The document provides an overview of the evolution of telecommunication technologies and the GSM network architecture. It discusses early telegraph and telephone inventions in the 1800s and the development of wired networks. It then summarizes the key components of the GSM network including mobile stations, base station subsystems, network switching subsystems, and the GPRS architecture. The GSM network uses various interfaces and protocols to connect its components and enable wireless communication.
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The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities. They are consistent with the world wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment
The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems. GSM allows 25 kHz. Per user, that is, eight conversations per 200kHz. Channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel). Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from the cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) level of 9 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with analogue cellular. This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the reuse pattern. Since this number is directly controlled by the amount of interference, the radio transmission design can deliver acceptable performance.
Mobile Networks Architecture and Security (2G to 5G)
+ Mobile Networks History 2G/3G/4G/LTE/5G
+ CS/PS/EPC/5GC Core Network Elements Overview
+ Mobile Networks Basic Scenarios
+ Mobile Network Security
+ Authentication / Ciphering
The global system for mobile communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN). These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including operations across international boundaries
The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
A for loop is probably the most common type of loop in Python. A for loop will select items from any iterable. In Python an iterable is any container (list, tuple, set, dictionary), as well as many other important objects such as generator function, generator expressions, the results of builtin functions such as filter, map, range and many other items.
JIRA Introduction, What is JIRA, JIRA Training, JIRA Tutorial for beginners | Atlassian JIRA Training in USA
JIRA is a proprietary issue tracking product, developed by Atlassian. It provides bug tracking, issue tracking, and project management functions. Although normally styled JIRA, the product name is not an acronym, but a truncation of Gojira, the Japanese name for Godzilla. It has been developed since 2002.
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The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities. They are consistent with the world wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment
The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems. GSM allows 25 kHz. Per user, that is, eight conversations per 200kHz. Channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel). Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from the cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) level of 9 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with analogue cellular. This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the reuse pattern. Since this number is directly controlled by the amount of interference, the radio transmission design can deliver acceptable performance.
Mobile Networks Architecture and Security (2G to 5G)
+ Mobile Networks History 2G/3G/4G/LTE/5G
+ CS/PS/EPC/5GC Core Network Elements Overview
+ Mobile Networks Basic Scenarios
+ Mobile Network Security
+ Authentication / Ciphering
The global system for mobile communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN). These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including operations across international boundaries
The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
A for loop is probably the most common type of loop in Python. A for loop will select items from any iterable. In Python an iterable is any container (list, tuple, set, dictionary), as well as many other important objects such as generator function, generator expressions, the results of builtin functions such as filter, map, range and many other items.
JIRA Introduction, What is JIRA, JIRA Training, JIRA Tutorial for beginners | Atlassian JIRA Training in USA
JIRA is a proprietary issue tracking product, developed by Atlassian. It provides bug tracking, issue tracking, and project management functions. Although normally styled JIRA, the product name is not an acronym, but a truncation of Gojira, the Japanese name for Godzilla. It has been developed since 2002.
Contact us:
www.h2kinfosys.com
Email: Training@h2kinfosys.com
USA: +1-770-777-1269
UK: 020-33717615
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13. BSS:
TheBSSisthephysicalequipment thatprovidesradiocoverageto prescribed geographicalareas,known as thecells.It
containsequipment required to communicatewiththeMS.Functionally,aBSS consistsofacontrol functioncarried out bytheBSC
and atransmitting functionperformed by
theBTS.TheBTSistheradio transmissionequipment andcoverseachcell.ABSScan serveseveralcells
becauseit canhavemultipleBTSs.
TheBTScontainstheTranscoderRateAdapterUnit (TRAU).InTRAU,theGSM-specificspeech encoding and
decodingiscarriedout, aswellastherateadaptationfunctionfordata.Incertain situationstheTRAUis locatedat theMSC to
gainan advantageofmorecompressed transmissionbetweentheBTS and theMSC.
NSS:
TheNSSincludesthemainswitchingfunctionsof GSM,databasesrequired forthe subscribers,and mobility
management.Itsmain role isto managethecommunicationsbetweenGSM and other networkusers.
WithintheNSS,the switchingfunctionsareperformed bytheMSC.Subscriberinformationrelevant to
provisioningofservicesiskeptintheHLR.
TheotherdatabaseintheNSS istheVLR.
TheMSCperformsthenecessaryswitchingfunctionsrequiredfortheMSslocatedinan associated
geographicalarea,calledanMSC area
14. GSMIntroduction
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GSMInterfaces
TheRadioInterface(MS toBTS)
TheUmradio interface(betweenMSand basetransceiverstations[BTS])isthemost importantin anymobile
radiosystem, inthat it addressesthedemandingcharacteristicsoftheradio environment.
AbisInterface(BTStoBSC)
TheinterconnectionbetweentheBTS and theBSC isthroughastandard
interface,Abis(mostAbisinterfacesarevendorspecific).Theprimaryfunctions
carriedoverthisinterfacearetrafficchanneltransmission,terrestrialchannel management,and
radio channelmanagement.
AInterface(BSCtoMSC)
TheAinterfaceallowsinterconnectionbetweentheBSSradio basesubsystem
andtheMSC.ThephysicallayeroftheAinterfaceisa2-Mbps standard Consultative
CommitteeonTelephoneandTelegraph (CCITT)digitalconnection.