Disciplines and Ideas in social Science

1. Social Science as a
Study of Society
Jeremy T. Gilbaliga

2. What is social science?
•Social sciences are a group of
academic disciplines dedicated to
examining society.
•This branch of science studies how
people interact with each other,
behave, develop as a culture, and
influence the world.

3. What is a Society?
•A society, or a human society, is a
group of people involved with each
other through persistent relations, or
a large social grouping sharing the
same geographical or social territory,
typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural
expectations.

4. What is a Society?
•a large group of people who live
together in an organized way,
making decisions about how to do
things and sharing the work that
needs to be done. All the people in a
country, or in several similar
countries, can be referred to as a
society.

5. Understanding Social Sciences
•Social sciences help to explain how
society works, exploring everything
from the triggers of economic growth
and causes of unemployment to what
makes people happy.

6. Understanding Social Sciences
•This information is vital and can
be used for many purposes.
Among other things, it helps to
shape corporate strategies and
government policies.

7. NaturalVs. Social
Biology Psychology Mathematics
Economics Chemistry Political
science
Anthropology History Physics
Zoology

8. NaturalVs. Social
•Natural science is one of the
branches of science concerned with
the description, understanding and
prediction of natural phenomena,
based on empirical evidence from
observation and experimentation.

9. NaturalVs. Social
Biology Psychology Mathematics
Economics Chemistry Political
science
Anthropology History Physics
Zoology

10. NaturalVs. Social
Biology Psychology Mathematics
Economics Chemistry Political
science
Anthropology History Physics
Zoology

11. NaturalVs. Social
•Social Science is different from
Natural Science and Humanities
because the primary interest lies
in predicting and explaining
human behavior.

12. Humanities or Social Science?
• Both humanities and social
sciences study human beings.
What separates them is
technique: humanities are
viewed as more philosophical
and less scientific.

13. NaturalVs. Social
•NATURAL SCIENCE Aims to
predict all natural phenomena
and its studies are based on
experimentally controlled
condition of material entities.

14. NaturalVs. Social
•HUMANITIES Seeks to
understand “human reactions to
events and the meanings humans
impose on experience as a
function of culture, historical era,
and life history.”

15. NaturalVs. Social
“Scientific Method”
=
Social & Natural Science

16. NaturalVs. Social
•Scientific Method is a
systematic and logical approach
in acquiring and explaining
knowledge.

17. NaturalVs. Social
•It involves a step by step
procedure of identifying the
problem, formulating and
hypothesis by gathering and
analyzing

18. NaturalVs. Social
•It is important in social science
since it is the instrument by which
issues and problems are examined
and recommendations fro policy
making are offered depending on
the findings of the study
conducted.

19. •Social science as a field of study is
separate from the natural sciences,
which cover topics such as physics,
biology, and chemistry.

20. •Social science examines the
relationships between individuals
and societies, as well as the
development and operation of
societies, rather than studying
the physical world.

21. The social sciences include:
•Anthropology
•Economics
•Political science
•Sociology
•Social psychology

22. •History is also sometimes
regarded as a social science,
although many historians
often consider the subject to
share closer links to the
humanities

23. History of Social Sciences
•The origins of social sciences
can be traced back to the
ancient Greeks.

24. History of Social Sciences
•The lives they led, and their
early studies into human
nature, the state, and
mortality, helped to shape
Western civilization.

25. History of Social Sciences
•Social science as an academic
field of study developed out of
the Age of Enlightenment (or
the Age of Reason), which
flourished through much of
the 18th century in Europe.

26. History of Social Sciences
•Adam Smith, Voltaire, Jean-
Jacques Rousseau, Denis
Diderot, Immanuel Kant, and
David Hume were among the
big intellectuals at the time who
laid the foundations for the
study of social sciences in the
WesternWorld.

27. History of Social Sciences
•The history of the social
sciences has origin in the
common stock of Western
philosophy and shares various
precursors, but began most
intentionally in the early 19th
century with the positivist
philosophy of science.

28. History of Social Sciences
•The history of the social
sciences has origin in the
common stock of Western
philosophy and shares various
precursors, but began most
intentionally in the early 19th
century with the positivist
philosophy of science.

29. •“Positivism adheres to the view
that only “factual” knowledge
gained through observation (the
senses), including measurement,
is trustworthy”

30. •Since the mid-20th century, the term
"social science" has come to refer
more generally, not just to sociology,
but to all those disciplines which
analyze society and culture; from
anthropology to linguistics t o media
studies.

31. ANTHROPOLOGY
JEREMYT. GILBALIGA

32. Anthropology?
•It is the discipline of infinite
curiosity about human beings
Anthropos= man Logos= study
Broader in scope, geographically
and historically correct or mistaken
beliefs about people

33. Anthropology?
•Fields of Anthropology
•1. Biological
a. Human paleontology
b. Human variation

34. Anthropology?
•Fields of Anthropology
•2. Cultural
a. Archeology
b. Linguistics
c. Ethnology

35. Anthropology?
•Fields of Anthropology
•3. Applied Anthropology
•4. Archeology

36. CULTURE
•Culture is the entire way of life
of society including its customs,
values, social institutions,
attitudes, music and arts.

