1.
Eco-Industrial Parks
An in depth look at best practices
Julia Million (Third Year Planning and Sustainability Major)
Dalhousie University School of Planning
April 10, 2015

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
Executive Summary
Over a four month semester
Dalhousie Planning students studied
various aspects of the Municipality of
the District of Chester for Dr. Ahsan
Habib. These topics were natural
landscape, cultural landscape,
economic landscape, land use and
built form, municipal and provincial
policy review, social landscape and
transportation infrastructure. These
studies were conducted to gain a
broader understanding of the area and
provide the municipality with
potential recommendations. In this
specific study economics is the topic
initially researched and later
developed to include the Kaizer
Meadow Eco-Industrial Park as a
focus. This report provides an in
depth look at what is an eco-industrial
park, best practices, and
recommendations moving forward
with future eco-industrial park
developments.
http://www.santabanta.com/photos/sunrise/14604013.htm

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Julia
Million
/
Dalhousie
University
School
of
Planning
/
Winter
2015
Study
done
for
Dr.
Ahsan
Habib
Contents
Executive Summary.................................................1
Contents ...................................................................2
Introduction..............................................................3
Background..............................................................4
Context.....................................................................5
Rational of Study .....................................................7
Objectives of the Planning Study.............................8
Methodology and Process........................................9
Study Findings .......................................................11
i) Definition of an Eco-Industrial Park……….…..11
ii) Kaizer Meadow Eco-Industrial Park………….12
iii) Government Documents………….…………..13
Best Practices.........................................................15
Recommendations..................................................18
References..............................................................19

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
Introduction
After reviewing academic journals, analyzing
municipal planning documents, and applying
educated thought, conclusions as to how eco-
industrial parks (EIP) can be useful to a
municipality were found and the following
recommendations are made towards future
EIP development projects:
• Accept and encourage slow growth for
lasting impact;
• Continue to promote and partner;
• Continue to evaluate economic and
environmental benefits of the
partnerships regularly, and;
• Remember it will not be easy and
requires a lot of patience, persistence,
adaptability, and an open mind.
Many experimental urban or rural Eco-
Industrial Park (EIP) development projects
have been encouraged worldwide and at least
four EIP are in the final planning or early
development stages in the USA: Brownsville,
Texas; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Cape
Charles, Virginia; and Baltimore, Maryland
(Grant, 2000). The Municipality of the District
of Chester is currently developing an eco-
industrial park of their own, Kaizer Meadows
Eco-Industrial Park.
On a national scale environmental goals are
identified in the Global Action plan for
Sustainable Development: Local Agenda 21.
Local Agenda 21 (LA21) addresses the critical
needs to involve all sections of society in all
countries of the world in decision-making for
sustainable development. For the purpose of
this planning study a focus will be directed on
the Integrated Community Sustainability Plan
(ICSP) for the Municipality of the District of
Chester. The goals within it support future
environmental developments such as an eco-
industrial park.
Within this study successful framework
outlines are provided to encourage a more
symbiotic system of business where each
company is connected to the other through
waste or raw material exchange and best
practices are described. The Journal of
Cleaner Production is referenced often in this
study based on its academic validity. Eco-
industrial parks in the Netherlands are studied
in the Journal of Cleaner Production and
provide many of these successful framework
outlines.

