Deliberative governance on vulnerability to climate change: voices from Madhesi farmers
•Télécharger en tant que PPTX, PDF•
0 j'aime•651 vues
Presented by IWMI's Floriane Clement at the Nepal Annual Conference on Nepal and the Himalaya, in Kathmandu, on July 22, 2015.
Recommandé
Recommandé
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Tendances (20)
En vedette
En vedette (18)
Similaire à Deliberative governance on vulnerability to climate change: voices from Madhesi farmers
Similaire à Deliberative governance on vulnerability to climate change: voices from Madhesi farmers (20)
Plus de International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Plus de International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (20)
Dernier
Dernier (20)
Deliberative governance on vulnerability to climate change: voices from Madhesi farmers
- 1. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org Dr Floriane Clement, IWMI-Nepal Annual Conference on Nepal and the Himalaya Kathmandu 22 July 2015 Deliberative governance on vulnerability to climate change: voices from Madhesi farmers Photo credit: Pawan Kumar/ Himalay Film
- 2. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Context • Massive investment on adaptation to climate change in the development sector • Climate change debates largely driven by natural scientists and risk-hazard perspective
- 3. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world • Constructivist approach: ‘various groups of people conceive of the world in different ways’ (Hajer and Wagenaar 2003: 11) • Plural framings contingent upon social values, economic interests and organizational structures • Difficult to separate facts from values (Forsyth, 2005) • ‘Governance is seen to be as much about shared problem construction as it is about collective solutions’ (Leach et al., 2007: 28) Reflexive Governance
- 4. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Connecting Farmers’ Voices to Climate Change Policies and Discourses in Terai-Madhesh • Participatory video (2013); 12 films produced • Responses of 24 policy-makers video-recorded • Audiovisual material compiled in a 35’ film Photo credit: Pawan Kumar/ Himalay Films
- 5. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Using audiovisual material for deliberative and reflexive governance • Evocativeness and action orientation • Can be easily spread and disseminated
- 6. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Deliberative dialogues • Screenings in 6 VDCs – 200 farmers • 2 radio roundtable discussions on local and national radios • 2 workshops Photo credit: Pawan Kumar/ Himalay Films
- 7. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Framings of vulnerability Risk-hazard and entitlement approaches (Ribot, 2010)
- 8. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world NAPA Climate change Agriculture and Food Security Water Resources and Energy Forests and Biodiversity Public Health Urban Settlements and Infrastructure Climate induced Disasters
- 9. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Farmers’ views Failure of agriculture Migration Changes in weather patterns Lack of access to agricultural inputs Poverty Lack of infrastructure Lack of access to irrigation facilities Dowry system Poor education system Lack of employment opportunities Interventions not reaching the poor Poor discriminated in accessing facilities Poor’s voices not heard
- 10. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world NAPA (GoN 2010) Farmers Perspective Risk hazard approach – impact of CC on different sectors Entitlement approach – CC one of the multiple factors creating vulnerability Causes of vulnerability Natural environment, household characteristics, local context Lack of and unequal access to public services and facilities; lack of accountable government representatives ; lack of influence in decision-making Type of interventions Technical and managerial options (e.g. construction of water storage, adoption of drought-resistant crop varieties and organic farming practices) defined for each sector/domain in isolation Technical interventions Role of actors Government to coordinate programmes and deliver public services Local people to better adapt through increased awareness and adoption of better practices Government to deliver public services and monitor service delivery Local people to raise their voice, ask for funds and keep the government accountable
- 11. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Root causes of vulnerability Climate change or lack of public facilities and services? • “Plants are drying because of a lack of irrigation”; “Because of a lack of irrigation water, farming is a failure” Poverty or unequal access to basic services? • : “the government doesn’t provide these facilities. Only the rich people receive benefits and nobody listens to the poor”. • “Teachers in public schools educate their own children …uh.. in private schools. Public schools are only the choice of poor children”.
