2. 1. What is the name for the tiny web of tubes, only one cell thick, which allow
gasses dissolved in plasma to diffuse into and out of body tissues?
• Capillaries
1. Where is the first place blood flows to after reaching the left ventricle?
• Aorta (and coronary artery)
1. True or False? The Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae, which bring blood back
to the heart from all parts of the body (except lungs), carry deoxygenated
blood.
• True (the pulmonary artery brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart)
1. What part of the blood contains dissolved nutrients picked up from digested
food in the small intestines?
1.Plasma
2. Why is the contraction of the ventricles able to move blood so far?
• Blood pressure (produced with the help of heart valves)
In your lab notebook, please answer as best you can:
Week 22
Review Quiz
Bonus:
Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart via what vessel?
- The Pulmonary Vein
6. Mucus Elevator Defense
• Mucus
– lines the paranasal sinuses,
trachea & bronchi
– trap pollen, dust, germs
– produced by goblet cells
• Cilia
– line the sinuses, trachea & bronchi
– move mucus up and out by continual waving motion
• Sneezing/Coughing
– forceful contractions of abdominal muscles
– expel mucus containing germs & allergens
7. Larynx & Vocal Chords
Low Pitch High Pitch
• Air flowing over
tightened vocal
folds in the larynx
(voice box)
produce sound
8. Gas Exchange
• Alveoli - thin air sacs
– increase surface area
Capillaries
surround
alveoli
Red blood
cells drop off
CO2 & pick
up O2 in
plasma
9. Composition of Air
Inhaled Air Exhaled Air
79%
Nitrogen20%
Oxygen
4%
Carbon
Dioxide
79%
Nitrogen
16%
Oxygen
1% Other
Gasses
10.
11. Affects of Smoking
• Nicotine
– stimulant
– highly addictive
– leads to other drug use
• Disease - shortens life by 10 + years
– Heart & Lung Disease
• COPD, bronchitis, Emphysema
• High blood pressure, Heart attack
– Cancer, Infertility, Depression
– Weakened immune system
• Disfigurement
– Wrinkles
– Yellow teeth
– Halitosis (chronic bad breath)
– Osteoporosis
9 out of 10 smokers start before the age of 18...WHY?
12. Smoking Lung Demo
• 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke
• at least 69 of those chemicals are known to cause cancer
EXPERIMENT 14.2 - The Capacity of Your Lungs Supplies : Flexible tubing, gallon milk jug with lid, sink with a plug, measuring cup
Procedure :
Fill the sink about halfway full of water and plug it.
Fill the jug completely with water. Try to get all of the air bubbles out.
Close the jug's lid and invert it so that the opening of the jug is completely under water.
Take the lid off of the jug; no water should escape from the jug.
Insert one end of the tubing so that it goes into the jug, just inside the opening.
Take the deepest breath you can and then blow into the tubing. Blow in one, continuous breath without pausing to breathe in again. Blow until there is no air left to blow.
As you blow, the air will travel into the jug, displacing water. The more you blow, the less water will be in the jug. If you are reasonably athletic or large, you might blow all of the water out of the jug. Most students will not, however.
Put the lid back on the jug while the jug is inverted and the opening is under water.
Remove the jug from the water, turn it right side up, and take off the lid.
Pour what water is left into the measuring cup. There are 16 cups in a gallon. Subtract the number of cups of water that were in the jug from 16, and that will tell you roughly how many cups of air your lungs can hold.
Clean everything up.
Most students have a capacity between 12 and 16 cups. However, as I stated in the experiment, athletic people and larger individuals can have capacities greater than a gallon. Interestingly enough, when we are resting, we use only about 1/15 of our lungs' capacity. When we exercise, however, we start breathing more deeply, using more and more of our lungs' capacity.
Inspiratory Muscles
The principal muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm, a domed sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The diaphragm attaches to the lower ribs, as well as to the lumbar vertebrae of the spine. When the diaphragm contracts, the dome flattens, moving downward into the abdominal cavity like a piston (think of a syringe barrel). This movement increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, creating a negative pressure that is proportional to the extent of its movement, and thus, to the force of contraction. Diaphragm contraction also induces the lower ribs to move upward and forward, which also increases thoracic volume. The ribs move outward because the central tendon of the diaphragm (at the crown of the dome) pushes down onto the liver and stomach, which act like a fulcrum. This has the effect of raising the edges of the diaphragm, which are connected to the rib margins, forcing them upward and outward. When the diaphragm moves downward into the abdominal compartment, it also raises intraabdominal pressure and assists the abdominal muscles in stabilizing the spine.
