2. GROUP MEMBERS
• Mishal Raheem:Health
• Mehreen Iqbal:Lifecycle Approach To Health
• Aqsa Khan:Lifecycle Approach To Psychological Well-Being
• Andaleeb:Politics Of Healthcare
• Saba Pervez:Reproductive choices and Technology
3. OBJECTIVES
• Elaborating Health And Its Types
• Concept of Lifecycle Approach To Health And Psychologiacl Well-being
• Understanding Politics Of Healthcare
• What Are Reproductive Choices!!
5. MEANING
• The word "Health " refers
to a state of complete
emotional and physical
well-being.
• Healthcare exists to help
people maintain this
optimal state of health.
8. 1. PHYSICAL HEALTH
In a person who experiences physical health , body
functions are working at peak performance , due not
only to a lack of disease , but also to regular exercise
, balanced nutrition , and adequate rest.
We receive treatment , when necessary , to maintain
the balance.
9. 2. MENTAL HEALTH
Mental health includes our emotional , psychological , and
social well-being.
It affects how we think , feel , and act .
It also helps determine how we handle stress , relate to others
, and make choices.
Mental health is important at every stage of life from childhood
and adolescence through adulthood.
10. FACTORS FOR GOOD HEALTH
• Health depends on wide range
of factors.
• An unusual genetic pattern
can lead to a less than
optimum level of health.
• Environmental factors play a
role.
11. WHO suggests that following factors may
have bigger impact on health:
• Where a person lives.
• The state of surrounding environment.
• Genetics.
• Income.
• Educational level.
• Relationships with friends and family.
14. LIFECYCLE APPROACH TO HEALTH
• Concept
• The life cycle approach to health is a concept that emphasizes on
prevention and early intervention(adequate steps) at every stage of life –
intrauterine period, early childhood, adolescence, youth, middle age and
old age.
15.
16. INFLUENCES
• Outcome at one point in the life cycle might be a determinant for health
elsewhere further in the cycle.
• Human health and development is a dynamic process, and early
intrauterine life conditions can influence a variety of adult outcomes,their
lifestyle and behavior.
17. HEALTH DURING CHILDHOOD IS
DETERMINED BY THE HEALTH OF THE
MOTHER, WHICH IN TURN IS AFFECTED BY
THE NUTRITION OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS.
EXAMPLE
The life cycle approach can be best
understood by example of childhood
malnutrition.
19. FAMILY HEALTH CYCLE
• From infancy to adulthood, parents provide (or fail to provide) everything
from nutrition and shelter to education and health care.
• The “family health cycle,” connects children, mothers, fathers, and
grandparents in a system that, as a whole, shapes the health of individual
family members
20. • The model starts with the birth of a child, who passes
through the first stage of the cycle as an infant boy or
girl, becomes a child, and reaches adolescence.
• At this stage, the person is biologically “eligible” to
pass through another stage of the cycle as a parent,
and then, barring early adult mortality or childlessness
of the offspring, can cycle through the system once
again as a grandparent.
21.
22. INTERVENTIONS
Definition
• A health intervention is an act performed for, with or on behalf of a
person or population whose purpose is to assess, improve, maintain,
promote or modify health, functioning or health conditions.
23.
24. • Each stage carries with it age- and gender-specific health risks, and thus
calls for different health interventions.Interventions at each stage can be
viewed as inputs to help the individual survive until the next stage, when
new intervention inputs are required.
25. INTERVENTIONS CAN BE…
• Biomedical: include diets, nutritional supplements and
hormones, the use of some medications etc.
• Economic: include increase in taxes and prices of
cigarette ,Action against smuggling of Tobacco. Ads
and promotions should be banned ,awareness of
risks, etc.
26. • Social: social interactions, social activism, social
consequences, social awareness, education etc.
• Environmental: to reduce aggressive behavior. And to
reduce factors that are contributing to the patient's
problems or to mobilize individuals, changing home
environment, school recommendations, time spending
with peers, etc.
27. PURPOSE
• There are many problems regarding women health specially malnutrition,
To tackle the issue of malnutrition, we need to have a life cycle approach
– care during intrauterine life, the first few years of life and the adolescent
period.
• “life-cycle” approach has been used for programming and policy
development in different contexts.
28. ADEQUATE MEASURES
• Some measures and scenarios help in the betterment of lifecycle
approach to health or simply,to Health.
• They include:
• UNICEF
• Pediatricians
• Active Lifestyle
30. PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING
• Psychological wellbeing refers to positive mental states such as happiness or
satisfaction.
• Psychological wellbeing refers to our mental and emotional health. It’s about
how we think, how we feel, how we behave, how life affects us and how we
cope with it, how we engage with others and the choices we make.
31. COMPONENTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
WELLBEING
Research on psychological wellbeing has identified six important
components. These components are:
1. AUTONOMY:
Autonomy is the ability to make your own decisions about how to
think and behave, rather than relying on others’ opinions or approval.
32. 2. COMPETENCE:
Competence means having knowledge, skills and abilities and using
them to solve problems and accomplish worthwhile tasks. Competent people can
manage the responsibilities and demands of daily life and get things done.
33. 3. HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS:
The ability to develop caring, trusting and supportive relationships is
an important component of psychological wellbeing.
Most people need connections with others. Some people enjoy large
circle of friends, family and coworkers; others prefer more solitude and
independence.
34. 4. SELF-ACCEPTANCE:
Self-accepting people understand that they have strengths and
weaknesses . They recognize that life has ups and downs; that everyone makes
mistakes, misses opportunities, and feels regret, disappointment and other
unpleasant emotions.