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Dalhousie
University
School
of
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/
Winter
2015
Study
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for
Dr.
Ahsan
Habib
Background
The area of focus for this report is The
Municipality of the District of Chester
(MDOC). The Municipality of the District of
Chester occupies 1, 122.22 square meters
along the south shore of Nova Scotia
(Statistics Canada 2011). The District is made
up of small rural communities and coastal
villages (reVISION, 2015). The Communities
are some of the oldest in the province and the
area is rich in history and culture. This district
was created in 1997 and since then 10,599
people choose to live in the District of Chester
according to the 2011 Census.
The Municipality is adjacent to Halifax
Regional Municipality, Hants County, Kings
County, and the Municipality of Lunenburg.
The Atlantic Ocean lies to the south of the
municipality. There are four eco-districts
within Chester: South Shore, St.Margaret’s
Bay, LaHave Drumlins, and South Mountain.
Generally, the land is undulating terrain with
varying smoothness, shaped from glacial
activity of the last ice age (Cann & Hilchey,
1958). Water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and
ponds, and marshes are also scattered across
the terrain. Hemlock, red spruce, and white
pine trees all dominate this area with the
occasional sugar maple and yellow birch.
The Municipal Government of Chester has a
council consisting of seven councilors, and
multiple committees of the council. The
committees of the council include Audit &
Budget Committee, Building Code &
Unsightly Premises, Citizens Planning
Advisory Committee, Committee of the
Whole, Health and Wellness Committee,
Kaizer Meadow Advisor Committee, Landfill
Citizens Monitoring Committee, RCMP
Advisory Committee, Recreation & Parks
Committee, Solid Waste Sub-Committee,
Village Planning Advisory Committee, and
Spectacle Lake Watershed Advisory.
A statistical, environmental and governmental
background of MDOC is important to be
aware of. They are important because within
this report each of these topics are mentioned
and considered. The potential creation of an
association or nonprofit organization is
advised to maintain active participation by
both the companies and government groups
involved in the park process in best practices
which is another reason why each of these
aspects in the background are important to be
aware of.

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
Context
Current industries of MODC are:
Sales and Services (22%), Trades and
Transportation (19%), and Education
and Government (12%) (reVISION,
2015). Many workers in trades and
transportation provide services to the
fisheries and forestry sectors. All of
these industries have the potential to
become symbiotic. Symbiotic often
refers to a diverse number of
organisms that live together and their
interactions are beneficial and
dependent on each other. “Eco-
industrial parks should resemble
natural eco-systems as much as
possible because in such a system,
energy and resources are used
optimally and wastes are absent.”
(Pg986, Heeres 2004). Kaizer
Meadow Eco-Industrial Park will be
discussed further in the findings
section of the report but it is
important to note that the
Municipality of the District of
Chester is currently pursuing this
optimal energy exchange system.
http://www.panoramio.com/user/625721/tags/M
unicipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Chest
er
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/13095016
http://www.countrylife.co.uk/international-­‐property-­‐
sale/canada?location=&buyOrLet=buy&country=CAN&orderby=price-­‐high-­‐
low&page=138&page=137

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Julia
Million
/
Dalhousie
University
School
of
Planning
/
Winter
2015
Study
done
for
Dr.
Ahsan
Habib

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
Rational of Study
This study was first intended to gain a broader
understanding of the Municipality of the District
of Chester, and later developed to focus more on
eco-industrial parks best practices after
discovering Kaizer Meadows Eco-Industrial Park
in MODC.
This study is important because:
• Industrial production is a reality of our
globe
• Environmental goals are emerging but are
yet to be fully met and implemented
• There are considerable economic
investments and savings available
On a local scale this study can help provide
insight on better practices towards the emerging
innovation of eco-industrial parks. These projects
require a considerable economic and social
investment from all participants. The potentially
long-lasting benefits of an eco-industrial park are
desirable and with focused attention long-lasting
benefits can be obtained. Currently Kaizer
Meadows Eco-Industrial Park is within the
beginning stages of development and this is the
perfect time to apply a solid base for more
sustainable development. The ONE Nova Scotia