37. MATERIAL CULTURE
•Made up of the artifacts people
construct on the basis of
cultural norms

38. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
“Abstract aspect”

39. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
•1. Norms- Rules of conduct that
guide the behavior of people in
society.

40. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
•Examples:
•Obedience to Elders
•Applaud after a musical
performance but not when a
priest finishes a sermon

41. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
2. Folkways - Have the force of
custom but do not necessarily
have a moral connotation

42. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Examples:
•Simple greetings
•Dress code Norms for
routine, casual interaction

43. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Examples:
•Simple greetings
•Dress code Norms for
routine, casual interaction

44. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
3. Mores- Ideas of right or wrong

45. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Example:
•Not engage in pre-marital sex; concept
of morality (not provided by law)
•Not engage in infidelity (provided by
law) May be sanctified by religion and
strengthened by incorporation into a
law

46. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
4. Laws - Formalized social
norms

47. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Examples:
•No Smoking
•Pedestrian Crossing
Recognized and should be
followed

48. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Cognitive
a. Values- Culturally defined
measures of goodness or desires
Example: equal opportunities for
men and women, good looks,
success

49. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Cognitive
b. Beliefs
Example: Pamahiin
(Superstitious), Supernatural

50. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Subculture Behavior and value
system of a group which is a part
of the society but has a unique
cultural patterns

51. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Example: subculture of poverty,
subculture of students

52. COUNTER CULTURE
A subculture which is not merely
different but sharply opposed to
the dominant values of the
society

53. COUNTER CULTURE
Examples: Criminals, NPA, CPP

54. CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Function and meaning of a
culture depends on its setting
Ethnocentrism Belief in the
superiority if one’s culture

55. CULTURE SHOCK
Reaction on things or traditions
they encounter or the first time
Enculturation Process of
socialization Learn the culture

56. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
• It is learned
• It is shared
• It is transmitted from one
generation to generation

57. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
• It is adaptive/dynamic
• It is diverse
• It is integrated
• It is symbolic

58. Features of Human Language
Conventionality- Human
language use a limited number of
sounds in combination to make
an infinite number of
utterances/meanings

59. Features of Human Language
Productivity
Humans produce and understand
an infinite number of utterances
they have never said or heard
before

60. Features of Human Language
Ex. I don’t know the man who
took the spoon that Jordan left
on the table that was lying upside
down in the upstairs hallway of
the building that burned down
last night.

61. Features of Human Language
All human speech is adaptive
allows humans to think to plan,
coordinate activities to store up
knowledge and teach others.

62. Features of Human Language
Human beings have innate
language learning capacity.

63. Features of Human Language
Ex. Take a child’s initiative in
learning language and to speak
grammatically

64. Features of Human Language
This potential for speech will only
be realized, however, through
interaction with other humans
speaking a language

65. Descriptive/Structural Linguistics
Discovers the rules that predict how
most speakers of a language talk
Phonology Pattern/system of
sounds Morphology Pattern of
sound sequences to form
meaningful units Syntax Pattern of
phrases and sentences

66. Historical Linguistics
Focuses on how language
changes over time records and
dates linguistics divergence
Geographic separation Racial or
social distance Conquest and
colonization

67. Historical Linguistics
What language would a human
speak if he/she were not taught
any particular language?

68. Historical Linguistics
Linguistically impaired Do
animals have culture?

69. Historical Linguistics
No, because only humans have
culture and humans are able to
adapt.

70. “Variations in getting Food ”

71. FOOD COLLECTION
• Food getting strategy that
obtains wild plants and animals
thru hunting (men), gathering
(women), scavenging or fishing.

72. FOOD COLLECTION
• Don’t own land.
• Nomadic.
• Division of labor in food
collecting in based age and
gender.

73. HORTICULTURE
• Growing of crops with simple
hand
• Allocate plots of land to
industries or families for their
use but don’t own these.

74. HORTICULTURE
• More sedentary communities
may more after several years
• Exhibit social differentiation
part time political officials
certain members of a kin group
may have more status

75. PASTORALISM
• Depend on domesticated herds of
animals
• Animals are owned by
industries/families but decisions
about where and when to move
them are made by the community

76. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
•Cultivate fields permanently rely
on mechanization
• Individual ownership of land
resources
• Concept of ownership is a political
and social matter

77. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
“Intensive Agriculture societies
are more likely to face famines
and food shortage than
horticultural societies”

78. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
“Intensive Agriculture societies
are more likely to face famines
and food shortage than
horticultural societies”

79. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
Why?

80. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
• They are producing crop for the
market
• Ergo farmers cultivate plants
that give them the higher yield
that those that are drought
resistant

81. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
• Farmers also concentrate on one
crop. Crop diversity is a protection
against total crop failure
• There are fluctuations in market
demands. If the prices fall for a
particular crop, farmers may not
have money

82. Why do people work?

83. Why do people work?
• Household consumption
• For survival
• Profit motive universal
• Need for achievement
• Social Rewards

84. Why do people work?
• Forced Labor • Taxation Inca
Empire in the Central Andres; work
for the state or as personal servants;
the draft or compulsory military
service Emperors of China (Great
Wall) Egyptians (Pyramid)

85. Why do people work?
• Forced Labor • Taxation Inca
Empire in the Central Andres; work
for the state or as personal servants;
the draft or compulsory military
service Emperors of China (Great
Wall) Egyptians (Pyramid)

86. END!