Mapping Knowledge Spaces, Andrea Scharnhorst, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

Mapping Knowledge Spaces

Andrea Scharnhorst
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

VERDICT Conference

Oslo; November 1-2, 2010

Teylers museum, Haarlem, NL

Humboldt University, Berlin, GER

Mathematical apparatus

Occupation density Valuation or Evaluation- Mutation operator
function landscape

   
 t x(q, t )  x(q, t )w(q; x)  Mx(q, t )
Characteristics Comparison Diffusion

3

Feistel, R. Ebeling, W. (1990) Evolution of complex systems.

Occupation follows a (hidden) (self-shaped)
evaluation landscape

Bewertung

Besetzung 4

Growth of the publications in the field of chemical oscillations

Maria Burger, Ernö Bujdosó
“ Oscillating chemical reactions as an example of the development of a subfield of science”
In: OSCILLATIONS AND TRAVELLING WAVES IN CHEMICAL SYSTEMS, Ed. By R.J. Field;
M. Burger, Wiley, 1984, pp. 565-604

The clustered self-citation network

Self-organization

Plasma

Complexity,
active Brownian particles

Hellsten Iina, Renaud Lambiotte, Andrea Scharnhorst, Marcel Ausloos. 2007 "Self-citations, co-authorships
and keywords: A new approach to scientists' field mobility?", Scientometrics 72(3): 469-486

Convergence and Divergence in National
Research Profiles

Different “knowledge spaces”:
- The space of engineering knowledge (aircraft, car)

- The skill/knowledge/competence space of groups (learning)

- The epistemic space of a certain method (simulation)

- The scientific/knowledge universe
(scientific career, country profiles)

-> Specific translations of
space (attributes)/occupation/evaluation

# VERDICT

Request to forecast Call to forecast
innovation <-> favorable conditions for innovations

Models can help us:
- To develop scenarios
- To reorder facts – to change perspectives
-Extracting “fundamentals” (thumb rules)

From modelling to
simulating

Simulation by Thomas Huesing, Berlin

Summary:

Geometrically-Oriented Evolutionary THEOries can help
to under the evolution of complex systems and the emergence
of something new

Needed:
-Definition of Space
-Definition of Occupation
-Definition of Mechanisms

Two examples of a knowledge space “mapping”
Mapping knowledge spaces

Epistemic spaces
Courtesy of Charles van den Heuvel

Knowledge production as search
in an unknown landscape
Scharnhorst, A. 2001. “Constructing Knowledge Landscapes within the
Framework of Geometrically Oriented Evolutionary Theories”.
In: Matthies, M., Malchow, H., Kriz, J.(Eds.), Integrative Systems Approaches to
Natural and Social Sciences - Systems Science 2000. Berlin: Springer, pp. 505-
515.

Paul Otlet, Mundaneum, http://www.mundaneum.be/
“Alle Kennis van de Wereld” http://www.archive.org/details/paulotlet

Courtesy of Charles van den Heuvel

Paul Otlet, Mundaneum,
http://www.mundaneum.be/
Maps of Science

Klavans, Boyack

Figure from www.mapofscience.org
See also “ Places and Spaces” www.scimaps.org

What is the “problem” with networks?
1. The information is relational and not positional

2. Layout optimization in 2D -> problem to display network
evolution

3. We are used to navigate in 3D and tend to interpret
networks as spatial objects.

Dynamic Visone: www.leydesdorff.net
Critical Events of Evolving Networks www.creen.org

Overlay of the fields of activity of the speakers at the ESF-COST conf
“Future of Internet” 2010 -> Rafols/Leydesdorff/Porter
http://simshelf2.virtualknowledgestudio.nl/sites/default/files/Short%20report%20on%20the%20Conference_long_01.pdf

KSL: Representing Science

Different visualizations of Science

Katy Börner et al.: Places and Spaces www.scimaps.org Atlas of Science

Wikipedia:
Entries <-> Category pages

Do we have a dynamics of different time
scales?
Co-evolution of Content and Categories
W. Category system versus other
Category systems

Summary:
To be able to analyze evolution we need a
reference system!

What can we learn from traditional
attempts to order knowledge?

INFORMATION SCIENCE
LIBRARIES
KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION

Why UDC?

-Universal (all disciplines)
-Ordering knowledge rather than shelving books
-Open system -> like a genetic code: basic elements
which can be endlessly combined (auxiliaries – facets)
-Otlet – Go the Mudaneum!

Classification are less stable than we usual think!

Controversies about labeling classes are controversies
about new orders of knowledge.

(Theor.) librarians focus on the content of these controversies
and are not into its “statistical” or “quantitative” signature.

