8. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners must be able to:
• Explain how protein is made using
information from DNA.
• Name the different kinds of amino
acids; and
14. Large complex molecules that are
essential for normal functioning in
the cell.
Proteins are made up of smaller
amino acids, which are building
blocks of proteins.
15. There are 20 amino acids which are
classified based on their polarities
and charge.
Each amino acid is also coded by
DNA in a trinucleotide sequence or
in groups of three bases which
refers as codon.
18. This process involves the transfer of
genetic information in DNA to
mRNA (messenger RNA) which
happens inside the nucleus.
19. Transcription Process
The beginning of transcription whereas
the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a
region of a gene called promoter. After
this, the DNA unwinds so that the
enzyme can read the bases of the DNA
strand.
1.
Initiation
20.
21. Refers to the addition of nucleotides to
2.
Elongation
22. 3.
Terminatio
n
The ending of transcription and the
mRNA detaches to the DNA. The DNA
strands rejoin. The RNA leaves the
nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm.
23. The process of converting
information from mRNA into a
sequence of amino acids in protein.
24. In order to start the translation process, the
following molecules are required: mRNA
template, ribosomes, tRNA, and various
enzymatic factors.
• Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site
• Peptidyl-tRNA binding site
• Exit site
Ribosome Structure
31. ACTIVITY 1:
COMPLEMENTARY
STRAND
Directions: For each sequence of DNA is shown. Write the complementary RNA sequence
underneath the letters, then use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence.
DNA TAC CAT CGA AAT ATT
mRNA
tRNA
Amino
Acid
Consist of two process which are (click slide).
Now, let us discover how proteins are formed.
Consist of two process which are (click slide).
Now, let us discover how proteins are formed.
WE SAID EARLIER THAT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS, SO WHAT IS PROTEIN? (CLICK SLIDE)
Transcription process takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation and termination.
Transcription process takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation and termination.
After mRNA leaves the nucleus, it moves to a ribosome, which consists of rRNA and proteins. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons in mRNA, and molecules of tRNA bring amino acids to the ribosome in the correct sequence.
