LE 4000

1. REPORTING SOURCES FOR
LITERATURE REVIEW
Parenthetical Citations – APA
format
Quoting,

2. Why use quotations, paraphrases,
summaries, and syntheses?
 Firstly, do you want
to be accused of
PLAGIARISING
someone else’s
work?

3. Why use quotations, paraphrases,
summaries, and syntheses?
Secondly, you would surely
want to show the readers
a) The range, extent and nature of academic sources that
support your arguments
b) The good abilities you have in selecting appropriate sources
for you to develop your research.

4. Why use quotations, paraphrases,
summaries, and syntheses?
So, you use them to…….
• provide support for claims or add credibility to your
writing
• refer to work that leads up to the work you are now
doing
• give examples of several points of view on a subject

5. Why use quotations, paraphrases,
summaries, and syntheses?
• call attention to a position that you wish to agree or
disagree with
• highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or
passage by citing the original
• distant yourself from the original by citing it in order to
cue readers that the words are not your own
• expand the breadth or depth of your writing

6. Keys to Parenthetical
Citations
Readability
• Keep citations brief by
giving only relevant
information to support
your arguments.
• Do not repeat
unnecessary information

7. What are the similarities in quoting,
paraphrasing, summarizing, and
synthesizing?
They are the 4 possible ways
of incorporating other writers'
work into your own writing
and attributing the original
authors.

8. How do they differ??
These 4 citing techniques
differ according to the
closeness of your writing to
the source materials. That
means…

9. The differences …
When you quote, the quote must be identical to the
original, using a narrow segment of the source.
When you paraphrase, it involves putting a passage
from a source into your own words in a slightly
condensed and shorter version.

10. The differences …
When you summarize, the main idea(s) are put into
your own words. Summaries are significantly shorter than the
original sentences and take a broader overview of the source
material.
When you synthesize, one similar idea/similar ideas
from two or more different sources are combined.

11. In-text citation 1
QUOTING

12. In-text citation 1 :
Quotations
o You repeat/copy the exact words from your
sources.
o You quote if the language is distinctive
OR the idea is difficult to be paraphrased
or summarized accurately.
o You need to use quotation marks –
“_____________”.
WARNING! 
Do not overuse.
Use accurately and sparingly.

13. The general differences are…
When you quote, your words must be identical to the original
source, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the
source document word for word.
When you paraphrase, your own words are used to deliver
the information obtained from the source materials but the meaning
matches exactly that of the original writer’s.

14. In-text citation 1 :
Quotations
How many types of quotations are there in
the APA format ?
Answer : 2 types
• In-text quotation or short quotation.
(for less than 40 words, incorporated
into the text and enclosed by double
quotation marks (“))
• Block quotation or long quotation.
(for 40 or more words , no
quotation marks but with indention)

15. QUOTING
Short quotations

16. Short quotations
Examples:
Notice how a pair of quotation marks are used.
• According to Zaleha Esa (1998), “The typical Malaysian student has
been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the
work” (p. 199).
• One academic belief is that, “The typical Malaysian student has been
trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work”
(Zaleha Esa, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to
why.
(The letter `p’ refers to page number; `p’ for one page, `pp’ for multiple pages)

17. Short quotations
Examples:
• What will it mean if Zaleha Esa (1998) is right when she stated “the typical
Malaysian student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the
quality of the work” (p. 199)?
• This has been seen many times in the context of Malaysian tertiary education.
According to Zaleha Esa (1998), “The typical Malaysian student has been
trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (p. 199).
This is a very valid point and one which has also been discussed by…

18. Short quotations
NOTES:
1) Your punctuation marks (such as full-stops, commas, semicolons,
question marks, and exclamation points) should appear after the
parenthetical citation.
What will it mean if Zaleha Esa (1998) is right when she stated “the typical
Malaysian student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the
quality of the work” (p. 199)?

19. Short quotations
NOTES:
2) Question marks and exclamation points that are part of the text should appear
within the quotation marks.
Furthermore Mohaida Mohin (2003) asked, “Does the average Malaysian student
need to be trained in the art of public speaking?” (p. 199).

20. Short quotations
NOTES:
3) If you use the author’s name in the text, don’t put it in the parenthetical
citation.
According to Smith (2003), “There are a considerable number of students in
universities who do not have good study skills” (p. 19).

21. A short quotation
An example of an in- text quotation: Source: Gardner, H.(1999). The disciplined mind:
what all students should understand. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Original material:
While we possess all of the
intelligences, perhaps no
two persons – not even
identical twins – exhibit
them in the same
combination of strengths.
In-text quotation:
Gardner (1999) explained, “While we
possess all of the intelligences,
perhaps no two persons – not even
identical twins – exhibit them in the
same combination of
strengths”(p.72).