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Dalhousie
University
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Winter
2015
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Dr.
Ahsan
Habib
report is one example of local government
and grassroots leaders taking initiative and
encouraging a change to occur in Nova
Scotia. The report highlights a need for
economic change and progress through new
innovation and risk taking with greater
collaboration. Kaizer Meadows is pursuing
that progress. On a global scale,
governments are creating more
environmental goals within national
documents such as the Global Action plan
for Sustainable Development: Local Agenda
21. Local Agenda 21 (LA21) addresses the
critical needs to involve all sections of
society in all countries of the world, e.g
indigenous people, local authorities, business
and industry, the scientific and technological
communities, school and colleges, in
decision-making for sustainable
development. LA21 initiatives are now in
place to encourage central or local
authorities to develop policies for sustainable
development. These are concerned with
public health, safety, and environmental
protection. Industry and its impact on public
health, safety, economic and social
development and the environment has been
at the center of the debate on sustainable
development (Freeman, 1996).
Objectives of the planning study
The objective of this planning study was to
gain a basic understanding of the
Municipality of the District of Chester,
conduct in-depth research to identify a local
issue, and offer recommendations. This
study aims to meet the following objectives:
• Identify economic and environmental
significance of Kaiser Meadows Eco-
Industrial Park
• Define an eco-industrial park
• Compare case studies of various
other eco-industrial parks
• Outline how this park aligns with
current government documents and
plans
• Offer suggestions for best practices
and moving forward
Almost all objectives are met. Resources on
eco-industrial parks were available, and
access to government documents was easily
obtainable. Further suggestions based on this
planning study are provided. Identifying the
economic and environmental significance of
Kaizer Meadows Eco-Industrial Park is not
as obtainable due to limited measurements
made and the relatively recent state of
development Kaizer Meadows Eco-
Industrial Park.

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
Methodology and Process
Throughout the span of a three month semester planning students at Dalhousie
University conducted a vigorous study of the Municipality of the District of Chester. This
planning study was proposed and facilitated by Dr. Ahsan Habib, a transportation
engineer, and Dalhousie professor. Groups were formed analyzing various aspects of the
municipal structure and landscape. This report emerged from an initial group study
reviewing the economic landscape of the Municipality of the District of Chester. Group
research on this topic was done by Rhiannon Gilbart, Alex Leung, Julia Million, Emma
Stucke, and Kyle Whynot.
Group
Research
• Municipal
website
• StaYsYcs
Canada
• Planning
documents
IndenYfy
Gap
• SWOT
model
• Relevance
• Curiosity
Individual
Research
• Academic
resources
• Planning
documents
• Municipal
professsionals
Analysis
&
Results
• Define
• Compare
• Suggest

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Million
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Dalhousie
University
School
of
Planning
/
Winter
2015
Study
done
for
Dr.
Ahsan
Habib
After this group planning study was completed gaps were identified using a structured
planning model ‘SWOT’ to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
of a project. From this identification a few gaps emerged. One of the threats identified
was a local push for industrial production based on economic incentive and the potential
environmental consequences of that. The existence of the Kaizer Meadows Eco-industrial
Park within the municipality was discovered and this concept appeared to be an
innovative remedy to the potential threat identified using the SWOT model.
Individual research was then conducted reviewing academic resources, planning
documents, and web resources. Later municipal professionals were contacted and further
information pertaining to the Kaizer Meadows Eco-Industrial Park emerged. Sean Gillis
and Sarah MacKelvie, both newly appointed planners for MODC, offered general
knowledge surrounding recent developments of the Kaizer Meadows Eco-Industrial Park
and recommended Bruce Forest, the Director of Solid Waste in MODC, be contacted.
Bruce Forest later provided a 2013 third draft development document that was read and
added to individual research collection.
After individual research was collected, an analysis and comparison was done
resulting in the findings, best practices, and suggestions moving forward.
http://ecolivinginaction.com/research/green-­‐economy/

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
Study Findings
Findings after research was conducted
include:
i) Professional definition of an Eco-
Industrial Park
ii) A brief overview of the Kaizer
Meadows Eco-Industrial Park
iii) Government documents that
support environmental goals
i) Definitions of an Eco-Industrial Park
“An eco-industrial park is an industrial system which conserves natural and economic
resource; reduces costs and liabilities; improves operating efficiency, quality, worker
health and public image; and provides opportunities for income generation from use and
sale of wasted material.” – 1995, Cote and Hall
“An eco-industrial park is a community of manufacturing and service businesses seeking
enhanced environmental and economic performance through collaboration in management
environmental and resources issues including energy, water and materials.” – Lowe
“An eco-industrial park is an area where businesses work together to optimize the use of
resources. Waste from one company provides the raw material or energy for another. This
synergy between industries fosters economic benefits while contributing to sustainable
development.”
“Eco-industrial parks should resemble natural eco-systems as much as possible because in
such a system, energy and resources are used optimally and wastes are absent.” (Pg. 986,
Heeres 2004)

