This presentation contains brief descriptions of the key figures and events from the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans ruled over much of Europe, Africa and Asia for nearly 600 years.

1. HISTORY OF THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1

2. KEY FACTS
• Most dominant empire through
history.
• The name Ottoman was derived from
their first sultan, Osman or Othman.
• 36 sultans, ruled for over 600 years.
• Span across Asia, Africa and Europe.
2

3. THE 36 SULTANS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 3
Source: Google, Pinterest

4. THE EMPIRE'S GREATEST EXTENT 4
Source: Google

5. THE
BEGINNING • The empire was established by Osman I
in 1299 after he raided and won against
the Byzantines who previously ruled over
Anatolia.
• By 14th century, it spread across the sea
of Marmara and Sakarya river.
• He made Bursa his capital in 1335.
5
Source: Britannica

6. • Orhan reformed his army from
volunteers to trained infantrymen,
later called Janissaries.
• Expanded the empire by
conquering Iznik and Izmit.
• Formed an alliance with John VI
Kantakouzenos, former Byzantine
emperor.
6
Source: Various sources

7. THE 14TH
CENTURY
• Murad I seized Adrianople
in 1362, renamed it to
Edirne and made it
his capital.
• The empire spread through
the Balkans over the next
decade.
7
Source: Britannica

8. • Murad I extended Ottoman control over
southern Serbia and Macedonia after
the battle of Maritsa River.
• Conquered Serbia in 1389 with his son
Bayezid I in the battle of Kosovo.
• He was killed in the battle by Serbian
knight Milos Obilic. Making him the only
Ottoman sultan to die in a battlefield.
• During his 27-years of rule, Murad I
made 37 important battles and won all
of them.
Source: Britannica and other various sources 8

9. Source: Britannica and other various sources 9
• Captured Rumelia (Thrace) and
established political unity in the Ottoman
Empire for the first time after the Seljuks.
• Defeating the Karaman emirate brought
him into conflict with Turk-Mongol leader,
Timur.
• Timur besieged Ankara and captured
Beyazid 1 along with his sons, Musa
and Mustafa Celebi.
• Beyazid I passed away in custody,
causing a decade long civil unrest
among his sons.
BAYEZID I

10. MURAD II
• Helped lead the empire to recovery after
its near demise at the hands of Timur
following the battle of Ankara in 1402.
• Executed his brother Mustafa who,
backed by the Byzantines, provoked
hostility against him.
• Conquered Salonika and ended
Venetian control in Northern Greece.
Source: Britannica 10

11. MURAD II
• Temporarily abdicated the throne
to his 12 year old son, Mehmet
II, before the battle of Varna.
• Inflicted a severe defeat on the
Hungarian forces in the battle.
• Weakened European powers
overs Constantinople and
expanded the empire over the
Balkans.
• He took over the throne once
again and was constantly
involved in conflict until his
passing in 1451.
Source: Britannica, History 11

12. MEHMET II —
THE
CONQUEROR
12

13. Source: A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, Britannica.
13
• Ascended the throne twice, first
aged 12, then aged 19.
• Formed a centralized
bureaucracy and made drastic
changes in the government.
• Besieged Constantinople, modern
day Istanbul, in 1453 at the age of
21.
• Often referred to himself as Kayser-
i Rûm (“Caesar of Rome”).

14. "EITHER I CONQUER
CONSTANTINOPLE, OR
CONSTANTINOPLE
CONQUERS ME."
Mehmet II "The Conqueror"
Source: Google 14

15. FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE
• Constantinople stood as the seat of
the Byzantine Empire for 1,100 years.
• It was the center of trade due to its
strategic geographic position between
Europe and Asia.
• Mehmet II "The Conqueror" besieged
the city with 80,000 troops and 100
naval ships for 55 days.
• Constantine XI was killed in the
battle.
• Hagia Sophia was repurposed as a
mosque after the battle.
Source: History, Britannica, History of the Ottoman Empire to
1730
15

16. BAYEZID II
• Ascended the throne in 1481, after
Mehmet II's passing.
• His most notable contribution was his
reaction to the expulsion of Muslims and
Jews from Spain in 1492.
• He evacuated Sephardi Jews from
Spain and resettled them on Ottoman
lands.
• He thwarted a Safavid rebellion before
abdicating his throne to his son, Selim I.
Source: Britannica, other various sources 16

17. SELIM I —
THE GRIM
• Dethroned his father in 1512.
• Defeated Shah Ismail in the battle of Chaldiran
and seized the capital of Safavids, Tabriz, in
1514.
• First Ottoman sultan to hold the titles of
both Sultan and Caliph.
• Extended the empire to Syria, Egypt, Palestine,
and Hejaz.
• By 1520, Selim I's reign had brought forth an
expansion of roughly 70%.
Source: Britannica, Wikipedia 17

18. SULEYMAN THE
MAGNIFICENT
18

19. More famously known as… this guy.19

20. SULEYMAN
THE
MAGNIFICENT
• As the only son of Selim I, he ascended the throne in 1520 at
the age of 26.
• Ruled the empire for 46 years and doubled his territory
during the reign.
• Widely regarded as the most successful sultan of the empire.
• The empire made characteristic advancements in the fields
of law, literature, art, and architecture during this period.
• Transformed the Ottoman Empire into an economic
powerhouse.
Source: Britannica, History, Ducksters 20

21. SULEYMAN THE
MAGNIFICENT
• Transformed the tax system and made
sure bureaucracy was based on merit.
• Reformed laws ensured all Ottoman
citizens, including the highest officials were
subject to law.
• He instituted protections for Christian and
Jewish citizens of the Ottoman Empire.
• He conquered Belgrade and shattered
Hungary at the Battle of Mohacs.
Source: Met Museum, Britannica, Wiki, Origins 21