22. QUOTING
Long
quotations

23. A long quotation
An example of a block quotation: Source: An article written by
Clarence Chua and Niluksi Koswanage, published in the Focus
section of the Sunday Star dated February 10, 2002, on page 21.
Original material:
By bringing in foreign migrant workers, the cost of providing housing,
health-care services and education has to be taken into consideration.
This is the social cost for ensuring that the country’s economic growth is
constantly moving upwards. However, with the number of illegal
squatter areas mushrooming around the country, employers and the
Government have not really understood the fact that foreign workers,
too, need basic services and infrastructure. Without these necessities,
foreign workers are seen as public liabilities as they build squatter
colonies, over-crowd hospitals and send their children to the same
schools as locals.

24. A long quotation
The block quotation:
Chua and Koswanage (2002) stated:
By bringing in foreign migrant workers, the cost of providing
housing, health-care services and education has to be taken into
consideration. This is the social cost for ensuring that the country’s
economic growth is constantly moving upwards. However, with
the number of illegal squatter areas mushrooming around the
country, employers and the Government have not really understood
the fact that foreign workers, too, need basic services and
infrastructure. Without these necessities, foreign workers
are seen as public liabilities as they build squatter colonies, over-
crowd hospitals and send their children to the same schools as locals
(pp.21-22).

25. Long quotations
NOTES:
Quotations that are longer than 40 words
• must be placed in a free-standing block of double-spaced
typewritten lines.
• Must be without the quotation marks
• Must be in a “block” (indent the left margin but not the
right)

26. In-text citation 1 :
Quotations – a reminder
Be sure to introduce and interpret your quotation. For example:
Putnam (1993) explained the nature of social capital production when he
wrote,
Stocks of social capital, such as trust, norms, and networks, tend to
be self-reinforcing and cumulative. Virtuous circles result in ‘social
equilibrium’ with high levels of cooperation, trust, reciprocity, civic
engagements, and collective well-being. These traits define the civic
community. Conversely, the absence of these traits in the uncivil
community is also self-reinforcing. Defection, distrust, shirking,
exploitation, isolation, disorder, and stagnation intensify one another in a
suffocating miasma of vicious circles (p. 177).
Whilst Putnam’s view has its merits, there are certain shortcomings in his
assessment of the situation…

27. MORE EXAMPLES OF QUOTING AND
PARAPHRASING
Source: Morley-Warner, T. (2001). Academic Writing (2nd
ed), Linfield,
NSW, CREA Publications.
Original:
Towritesuccessfullyatuniversityyouneedasenseofwhatthefinalproductshouldlookandsoundlike,soifpossible,readmodelassignmentsorif
thesearenotavailable,studythewayinwhichjournalarticleshavebeenwritteninyourspecificarea.Thesearticlesmaybelengthyandsomemay
bebasedonresearchratherthanadiscussionofissues,butfromthemyouwillgetasenseofhowacademicwriting'sounds',thatis,itstone,and
alsohowrespectedwritersinyourfieldassembleinformation.Youwillalsogainasenseofthecomplexityofbeinganapprenticewriterinan
academicculture,orrathercultures,whereexpectationsmayvaryfromdisciplinetodiscipline,evensubjecttosubjectandwhereyoucanbuilda
repertoireofcriticalthinkingandwritingskillsthatenableyoutoentertheacademicdebates,eventochallenge.
The highlighted segment is used for the following sample quotation and paraphrasing.

28. EXAMPLE 1- SHORT QUOTATION
Morley-Warner (2001, p. 6) acknowledged the
challenges of writing at university. She described
the novice student writer as “an apprentice
writer in an academic culture, or rather cultures,
where expectations may vary from discipline to
discipline, even subject to subject”.

29. EXAMPLE 2- LONG QUOTATION
Morley-Warner (2001) discussed how university students can learn to
acquire and convey the appropriate academic tone in their assignments.
She suggests that students should focus on how journal articles in their
subject are written and structured. She describes another benefit of this
process:
Youwillalsogainasenseofthecomplexityofbeingan apprenticewriterinanacademicculture,orrathercultures,whereexpectationsmayvary
fromdisciplinetodiscipline,evensubjecttosubjectandwhereyoucanbuildarepertoireofcritical thinkingandwritingskillsthatenableyoutoenterthe
academicdebates,eventochallenge.(Morley-Warner2001,p.6)

30. Some other expressions of introducing
quotations
• In the final part of the Theses, Marx wrote:
"Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the
world in various ways; the point .......“
• Sachs concluded: "The idea of development
stands today like a ruin in the intellectual
landscape…" (Sachs, 1992a: 156).
• As Smith argued: "In the past, the purpose of
education was to ......" (Smith , 2000:150).
• As Carnoy (2004: 215) stated: "there are many
good reasons to be sceptical".