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Julia
Million
/
Dalhousie
University
School
of
Planning
/
Winter
2015
Study
done
for
Dr.
Ahsan
Habib
expenses are fixed. The current landfill
processes 37,000 tonnes of waste per year
(5,600 from MODC and 31,400 from
outside). Host fees charged to users permit
MODC to remain competitive and build
reserve for future costs (MODC, 2014).
Currently Kazer Meadows is producing
biomass pellets and recyclable materials
using a several stage separation, boiler and
recycled water.
The Municipality of the District of Chester is
now presented with a proposal for
development. This proposal is presented by
Sustane Technologies, a company that turns
landfill waste into a commodity by using it
as fuel overseas. They claim that with their
technology they have the ability to reduce
landfill waste by 90%. This means that only
10% of waste would be going to the landfill,
and 90% of the waste is turned into a fuel
product, and operational costs are reduced.
This proposal has not yet been accepted nor
declined. Halifax Regional Municipality
(HRM) has also proposed a partnership with
the Municipality of the District of Chester by
transferring large amounts of HRM to
MODC. This partnership could result in
MODC receiving a host fee, along with
increased volume that Sustane Technologies
could use.
ii) Kaizer Meadows Eco-
Industrial Park located in
Chester, Nova Scotia
As according to the Chester website “The
Kaizer Meadow Eco-Industrial Park is
developed as a location of choice for green
businesses. The eco-park helps tenants
improve their bottom line and shrink their
environmental footprint.” The website states
it will do this by sharing environmental
expertise; assisting tenants to safely and
efficiently deal with waste and reuse water;
and developing clean, reliable energy
sources. Benefits of locating in the Kaizer
Meadows Eco-Industrial Park, also stated by
the municipal website are: unparalleled
access to waste management facilities and
expertise; managers who are well-equipped
to hand the needs of a green industry;
proximity to excellent transportation links;
ability to locate near like-minded; industry-
leading businesses; and social benefits like
schools, culture, and way of life.
According to a municipal public information
poster outlining the current Kaizer Meadows
project there is 800 acres of land assigned to
future development. Currently only about 90
acres are being used. Operations of this site
are based on a business model where a larger
volume of waste increases viability as many

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
In a 2010 news release on the Atlantic
Canada Opportunities Agency Government
of Canada website Gerald Keddy, Member
of Parliament for South Shore-St. Margaret’s
invested $220,000 towards the site
preparations of the Kaizer Meadow
Environmental Management Centre, in
Chester. The support is being provided
through the Atlantic Canada Opportunities
Agency’s Innovative Communities Fund
(ICF).
Kaizer Meadows Eco-Industrial Park
recognizes the potential issues with the
project. They are:
• The industry is evolving, bringing
new technologies that are changing
the landscape of this type of business;
• Kaizer Meadow’s business model is
based on adequate volume. They are
down approximately 10,000 tonnes
from the original projections;
• A loss in volume equals increase in
processing costs, which negatively
impacts our existing partners and
ability to compete, and;
• If they cannot compete they are no
longer viable as a landfill
iii) Government documents that
support environmental goals
It was mentioned previously that many
environmental goals are emerging as the
national, provincial, and municipal
governments accept a need for
environmental protection. One document,
previously mentioned, is the Global Action
plan for Sustainable Development: Local
Agenda 21. Local Agenda 21 (LA21)
addresses the critical needs to involve all
sections of society in all countries of the
world in decision-making for sustainable
development. For the purpose of this
planning study a focus will be directed on
the Integrated Community Sustainability
Plan (ICSP) for the Municipality of the
District of Chester.
Focusing on the ICSP for The Municipality
of the District of Chester, many goals and
objectives are identified that support
environmental protection and appear to align
with current developments concerning the
Kaizer Meadows Eco-Industrial Park.
The Municipality of the District of Chester
also performed a SWOT analysis which
identified alternative energy as an