- 12. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world “The failure of agriculture” • “Farming is impossible” • “Nothing seems possible” • “Without migration, men would have eaten men” • “What to say, we are in trouble here”
- 13. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Creating a new discursive space • Film well acknowledged • Stakeholders’ discourses opened a bit to new spaces but overall did not change – Farmers emphasized government’s lack of accountability and declining level of community cooperation – Civil society advocated for a right-based, demand-based and participatory approach – Government representatives stressed the need for farmers to adopt good practices
- 14. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Conclusion • Need for the facilitator to simplify and synthesise the different storylines in play to allow stakeholders engaging a dialogue • Objective is not for stakeholders to reach a consensus but rather to acknowledge multiple framings and unpack their social and political-economic underpinnings
- 15. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world THANK YOU
Notes de l'éditeur
- Some funds have shifted from more traditional domains of development such as forestry, agriculture, irrigation to climate change
- Two main approaches in vulnerability assessment literature: - Risk hazard approach (left) evaluates the multiple impacts of a single climatic event - Entitlement or vulnerability (right) analyses look at the multiple causes of a single outcome. Risk hazard traces a causal linear relationship to the environmental hazard. The strength of the RH approach is that it can help understand the immediate outcomes of a climate shift or event in a given (or static) context. Identifying such outcomes is useful for mapping the places most likely to experience acute damages under conditions of climate variability and change. Taking the system at risk as static, however, the RH approach does not treat the ways the system at risk might amplify or dampen the effects of a given event. In addition, the RH model has difficulties distinguishing among components of the system that might result in significantly different consequences after a perturbation or stress. These models do not take into account how social, institutional and political economic relations shape the distribution of exposure and damages The entitlement approach looks at social and political-economic factors. The cause of vulnerability is located in society and environmental hazard is only one of the factors leading to the observed outcome.
- Videos on twelve different topics related to social and climatic change. Climate change is not the primary issue for farmers. The main concern for farmers is “farming being impossible” = access is a key concern and they relate this to structural causes rooted in the political and economic system
- NAPA: used as a basis for the development of an adaptation strategy. National programme of action for adaptation (NAPA) starts from climatic hazards and their potential impacts on a range of domains (public health, food security, energy, shelter, etc) and proposes adaptation options to address these impacts. Vulnerability is rooted in natural environment: “the low level of development and complex topography’ household characteristics “most of the people living in the mid and far western regions are among the most vulnerable, a situation closely related with the poverty rates in these areas, the heavy reliance on small scale agriculture” Individual characteristics: “women are engaged in climate sensitive sectors” (p.14). Local context: “the lack of basic services and livelihood options” Interventions: No mention of other issues affecting vulnerability e.g. migration, institutional vacuum, absence of locally elected government body, political instability, etc. Local stakeholders consultation but framed in such a way that they themselves also proposed technical interventions CC POLICY ‘National efforts to make the socio-economic sectors climate-resilient’ ‘it is also a challenge to identify the vulnerable sectors’ Again risk hazard approach starting from climate change impacts on different sectors. Depicts a very apolitical narrative on vulnerability Focus in challenges identified: ie how problems are framed Focus on technologies: “a lack of an institution that can examine climate change in the perspectives of science and technology”; lack of “programmes for avoiding, minimizing or adapting to the changing climate by developing appropriate technologies” Focus on managerial issues: “Need to enhance the capacity of public institutions, planners and technicians, private sector, NGOs and civil society involved in development work”.
- money helps but does not solve all problems. Money helps the rich to access the public services everyone should get. Vulnerability not rooted in climate (lack of rainfall) but in deficiency of provision of public services and government support to agriculture Poverty: “Before there was a spirit of cooperation in terms of contribution of labour “We contribute money but it does not solve the problem” “money was spent without coordination and in vain”. “The government doesn’t provide these facilities. Only the rich people receive benefits and nobody listens to the poor” “the government jobs are only for selected people, such as a son of the big and leading politicians.”
- Very strong terms used in some of the films, farming is ‘impossible’ and ensures only basic survival Adaptation strategy is migration: but portrayed as forced migration. Migration remittances mostly used for daily expenses, food needs