22. SULEYMAN
THE
MAGNIFICEN
T
• Süleyman waged three major campaigns against
Persia as well as conquered Iraq.
• Troubled by conflict between his sons, Suleyman
executed Mustafa in 1553, and Bayezid in 1561.
• By the end of Süleyman’s
reign, Ottoman hegemony extended over a
great portion of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
• Süleyman died while besieging the fortress of
Szigetvár in Hungary at the age of 71.
Source: Britannica, Origins, ThoughtCo. 22

23. SULEYMAN
THE
MAGNIFICENT
• The empire gradually
entered into a decline
following his death.
• Süleyman was
succeeded by his son
Selim II.
Source: Britannica 23

24. OTTOMAN NAVY
• Established in the early 14th century
after the empire first expanded to reach
the sea in 1323 by capturing
Karamürsel.
• At its height, the Navy extended to the
Indian Ocean.
• During its long existence, it's been
involved in many conflicts and signed a
number of maritime treaties.
Source: Britannica, Wiki 24

25. OTTOMAN
NAVY
• the Ottoman navy became the most powerful
sea force in the Mediterranean after the
appointment of Barbaros Hayreddin Pasha,
also known as Khizr Pasha.
• The Ottoman Empire helped India and the far
east and ensured maritime security for
commercial and religious purposes.
• The Ottoman fleet reached its peak after
winning the Battle of Djerba, Tunisia in 1560.
Source: Britannica, Wiki 25

26. OTTOMAN NAVY
• Barbarossa remained one of the
great figures of the court at
Constantinople until his death.
• Following World War 1, the
successful Allies dissolved the
Ottoman Navy and the huge ships
of the Ottoman fleet.
Source: Britannica, Wiki 26

27. DECLINE OF
THE
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
• Starting in the 1600s, the Ottoman
Empire began to lose its economic and
military dominance to Europe.
• Europe had strengthened rapidly with the
Renaissance and the dawn of the
Industrial Revolution.
• Poor leadership led to the weakening of
the empire.
Source: Britannica, Wiki 27

28. DECLINE OF THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• After a revolt, Greece won their
independence from the Ottoman Empire
in 1830.
• Between 1878 and 1913, the empire lost
nearly all its territories in Europe.
• The Ottoman army entered WWI 1914
with the Central Powers and were
defeated by the Allied forces.
Source: Britannica, Wiki 28

29. DECLINE OF
THE
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
• Turkish territories were divided between
Britain, France, Russia following the
Armistice of Mudros.
• The title of Sultan was eliminated in
1922.
• The empire was declared a republic in
1923 and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk became
its first president.
Source: Britannica 29

30. ASPECTS OF
THE
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
• The Ottomans were known for their
development in art, architecture, science
and medicine.
• Their decorative art includes calligraphy,
carpet weaving, jewelry making, and
paper marbling.
• Their common architectural monuments
include Mosques, Domes, Palaces, and
towering Minarets.
Source: Britannica, Wiki 30

31. ASPECTS OF
THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE • The Ottomans made significant
advancements in science.
• Notable discoveries include mechanical
astronomical clock, forceps, scalpels,
catheters.
• Most of the income was centered upon
agricultural practices.
Source: Britannica, Wiki, Origins 31

32. ASPECTS OF
THE
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
• The Ottoman Empire had traditional Islamic-
style schooling. The primary schools were
Mekteps, the secondary schools were
Madrassas.
• The Ottoman Empire was an absolute
monarchy.
• The Ottomans had advanced military
organization and tactics for the time.
• The Janissaries were the first modern standing
army in the Europe.
Source: Britannica 32

33. IMPACT OF THE
OTTOMANS ON MUSLIMS
• Their siege of Constantinople put
them at the greatest trade centers of
the world.
• The siege also ended 1,100 years of
Byzantine rule over city.
• Churches, including the famous Hagia
Sophia, were converted to mosques.
• The current Turkish president, Erdogan
continues to embrace the empire's
Islamic heritage.
Source: Britannica 33

34. MODERN
DAY
TURKEY • The Republic of Turkey was created after
the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI following
the WWI.
• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk became the Republic's
first president.
• He steered the country towards a secular
political system to diminish the influence of
religious groups.
Source: Wikipedia 34

35. MODERN DAY
TURKEY
• Some major Kemalist reforms include:
1. Abolition of Caliphate.
2. Closure of religious convents.
3. Full political rights to women.
4. Made Ankara the new capital.
• Kemal Ataturk was also involved in
the Treaty of Lausanne, a peace treaty
recognizing modern Turkey's
boundaries, with the Allied forces.
Source: Wikipedia 35

36. MODERN
DAY TURKEY
• Turkey's current president, Recep Tayyip
Erdoğan, still follows the Ottomans in enforcing
an Islamic ideology.
• His 18 years as their political leader have
mostly been tumultuous.
• In 2016, Fethullah Gulen, a scholar, planned a
failed military coup in an attempt to overthrow
him.
Source: Wikipedia 36

37. MODERN DAY
TURKEY
• Today, Turkish media continues to educate
and influence people's perspective on the
Ottomans through its tv and films.
• The media not only showcases the
country's rich culture, but has also
significantly contributed to its rise in
tourism.
• Turkey was one of the most frequently
visited tourist destinations in the last
few years (according to my Instagram!).
Source: Wikipedia 37

38. THE END.
Thank you.
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