The spectral signature of the UDC (branch weight)
2005

53 Physics
54 Chemistry
55 Earth Sciences
65 Communcation and transportation ind. …
66 Chemical technology …
67 Various industries
2008

61 Medical sciences
62 Engineering
63 Agriculture …..
www.magnaview.nl

SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE

PHILOSOPHY. PSYCHOLOGY

RELIGION. THEOLOGY

UDC SOCIAL SCIENCES

MATHEMATICS. NATURAL SCIENCES

APPLIED SCIENCES. MEDICINE.
TECHNOLOGY

THE ARTS

LANGUAGE. LINGUISTICS. LITERATURE

GEOGRAPHY. BIOGRAPHY. HISTORY

RELIGION. THEOLOGY
SOCIAL SCIENCES


1905 APPLIED SCIENCES. MEDICINE. TECHNOLOGY
THE ARTS

2008

UDC Distribution of UDC numbers in the main tables

Math & Physics

Electrical Engineering & Computer
Science
Chemical, Mechanical, & Civil
Engineering

MoS Chemistry

Earth Sciences

Biology

Biotechnology

Infectious Diseases

Medical Specialties

Health Professionals

Brain Research

Social Sciences

Humanities

SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE.
ORGANIZATION. COMPUTER SCIENCE.
INFORMATION. DOCUMENTATION.
0
LIBRARIANSHIP. INSTITUTIONS.
PUBLICATIONS

1 PHILOSOPHY. PSYCHOLOGY
Math & Physics
Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
2 RELIGION. THEOLOGY Chemical, Mechanical, & Civil Engineering
Chemistry
SOCIAL SCIENCES. STATISTICS.
Earth Sciences
POLITICS. ECONOMICS. TRADE. LAW.
3 GOVERNMENT. MILITARY AFFAIRS. Biology
WELFARE. INSURANCE. EDUCATION. Biotechnology
FOLKLORE Infectious Diseases
4 Medical Specialties
Health Professionals
5 MATHEMATICS. NATURAL SCIENCES Brain Research
Social Sciences
Humanities
APPLIED SCIENCES. MEDICINE.
6
TECHNOLOGY

THE ARTS. RECREATION.
7
ENTERTAINMENT. SPORT

8 LANGUAGE. LINGUISTICS. LITERATURE

9 GEOGRAPHY. BIOGRAPHY. HISTORY

RELIGION. THEOLOGY
SOCIAL SCIENCES

APPLIED SCIENCES. MEDICINE. TECHNOLOGY
THE ARTS

UDC branch size (inner) versus UDC (MoS - rough) (outer)

Some Numbers:
Wikipedia
• More than 2 million pages
• 11 Top level categories
• 276,834 subcategories *
• Over 20 million category
pages
• Category Arts has more
than 2 million nodes

*What’s in Wikipedia? Mapping Topics and Conflict Using Socially Annotated Category Structure CS.UMN.edu. Aniket Kittur,
Carnegie Mellon University. Ed H. Chi, Bongwon Suh, Palo Alto Research Center. April 8th, 2009

UDC – WIKIPEDIA
occupation (11 TL, Kittur,
#subcategories)

RELIGION. THEOLOGY
SOCIAL SCIENCES

THE ARTS

UDC – Map of Science
occupation

UDC class occupation

43 TL Categories
Size = # pages

Politics

Entertainment
People

Geography

UDC – WIKIPEDIA UDC – WIKIPEDIA
43 TL – entry-based cat-based occupation
KSL - Kittur