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Dalhousie
University
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2015
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Dr.
Ahsan
Habib
needed and the province should become
more involved to provide better tools to the
municipality. Second, goal number seven
outlines there is a need for better public
environmental education and access to
information. People need to understand the
options, costs, and benefits. This addresses
the importance of communications and
awareness between the public and
administration of government. The third,
goal number nine continues to address better
communications to public on environmental
developments and better feedback.
All of these goals outlined in the ICSP for
the Municipality of the District of Chester
emphasize a local and governmental focus
towards environmental sustainability.
opportunity. Future plans for the Kaizer
Meadows Eco-Industrial Park include wind
turbine development. Referring to chapter 6
‘The Vision’ for MODC, in March 2008,
was aimed towards a stable and diverse
municipality. This includes an emphasis on
fiscal responsibility, controlled sustainable
development, and partnerships between
governments, the private sector, and
community groups.
In chapter 8 ‘Meeting the Public’ of the
ICSP for the Municipality of the District of
Chester public consultations was heard,
identifying a want to protect environmentally
sensitive areas, water specifically. Students
from Forest Heights Community School
were even consulted for the study and
reiterated a want for alternative energies,
more recycling, and ‘natural’ products to be
highly rewarded by perhaps a tax deduction.
This want for environmental protection is
seen not only by current government
professionals, but also by children in
MODC.
Chapter 9 ‘Senior Staff Initiatives’ outlines
ten top priorities. Number three of those ten
top priorities is to focus on environmental
goals. First, goal number four states it is
important to protect naturally sensitive areas.
It is identified here that better tools are

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
Best Practices
The Journal of Cleaner Production provided
valuable insight and a better understanding
of what makes an Eco- Industrial park
successful. A recognized Dutch example
outlines that these are the components
needed for success:
• Active company/ industry
participation in the planning stages of
the project are essential to assure
active participation;
• Company participation in the project
should be assured through
involvement of the local
‘entrepreneur/employer’ association
or through an active recruitment
procedure by the project initiator;
• The costs of EIP planning should not
be solely carried out by the
government, and;
• The initial focus of the EIP project
should not be on the establishment of
physical energy, water, and material
waste exchanges but on the
establishment of utility sharing
projects
Looking further into the Journal of Cleaner
Production article Eco-industrial park
initiative in the USA and the Netherlands:
first lessons Dutch initiatives were the most
successful. Their success is connected to
heavy local and regional government
involvement through an association body,
but they are not seen as an effective way to
improve economy because Dutch projects
were heavily funded by their government. A
specific eco-industrial park initiative
referenced through the study is located in
Kalundborg, Denmark. This eco-industrial
park was not intentionally an EIP but
gradually evolved over a number of decades
when participants discovered that the
establishment of energy and waste
exchanges resulted in economic benefits for
all parties involved. Total economic benefit
is estimated between 12- 15 million US
dollars per year. Environmental benefits
were an accidental bonus (Heeres, 2004).
Useful information was captured by
analyzing this article in the Journal of
Cleaner Production. One important section
of this article outlines how the Dutch
Environment Ministry has a task force of
integrated chain management. Integrated
chain management is the management of
material flows, in chains caused by social

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Dalhousie
University
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of
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/
Winter
2015
Study
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Dr.
Ahsan
Habib
activities, with respect to the environmental
boundaries. The management of the material
flows mentioned three main objectives in
their background towards successful
operation:
1) Reduce the use of non-renewable
resources (fossil fuels) and stimulate
the use of sustainable energy as
much as possible;
2) Keep the balance in process of use
and production of renewable
resources. (This means making sure
that one does not use more of a
particular resource in a year than the
amount of the resource produced in
the same year.); and
3) Keep renewable and non-renewable
resources as long as possible in the
material cycles, unless this is not
environmentally desirable
(List sourced from: Vermeulen WJV, Kok MTJ,
Cramer JC. Perspectives on integrated chain
management: options for policy. The Hague;
1995.)
The Journal of Cleaner Production 2004
article also outlined a successful
approach to Eco-Industrial Park
development outlining the following:
• Involve active participation from
multiple stakeholders (partners such
as public sector stakeholders from
local, regional, and national
government agencies, representatives
of local companies / potential future
tenants in the EIP, leaders in
industrial and financial community,
local chambers of commerce, labor
representatives, education
institutions, practitioners with project
capabilities such as architects,
engineers, ecologists, environmental
managers and educators, and
community and environmental
organizations (Heeres, 2004).
• Gather information on all
stakeholders based on: basic
company information, products and
markets, employee information, raw
materials, energy, environment,
manufacturing networks, and future
plans (Heeres, 2004).

