4. INTRODUCTION
The word Hypothesis is derived from Greek words
“Hypo” & “Tithemi”. The word “Hypo” means UNDER &
“Tithemi” means PLACE.
The derivation of a suitable Hypothesis goes hand in
hand with the selection of a research problem.
Hypothesis is a predictive statement capable of being
tested by scientific methods that relates an independent
variable to some dependent variable.
5. HYPOTHESIS
• A Hypothesis is a tentative assumption drawn from
knowledge & theory which is used as a guide in the
investigation of other facts & theories that are yet
unknown.
• In its elementary stage the hypothesis may be any
hunch, guess, imaginative idea which becomes the
basis for further investigation.
• Hypothesis reflects the researcher guess as to the
probable outcome of the experiments.
• A clearly stated hypothesis includes the variables to be
manipulated or measured, identifies the population to
be examined & indicates the proposed outcome for the
6. DEFINITIONS
• “A Hypothesis is an attempt & explanation a provisional
supposition made in order to explain scientifically some facts
or phenomena”
- Cortey
• “A Hypothesis is a tentative generalization, the validity which
remain to be tested by the researcher. In its most elementary
stage the hypothesis may be any guess, imaginative idea,
which becomes the basis for action investigation”
- George A
Lundberg
• “The guesses he makes are the Hypothesis which either
7. IMPORTANCE
• Hypothesis enables researcher to objective by investigate new
areas of discovery. Thus, it provides a powerful tool for the
advancement of knowledge.
• Hypothesis provides objectivity to the research activity.
• It also provides directions to conduct research such as defining
the sources & relevance of data.
• Hypothesis provides link b/w theories actual practical research.
• A Hypothesis suggest which type of research is likely to be most
appropriate.
• It serves as framework for drawing conclusions of a research
study.
9. FORMULATION
A Hypothesis is formulated after the problem has
been stated & the literature study has been conducted.
It is formulated when the researcher is totally aware of
the theoretical & empirical background to the
problem. Hypothesis is formulated using Induction &
Deduction method. Hypothesis will be generated from
the problem statement. The researcher should read
the problem statement thoroughly.
10. A Researcher must studying the Formulation of a good
Hypothesis,
• Narrow or limit & express it as a research question.
• A Researcher Hypothesis has 2 elements that are in relation
to one another.
• Avoid judgmental words in Hypothesis.
• Hypothesis must involve an issue or question that cannot be
answered exclusively.
• All the terms must be clearly understood & defined.
• It is to be noted that hypothesis may change over time as the
researcher progress.
11. Difficulties in the Formulation of Hypothesis
• Lack of knowledge & clarity of the theoretical
framework of the area in which the investigator
chooses to work.
• Lack of ability to make use of the theoretical
framework logically.
• Lack of acquaintance with available research
technique resulting in failure to be able to phrase
the hypothesis properly.
• Vagueness of the statement.
12. TESTING
The proof o the worth of a hypothesis lies in its ability
to meet the test of its validity. There are 2 important
means of testing hypothesis :
1. The study of Hypothesis for logical consistency : It
is a phase o thinking. It consist of checking the logical
character of the reasoning by which consequence of
hypothesis are deducted for verification.
2. The study of Hypothesis for agreement with fact :
One argues that if the hypothesis is true, certain facts,
conditions or relationship will be found, then one
looks to see if these conditions are present. After
testing the hypothesis by applying it to already known
13. A Hypothesis is never proved, it is merely sustained
or rejected. If it fails to meet the test of its validity, it
must be modified or rejected. The confirmation of a
hypothesis is always tentative & relative subject to
later revision & even rejection as further evidence
appears or as more adequate hypothesis are
introduced.
CONTINOUS
14. BASIC CONCEPT OF TESTING
• The null & alternate Hypothesis
• Choosing the relevant statistical test & appropriate
probability distribution.
• Choosing the critical value. 3 criteria used are,
• - Significance Level (It indicates the percentage of
sample means that is outside the cut-off limits)
• - Degree of Freedom (The no. of “free” or
unconstrained data used in calculating a sample statistics
or test statistics)
• - One or Two tailed test (One Tailed Test – It uses
critical value of test statistics) (Two Tailed Test – It use one
15. CONCLUSION
Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal
instrument in research its main function is to
suggest new experiments & observations.
Ordinarily when one talks about Hypothesis are
simply means a mere assumption or some
supposition to be proved or disproved but for a
researcher hypothesis is a formal questions that he
intendance to resolve.