The muscles of the rib cage are known as the intercostal muscles because they are located in the space between adjacent ribs. Each space contains a layer of inspiratory and a layer of expiratory muscle fibers. The inspiratory intercostal muscles form the outer layer, and they slope downward and forward; contraction causes the ribs to move upward and outward, similar to the raising of a bucket handle. Contraction of these muscles also serves to stabilize the rib cage, making it more rigid, as well as bringing about twisting movements. The stiffening of the rib cage enables it to oppose the tendency to collapse slightly under the influence of the negative pressure generated by the movement of the diaphragm. Without this action, the rib cage would distort, and the action of the diaphragm would be less mechanically efficient, thus wasting energy. Intercostal muscle contraction also brings about stiffening of the rib cage during lifting, pushing, and pulling movements, which makes the intercostal muscles an important contributor to these movements.
Some muscles in the neck region also have an inspiratory action. The scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles (also known as sternomastoid) are attached to the top of the sternum, upper two ribs, and clavicle at one end; at the other end, they are attached to the cervical vertebrae and mastoid process. When these muscles contract, they lift the top of the chest, but the scalene muscles are also involved in flexion of the neck.
Expiratory Muscles
The principal muscles of expiration are those that form the muscular corset of the abdominal wall. The most well known and visible of these (at least in male models!) is the rectus abdominis (or “six pack”); the other three muscles are less visible but arguably more functionally important to Sports—the transversus abdominis and the internal and external oblique muscles. When these muscles contract, they pull the lower rib margins downward, and they compress the abdominal compartment, raising its internal pressure. The pressure increase tends to push the diaphragm upward into the thoracic cavity, inducing an increase in pressure and expiration. However, these muscles only come into play as breathing muscles during exercise or during forced breathing maneuvers; resting exhalation is a passive process brought about by the recoil of the lungs and rib cage at the end of inspiration (due to stored elastic energy).
The four abdominal muscles involved in breathing also have important functions as postural muscles, in rotating and flexing the trunk, and when coughing, speaking (or singing), and playing wind instruments. The compression and stiffening of the abdominal wall generated by contraction of the abdominal muscles also optimize the position of the diaphragm at the onset of inspiration. This also enhances spinal stability and postural control.
The rib cage also contains muscles with an expiratory action. These are the internal intercostal muscles, which slope backward; contraction causes the ribs to move downward and inward, similar to the lowering of a bucket handle. Both internal and external intercostal muscles are also involved in flexing and twisting the trunk.
EXPERIMENT 14.2 - The Capacity of Your Lungs Supplies : Flexible tubing, gallon milk jug with lid, sink with a plug, measuring cup
Procedure :
Fill the sink about halfway full of water and plug it.
Fill the jug completely with water. Try to get all of the air bubbles out.
Close the jug's lid and invert it so that the opening of the jug is completely under water.
Take the lid off of the jug; no water should escape from the jug.
Insert one end of the tubing so that it goes into the jug, just inside the opening.
Take the deepest breath you can and then blow into the tubing. Blow in one, continuous breath without pausing to breathe in again. Blow until there is no air left to blow.
As you blow, the air will travel into the jug, displacing water. The more you blow, the less water will be in the jug. If you are reasonably athletic or large, you might blow all of the water out of the jug. Most students will not, however.
Put the lid back on the jug while the jug is inverted and the opening is under water.
Remove the jug from the water, turn it right side up, and take off the lid.
Pour what water is left into the measuring cup. There are 16 cups in a gallon. Subtract the number of cups of water that were in the jug from 16, and that will tell you roughly how many cups of air your lungs can hold.
Clean everything up.
Most students have a capacity between 12 and 16 cups. However, as I stated in the experiment, athletic people and larger individuals can have capacities greater than a gallon. Interestingly enough, when we are resting, we use only about 1/15 of our lungs' capacity. When we exercise, however, we start breathing more deeply, using more and more of our lungs' capacity.
Rubber Band “voice box” demo
Mouth-to-mouth respiration still pushes quite a bit of oxygen into the lungs of a person who is not breathing.
