN CITIZENSHIP WAS GRANTED TO THE
ENTIRE EMPIRE //
ROMAN INFLUENCES ON THE AMERICAN SYSTEM:
1. INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY
2. JUDICIAL REVIEW AND INTERPRETATION OF LAWS
3. REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY
4. CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS

48. DIOCLETIAN ~
BACKGROUND:
 PAX ROMANA ENDS WITH MARCUS AURELIUS
 EMPEROR UNCERTAINTY
 MANY ASSASSINATIONS AND OVERTHROWS
 CITIZENS OVER TAXED TO PAY FOR ARMIES AND THE HUGE GOVT
 OVERUSED FARMLAND UNDER PRODUCES
DIOCLETIAN’S IDEA  SPLIT THE EMPIRE
DIOCLETIAN TO RULE THE EAST
MAXIMIAN TO RULE THE WEST
FREEZE PRICES, SON FOLLOW LAW

50. CONSTANTINE ~ 312 GENERAL TAKES THE THRONE, AFTER HIS FATHER
IS KILLED WHILE BATTLING IN BRITAIN // CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT OVER
SUCCESSION // CONSTANTINE’S ARMY WINS (AFTER A DREAM???) //
GRANTS TOLERATION TO CHRISTIANS (EDICT OF MILAN) // CONVERTS TO
CHRISTIANITY// DEFEATS EASTERN EMPEROR TO REUNITE EMPIRE)
MOVES CAPITAL OF EMPIRE TO BYZANTIUM // CONSTANTINOPLE //
WESTERN EMPIRE IS DECAYING // EASTERN EMPIRE BECOMES KNOWN
AS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

52. HUNS AND ATILA // GERMANIC VISIGOTHS & OSTROGOTHS

54. FALL OF ROME