35. 5. PERSONAL GROWTH:
People who value personal growth are open to learning and new
experiences. They recognize that perspectives change with time and see themselves
as maturing and developing. They are interested in broadening their horizons and
fulfilling their potential.
36. 6. PURPOSE IN LIFE:
People with purpose have a sense of direction in life. They understand
what they value the most such as being a loving parent, supportive friend,
productive professional or contributing member of a community. They find
satisfaction in setting goals and working to achieve them and feel that their lives
have meaning.
39. HEALTH CARE
It refers to,
• The diagnosis , treatment and prevention
of disease , illness , injury and other
physical and mental impairments in
humans.
Good Health:
• Access to good health is recognized as a
basic human need and a fundamental
human right.
40. POLITICS AND HEALTH POLICY
• Politics
Health policy :
set course of action taken by governments or
health care organisations to obtain desired health outcome.
Process of health policy :
• Identification of Issues.
• Development of a plan.
• Implementation of the plan.
43. HOW POLITICS DEALS WITH THE
HEALTH ISSUES
Government or politics deals with the health
issues by the following ways;
• By increasing in budget spending on health.
• By increasing the literacy rate.
• By controlling the corruption in the public health
projects.
• By encouraging the medical research and developments.
• By using the information technology to facilitate far
areas and a large portion of population.
44. CONTINUE ....
• By promoting health education and awareness among the people.
• By making good relations with developed countries to exchange
human resources and knowledge.
• By making laws on the control of population rate.
• By providing the hygienic environment and clean water to the
public.
46. INTRODUCTION
Reproduction produce offsprings of their own kind.
Essential preserve human race.
Decision both the parents to have kids.
Reproductive in different countries for women.
rights
Feminist worked in this regard.
movements
47. REPRODUCTIVE CHOICES
These are the rights of individuals to
decide whether to reproduce and
have reproductive health.
It involves allowing women with a
broad range of birth control methods.
Mutual discussion with intimate
partner can increase women`s
accessibility to such birth control
methods.
48. Reproductive health : is a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being
in all matters relating to
the reproductive system and to its functions
and processes.
Family planning : When to have kids
and number and placing of kids.
Birth control : By using birth
control pills or practicing contraceptives.
50. SECULAR REPRODUCTIVE
CHOICES
These are known as Assisted reproductive technology
(ART) and refers not only to In Vitro Fertilization but
also to several variations tailored to patients' unique
conditions.
These are mainly required because of infertility.
Unnatural method.
Broad range of choices.
51. REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
Refer to various medical procedures that are
designed to alleviate infertility .Some of these are as
follows;
• Artificial Insemination
• Donor insemination
• In Vitro Fertilization
• Surrogate Motherhood
• Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
• Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer (GIFT)
• Zygote Intra-fallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
52. 1.ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
• If the man has poor/inferior
sperm it can be inserted into
the woman`s uterus
artificially, it is simple and
pain free
• Along with fertility drugs it
increases the chance of
conception and of having
twins
53. 2.DONOR INSEMINATION
It is done with help of donated sperm.
Done when husbands semen is
inadequate in quantity or quality.
Single woman who wish to remain
unmarried and have a child use this
method.
54. 3. IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
• In vitro fertilization involves combining sperm
and egg outside the body in the laboratory.
• Once the embryo or embryos are formed , they
are then placed in the uterus.
• They are also known as
test-tube babies.
55. 4.SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD
• It is an arrangement in
which a woman carries and
births the biological child of
another couple who will
raise the child
• This can be done free or in
exchange for some money.
• This procedure is adopted
when a women has problem
in carrying her child to its
full term.
56. 5. INTRACYTOPLASMIC
SPERM INJECTION (ICSI)
• It is a micromanipulation
procedure in which a
single sperm is injected
directly into an egg to
attempt fertilization, used
with male infertility or
couples with prior IVF
fertilization failure.
• The embryo after success
is placed inside uterus.
57. 6.GAMETE INTRA-FALLOPIAN
TRANSFER (GIFT)
• The eggs are combined in a
dish in a lab, then surgically
injected into the fallopian
tubes using a fiber thin tube.
• Fertilization happens inside
the body and embryo
implants naturally.
58. 7.ZYGOTE INTRA-FALLOPIAN
TRANSFER (ZIFT)
As with IVF, the doctor will
wait until fertilization occurs to
place your embryos inside of
mother.
Has a lower success rate than
IVF.
The woman must have healthy
tubes for ZIFT to work.
ZIFT vs GIFT .
59. INTERPERSONAL AND SOCIAL
ISSUES
Costly and doesn’t guarantee a child.
It also sometimes leads to multiple pregnancy.
Surrogate motherhood wrongly commercialize
body.
Children were accepted as gift and blessing
and not as a product of doctors and
technicians.
Surrogacy confuses relationships.
It hinders the natural and godly course of life
60. CONCLUSION
our life has several stages;these stages has its
own health issues,interventions and certain
programmes are being approached for the
betterment…
There are laws regarding healthcare(politics)
Ethical issues of medical technology can be
confusing and at times frustrating.
We should accept our conditions and adopt
children from orphanage who needs mere
acceptance.
62. RECOMMENDATIONS
• We should keep our environment clean to prevent diseases.
• Family history concerning diseases that are genetically inherited
should be known to the patients to prevent themselves from
getting their symptoms,
• Awareness campaings regarding healthcare issues in villages
should be conducted.
• Government should devote a large share in budget to health
sector.
• Reproductive rights of women and guidance population control
should be provided.