RELIGION. THEOLOGY

SOCIAL SCIENCES



THE ARTS



UDC – Map of Science
occupation

UDC class occupation

??? Culture and Arts Sciences Society Technics/Technology Nature
Events Culture Science Religion Agriculture Earth
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 categoryO L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
categoryO O O O 1 1 O 1 O O O O categoryO O 1 1 O 1 3 O O O O O category1 1 O 2 2 4 O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegoryO O O O O O O O O O O O
category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O 1 O O 1 O O O O category2 O O O 1 O 1 O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory1 O O O O O O O O O O O
category2 O O O O O O O O O O O category2 O O O O O O O O O O O category3 O O O O 2 2 O O O O O category2 1 1 3 14 4 O O O O O O category2 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory2 O O O O O O O O O O O
category3 O O O O 1 1 O O O O O category3 O O O 1 5 5 1 1 O O O category4 O 1 1 2 5 4 O O O O O category3 O O 1 O 2 3 1 O O O O category3 O O O O 2 3 1 1 O O O ca tegory3 O O O 1 1 1 1 O O O O
category4 O O O O O O O O O O O category4 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category4 O O O O O O O O O O O category4 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory4 O O O O O O O O O O O
category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O O O 1 O O O O O O O category6 O O O O O 1 1 O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory5 O 1 O 6 11 21 12 2 1 O O
category6 O O O O O O 1 1 O O O category6 O 1 3 5 13 8 2 1 O O O category7 O 1 O 2 2 1 1 O O O O category6 O O O O O O O O O O O category6 O 1 1 O 2 2 1 1 O O O ca tegory6 O O O 2 5 9 23 15 16 4 O
category7 O O O O 1 5 1 2 1 O O category7 O O O O 1 1 O O O O O category8 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O O O O O 1 O O O O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory7 O O O O O O 1 O O O O
category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O O O 3 2 O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory9 O 1 O O O O O O O O O
Computing Architecture Psychology Business Applied sciences Nature
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
categoryO O O 1 O 1 O O O O O O categoryO O O O 1 2 3 4 4 O O O categoryO O O O O 2 O O O O O O categoryO O O O 1 O 2 O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegoryO O 1 O 1 2 O O O O O O
category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 1 O O 1 4 7 5 5 O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory1 O O 3 5 4 1 O O O O O
category3 O O O O O O O O O O O category3 O O O O O 1 O O O O O category3 O O O 2 1 3 1 O O O O category3 O O O 3 9 14 7 1 2 O O category3 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory3 O O O 1 3 6 7 2 2 O O
category5 O O O O O 1 O O O O O category5 O O O O 1 O O O O O O category5 O O O O 1 1 O O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory5 O O 1 1 4 9 6 2 2 O O
category6 O O O O O O O 1 O O O category6 O O O O O 1 O O O O O category6 O O O O 1 1 O O O O O category6 O 1 1 1 1 9 6 1 1 O O category6 1 O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory6 O O O O 4 4 2 4 O O O
category7 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O 1 3 4 O O O O O O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O O O O 1 2 1 O O O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory7 O O O 2 2 1 1 O O O O
category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory9 O O O O O O 1 O O O O
Structure Arts Philosophy Law Technology Environment
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
categoryO O O O O 1 1 1 O O 3 O categoryO O O O O 1 2 1 1 O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O 1 O O O O O 1 O O ca tegoryO O O O 1 O 1 1 O O O O
category1 O O O O 1 O O O O O O category1 O O O O 1 O O O O O O category1 1 2 1 4 O 4 O O O O O category1 O O O O 2 1 O O O O O category1 O O O O 1 O O O O O O ca tegory1 O O O O O O 2 O O O O
category3 O O O 4 7 7 7 3 O O O category3 O O O O 2 9 2 O O O O category3 O O O O 3 O O O O O O category3 1 1 9 28 53 54 14 5 2 O O category3 O O O O 1 1 O 2 O O O ca tegory3 O O O 1 2 3 1 2 O O O
category5 O O O 6 16 37 34 14 15 2 O category5 O O O O 3 6 2 3 O O O category5 O O O O O 1 O O O O O category5 O O O O 6 8 3 2 O O O category5 O O O O O 1 O O O O O ca tegory5 O O 2 9 8 2 3 O O O O
category6 O O O O 10 19 14 13 7 1 O category6 O O 1 4 24 37 33 34 28 2 O category6 O O O O O O O O O O O category6 O O O O O 1 2 2 1 O O category6 1 3 2 12 10 7 O 2 O O O ca tegory6 O O O O O 1 2 3 O O O
category7 O O O O 1 O O 2 O O O category7 1 3 5 6 8 11 4 2 O O O category7 O O 1 3 2 O O O O O O category7 O O O O O O O 1 O O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory7 O O O O O O 1 O O O O
category9 O O O O O O 2 O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O ca tegory9 O O O O O O O O O O O
Information Visual arts Economics Politics Crafts
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
categoryO 1 O O 1 1 3 1 1 O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O
category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O
category3 O O O 1 5 11 1 3 O O O category3 O O O O O O O O O O O category3 1 1 3 5 6 5 8 2 3 O O category3 1 1 1 O O O O O O O O category3 O O O O O O O O O O O
category5 O O O O 2 9 1 O 1 O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O
category6 O O 1 2 7 9 6 5 7 O O category6 O O O O O O O O O O O category6 O 1 1 2 2 1 O O O O O category6 O O O O O O O O O O O category6 O 2 2 O O O O O O O O
category7 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O O O O O 1 O O O O O category7 O 1 1 1 O 1 O O O O O
Film Astronomy Military Radio
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
categoryO O O O O O 1 1 O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O
category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O
category3 O O O O O O O O O O O category3 O O O O O O O O O O O category3 1 1 3 7 31 31 11 1 O O O category3 O O O O O 1 1 O O O O
category5 O O O O 1 O O 1 O O 1 category5 O 1 1 3 O O O O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O O O O 2 1 3 2 O O O
category6 O O O O 1 1 3 2 6 1 2 category6 O O O O O O O O O O O category6 O O 1 2 5 3 4 1 O O O category6 O O O 1 1 6 11 13 10 1 O
category7 O O O 6 13 27 19 10 3 O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O O O O 1 1 1 O O O O category7 O O O 1 O 1 O O O O O
Music Biology Society
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
categoryO O O O O O 1 O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O
category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O 1 1 O O O O O O O
category2 O O O O O O O O O O O category2 O O O O O O O O O O O category2 O O O 1 1 O O O O O O
category3 O O O O O 2 O 1 O O O category3 O O O O 1 O O O O O O category3 O O 1 2 1 4 3 2 1 O O
category4 O O O O O O O O O O O category4 O O O O O O O O O O O category4 O O O O O O O O O O O
category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O O 4 9 17 4 O O O O O category5 O O O 1 1 2 O O O O O
category6 O O O O 1 1 1 O 1 O O category6 O O 1 1 1 2 1 O O O O category6 O O O O O O O O O O O
category7 O 1 5 20 15 5 2 O O O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O O O 1 O O O O O O O
Entertainment Chemistry Health
categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O
category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O 1 O
category3 O O O O 1 O 2 O O O O category3 O O O 1 1 O O O O O O category3 O O O O 5 12 6 O O O O
category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 O 1 6 9 24 16 9 O O O O category5 O O O O 1 O O O O O O
category6 O O O O O O 1 O O O O category6 O O O O 1 8 4 1 O O O category6 O O 4 8 17 12 2 1 O O O
category7 1 1 2 O O 3 O O O O O category7 O O O O O 1 O O O O O category7 O O O O O 3 O O O O O
Literature Mathematics People
categoryO O O O 2 O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O 2 O 1 O O O O O
category1 O O O 1 O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O category1 O O O O O O O O O O O
category3 O O O 1 O 3 O O O O O category3 O O O O O O O O O O O category3 O O 2 2 7 5 2 O O O O
category5 O O O O O O O O O O O category5 1 1 1 2 4 4 O O O O O category5 O O O O O O O O O O O
category6 O O O O O 1 O O O O O category6 O O O O O O O O O O O category6 O O O O 1 O 1 O O O O
category7 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O category7 O O O O O 2 O O 1 O O
category8 1 2 1 O 10 19 45 36 11 1 O category8 O O O O O O O O O O O category8 O O O O O O O O O O O
category9 O O O O 1 O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O category9 O O O O O O O O O O O
Physics Humans
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O
category1 O 2 1 1 O 1 1 O O O O category1 O O 1 O O 1 O O O O O
category2 O O O O O O O O O O O category2 O O O O O O O O O O O
category3 O O O O O O O O O O O category3 O O O 1 O O O O O O O
category5 O 2 4 11 12 14 7 1 2 O O category5 O O O O 3 3 O O O O O
category6 O O O O 1 1 1 2 O O O category6 O O O 2 4 5 1 4 1 O O
category7 O O O O O 1 O O O O O category7 O O O O O O O O O O O
Medicine
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
categoryO O O O O O O O O O O O
category1 O O O O O O O O O O O
category3 O O O 1 O O 1 O O O O
category6 1 O 1 O 3 2 1 O O O O
Geography
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11

