Greece Lecture-the ones with the audio symbol are new-watch those

1. Greece: Land of Philosophy,
Democracy, and War

2. Sparta
Social organization
Boys were surrendered to Sparta at age 7
Organized into small groups then units
Trained to fight
As older teens they were organized into units and given military training
A law driven society
The laws were not written but were “inscribed on the heart.”
Focus was on social good, strength, and sacrifice
Meals eaten together in common messes-to
prevent sloth and self-indulgence
A culture of toughness, masculinity (laconic)

3. Political organization
Lykourgos-Gave them the laws
Power of king limited
Council of Five-Ephors (overseers)
Selected from Council of Elders
Assembly
Social Organization
King
Old ruling families
Free citizens
Peroikoi
Helots
Slaves

4. A society with no culture
Slavery
Militarism
Hardness

5. Athens: The Birthplace of Democracy and Philosophy
Athens in economic crisis
Solon the Reformer-638-558 BCE, elected Chief Executive in 594 BCE
Diké-social justice
Paucity of land
One-sixth farmers (sharecropping)-contemporary examples?
Reasonable Laws-revisions of Draconian Laws
Economic Reforms:
The forgiving of debt (Debt owed by U.S. consumers in 2016-12.5 trillion)
Found slaves and bought their freedom
Redistribution of land
Olive oil and wine
banned export of cereals
**A usable past?

6. Government organization
Archons
The Four Hundred
Removed aristocratic requirement (social mobility)
The Assembly
Class conflict ensues
Solon’s solutions too centrist
The Men of the Coast, the Men of the Plains, the Men of
the Hills

7. The Democratic Tyrant-Pisistratus (605-527)-in power from 546-528 BCE
Third time is the charm
Land redistribution
Lower taxes on the poor
Better water systems
The Rule of Hippias-527-510 BCE
Removing the Tyrant
King Kleomenes of Sparta leads a force to Athens to drive out Hippias
Kleisthenes and Isagoras in fierce debate about immigrant workers
Spartans back Isagoras as chief archon
Athenians rise up and drive out the Spartans and Isagoras
Defense of their political institutions

8. Reforms of Kleisthenes-507 BCE
Attempting to minimize strength of old families
Organizes the city into 30 districts
All regions included in each district-plains, hills, coast
Ostracism (ostracon)-6,000 votes
Council expanded to 500
Additional duties
Continuing Democratization through 460 BCE
462-council stripped of its power
Government by Assembly
Laws originate directly from the citizens
Government run by the citizens (Assembly)

9. The Greco-Persian War
King Darius commanded a
massive Persian Empire
Inherited by his son Xerxes
Athens supports an
unsuccessful revolt by Ionian
Greeks in 499 BCE

10. Battle of Marathon-490 BCE
Armies of Darius marching on Athens
Sparta refuses assistance (religious festival)
Tactical success (hoplites)
Persians defeated
**what role of a Homeric culture here?
Greeks built their strength
Constructed a fleet of triremes
Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis-480 BCE
Xerxes sweeps south-laying waste
Thermopylae defeat (victory)
Trickery and Salamis

11. The Delian League-478 BCE
Created for protection against Persia
150 Greek city-states
Athens lead this league
Cities contributed troops and armaments or payment
Athens ruthlessly controlled the league
***What is the historical lesson?

12. The Peloponnesian War
431-404 BCE
Develops as Athens reaches its cultural, political, and economic peak
Delian League vs. the Peloponnesian League (Sparta)
Athens-naval power
Sparta-land force
The Sicily Expedition
Colonial discontent
Rise of oligarchy