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
• Acknowledge common barriers
that arise in ‘symbiotic’
relationships: Technical (an
exchange is technically unfeasible),
Economic (an exchange might be
economically unsound or
economically risky from a company
perspective), Informational (the right
people do not have the needed
information at the right time),
Organizational (the intended
exchange might not fit in the current
corporate organizational structure),
and Regulatory / Legal (caused by
the jungle of environmental laws and
regulations) (Heeres, 2004).
All of these approaches involve inter-
relationships between multiple groups of
people and individuals. The success of an
eco-industrial park is determined by many
factors but the previously listed approaches
have proved valuable throughout initial
development.
Further along, it is advised that a local
entrepreneur or employment association play
a mediator role to alleviate confusion and
conflict throughout development. By
creating and providing the role of an initiator
or mediator there is a platform on which
active participation, by both companies and
governments, can be maintained. The
association co-ordinates on behalf of the
companies after individual companies
express their visions and ideas in the various
project groups established by the over-all
EIP project organization. In Dutch eco-
industrial park models this association was
recognized as a main factor of success when
compared to three other parks in the United
States.

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Dalhousie
University
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of
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/
Winter
2015
Study
done
for
Dr.
Ahsan
Habib
Recommendations
After reviewing professional definitions of an eco-
industrial park, gaining a basic understanding of
Kaizer Meadows Eco-Industrial Park in the
Municipality of the District of Chester, applying
relevance to current government environmental goals,
and examining best practices these recommendations
are made to future eco-industrial park developments:
• Accept and encourage slow growth for
lasting impact;
• Continue to promote and partner;
• Continue to evaluate economic and
environmental benefits of the partnerships
regularly, and;
• Remember it will not be easy and requires a
lot of patience, persistence, adaptability, and
an open mind
A further recommendation towards lasting
development of a newly emerging eco-industrial park
in Nova Scotia is to partner with Bullfrog Energy to
share utilities. Bullfrog Energy is a green energy
provider in Nova Scotia that specializes in biofuel,
geothermal, hydropower, tidal power, wave power,
and wind power. This recommendation is based on a
conclusion discovered by Reeves in the Journal of
Cleaner Production 2004; before emphasizing waste
exchange, a familiarity and commitment can be built
by simply establishing a utility sharing project
between businesses in the EIP.

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Eco-Industrial Parks: An in-depth look at best practices
References
Cann, D.B., & Hilchey, J.D. (1958). The Classification and Description of the Soils. Soil
Survey of Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, 16-31
Cote, R., & Cohen-Rosenthal, E. (1998). Designing eco-industrial parks: a synthesis of
some experiences. Journal of Cleaner Production, 6 (1998) 181-188.
Freeman, C., & Littlewood, S. (1996). Local government and emerging models of
participation in the Local Agenda 21 process. Journal of Environmental Planning &
Management, 39(1), 65.
Grant, J. (2000). Industrial Ecology: Planning a new type of Industrial Park. Journal of
Architectural and Planning Research, 11 (1), 64–81.
Municipality of the District of Chester. (2015). reVISION: People & Economy
Background Report. Retrieved from http://chester.ca/document-library/property-
development/planning-documents/111-background-report-socio-economicprofile
R.R. Heeres, W.J.V. Vermeulen, F.B. de Walle. (2004). Eco-industrial park initiative in
the USA and the Netherlands: first lessons. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12 (2004)
985-995.
Statistics Canada. (2011).National Household Survey, Profile Chester, MD, Nova Scotia.
Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-
pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1206009&Data=Count&Sea
rchText=Chester&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=
&TABI