Mapping of W-Terms to
category3 O O O O 1 1 O O O O O
category5 O O 1 5 O 1 O O O O O
category9 1 1 3 7 1 2 O O O O O

UDC MRF 2008
History
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
category1 O O O 1 O O O O O O O
category3 O O O 2 3 4 O O O O O
category6 O O O O 1 O O O O O O
category7 O O O 1 O O O O O O O
category9 1 1 2 2 1 O O O O O O
Archaeology
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
category3 O O O O O 1 O O O O O
category9 O O 1 3 1 2 1 O O O O

Main_Topic
Radio
Catpages
Red=root
Green=depth 1
Blue=depth 2

Gephi

wikidump2008

# VERDICT

Research policy

Enhancing traditional information navigation not automatic
Replacing them

INFOPHYSICS - MORE HISTORY

“SIMPLE VISUALS” – visualizing meta-data

# VERDICT: Cross-disciplinarity and communication

TradingZone(s) (Peter Galison)

Negotiate norms

Problem solving

The Knowledge Space Lab team: Almila Akdag, Cheng Gao,
Krzysztof Suchecki

Charles van den Heuvel, Paul Wouters, Richard Smiraglia
Katy Börner, Loet Leydesdorff

Strategiefonds KNAW

Cost action MP 0801 “Physics of Competition and Conflicts”

BigGrid NL (Tom Visser, Coen Schrijvers, Ammar Benabadelkader)

Mapping Knowledge Spaces, Andrea Scharnhorst, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

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