1. University of the Philippines
College of Education
Educational Technology Department
EDTECH101
Learning Theories that Influence
Utilization of Instructional
Media Resources
Ferdinand B. Pitagan, PhD
Professor of Education
11. B. F. Skinner
1904 – 1990
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b-NaoWUowQ
English Major
Psychology
Book, Wallden II Skinner box
12. Behaviorism
“--- A person comes under the control of a stimulating
environment, responds to subtle properties of that
environment, and responds to it in many complex
ways because of the consequences contingent upon
earlier responses.---- ”
(Operant Conditioning)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
6) Initial behavior –
7) Consequences (reinforcement/punishment) –
8) Next behavior
13. Behaviorism
How to shape behavior and maintain it in
strength?
How to design instruction?
Use Contingencies of Reinforcement
A certain behavior consequences of that behavior
17. Cognitivism
1) Information Processing Model
Sensory register
Short-term memory
-- Working memory
Long-term memory
18. Cognitivism
1) Information Processing Model
Sensory register
Attention
Short-term memory
-- Working memory
Remembering
Not Forgetting
Long-term memory
19. Cognitivism
1) Information Processing Model
Attention gaining strategies:
Attention Sensory register
e.g. visuals, paradox
Short-term memory
Remembering -- Working memory Active processing strategies:
e.g. chucking/organizing content
Retrieval strategies:
Not forgetting e.g. relate new info. to old info.
Long-term memory
20. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcjPkPIwsog
Swiss philosopher and psychologist
Jean Piaget
(1896-1980)
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html
21. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Observe/listen to children
Piaget: What makes the wind?
Julia: The trees.
P: How do you know?
J: I saw them waving their arms.
P: How does that make the wind?
J (waving her hand in front of his face):
Like this. Only they are bigger. And there are lots of trees.
P: What makes the wind on the ocean?
J: It blows there from the land. No. It's the waves...
## Four stages of childhood development
(sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)
22. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Schemata
(Mental structures)
Assimilation: Accommodatio
n: modifying
New info. into existing
existing structure/creat
structure ing new one
23. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Assimilation??
Accommodation??
24. Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Schemata
(Mental structures)
Assimilation: Accommodatio
n: modifying
New info. into existing
existing structure/creat
structure ing new one
Useful instructional strategies
Advanced Organizers
Transfer
Mnemonics
Organization and more…..
29. Constructivism
• Learning: based on experience/ construction of meaning/
social interaction
• Instructional strategies??
- social collaboration
- multiple perspectives
- negotiation of meanings
- situated in real cases
31. Social Constructivism
Lev Vygotsky
1. Between people, then inside self
2. Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP)
- social interactions
32. Remember!!
(A. Bednar, et al. )
“Instructional design and development must be
based upon some theory of learning and/or
cognition; effective design is possible only if the
developer has developed reflexive awareness of
the theoretical basis underlying the design.”
33. Remember !!
“ Theories of Learning and prescriptions for
practice must go hand in hand.” – (T. Duffy and D. Jonassen)
Instructional Design (Prescriptions for practice)
Constructivism
Behaviorism Cognitivism
34. Activity
1. Case 1:
Japan
New teachers
How to serve physically challenged students
1. Case 2:
USA
A mix of slower and faster learners; thirty 7th graders
Teach existing of different cultures in Asia
3. Case 3:
Paris
Filipino as a second language; intermediate level
A mix of 10 senior citizens; 10 university students
Teach them Filipino 。
4. Case 4:
Indonesia
High school students (above average)
Teach to be active, creative…
