Muscles and bones

1. Life Science
Human Body Systems
Bones & Muscles

2. In your lab notebook, please answer as best you can:
Week 18
Review Quiz
Bonus: List the hierarchy of life from atoms to organism.
- atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism
1. What does skin protect against?
• Damage, disease, dehydration, and temperature extremes
2. Name the three skin layers.
• Hypodermis, Dermis, Epidermis
3. True or False? Sebaceous glands in the epidermis produce sweat that
helps regulate body temperature.
• False (sebaceous glands are located in the dermis and produce oils)
4. Name three environmental factors that contribute to skin problems such
as dermatitis, acne, excessive wrinkling, and skin cancer.
• hormones, grease from cosmetics or environment, contact, stress,
soaps, dryness, allergens, sunlight, fair-skinned, radiation
5. What fills the cells of the hypodermis, helping to insulate and
cushion different parts of the body?
• Fat

3. Quick Review: Skin
 What does skin protect against?
 Name the 3 skin layers.
 What is found in each layer?
 How does skin regulate body
temperature?
 List some environmental factors
that can cause dermatitis, acne,
or skin cancer?
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
damage, disease, dehydration, heat & cold
sweat glands & hair/pili
hormones, grease from cosmetics or environment, contact, stress,
soaps, dryness, allergens, sunlight, fair-skinned, radiation
Epidermis - tight, thin sheets, melanocytes, touch/pain/heat receptors
Dermis - hair, sweat & oil glands, nerves, blood vessels, collagen/elastin
Hypodermis - fat

4. Week 18 Lab
Chicken Wing Dissection
Homologous Human Features:
• Upper Wing: humerus
(upper arm and shoulder)
• Lower Wing: radius & ulna
(forearm)
• Wingtip: carpals & metacarpals
(hand - wrist/fingers)

5. Chicken Wing Dissection

6. Skeletal System
• Can you name any?
• What do they do?
1 - skull
2 - mandible
3 - clavicle
4 - scapula
5 - ribs
6 - ulna
7 - radius
8 - ilium
9 - coccyx
10 - metacarpals
11 - femur
12 - fibula
13 - tibia
14 - metatarsals
15 - phalanges of foot
16 - tarsals
17 - patella
18 - phalanges of hand
19 - carpals
20 - sacrum
21 - lumbar vertebrae
22 - thoracic vertebrae
23 - humerus
24 - sternum
25 - cervical vertebrae

7. Adult Human Skeleton - 206 bones
• Appendicular
Skeleton
– 126 bones
 Axial Skeleton
 80 bones
"Appendages"
"Axis"

8. What Your Bones Do For You
• Provide support
– otherwise we'd all be like slugs
• Protect fragile organs
– rib cage, skull, pelvis
• Allow for body movement
– muscles attach and move by contracting
• Produce blood cells
– white & red blood cells made in marrow
• Store important minerals
– calcium and phosphorus

9. Bone Shapes
 Long Bone
 Head – Body - Head
 Femur, Tibia
 Humerus
 Radius, Ulna
 Phalanges
 Short Bone
 As wide as they are long
 wrist
 ankles
 Flat Bone
 Provides Protection
 Skull
 Ribs
 Scapula
 Irregular Bone
 don't fit in any other category
 facial bones
 ear bones

10. Specialized Bone Tissues
• Compact Bone
– solid/dense, hard, outer portion
• Spongy Bone
– filled with tiny holes, lighter weight
• Bone Marrow
– In central medullary cavity of bones
• Red bone marrow
– red & white blood cells produced here
– 200 billion new blood cells are made by
the bone marrow every day
• Yellow bone marrow
– Some fats stored here
Medullary
Cavity
Spongy
Bone
Compact
Bone

11. Compact Bone Tissue
• Bone Matrix
– Special cells produce/deposit:
– Minerals for strength
» calcium & phosphate
– Collagen for flexibility
» long, stringy proteins

12. Experiment 11.1
Strength vs. Flexibility
Osteoporosis
Brittle Bone Disease

13. Bone Cells
matrix
Secrete matrix
(build bone)
Destroy matrix
(bone resorption)
Maintain
matrix

14. Joints – Where Bone Meets Bone
• Hinge
– elbow, knee, fingers
• moves in only one direction
• Gliding (Planar)
– Vertebrae, wrist, ankle
• Slides across planar surface
• Ball & Socket
– hip, shoulder
• Rotates nearly 360o
• Saddle
– Thumb

15. Levers in the Body
What type of lever is formed when the biceps contract?
Class 3
Lever
Class 1
Lever
What type of lever is formed when the triceps contract?

16. Human Machine
What type of
simple machine is
a tooth?

17. Connective Tissues
• Cartilage
– Allows joints to slide
– cushions between bones
– supports soft tissue
• Synovial fluid
– Lubricates & cushions
• Ligament
– Hold bones together
• Tendon
– attach muscles
• To bone or other muscles

18. Chicken Leg Dissection
Skin, Muscles, & Bones

20. • Can you name any?
• What do they do?
Muscular System
1 Platysma
2 Pectoralis major
3 Deltoid
4 Latissimus dorsi
5 Triceps brachii
6 Biceps brachii
7 Brachialis
8 Brachioradialis
9 Pronator teres
10 Flexor carpi radialis
11 Palmaris longus
12 Tensor fasciae latae
13 Pectineus
14 Adductor longus
15 Sartorius
16 Quadriceps femoris
17 Vastus lateralis
18 Vastus medialis
19 Gastrocnemius
20 Tibialis anterior
21 Extensor digitorum longus
22 Peroneus longus
23 Soleus
24 Gracilis
25 Vastus intermedius
26 Pectineus
27 Iliopsoas
28 Flexor carpi ulnaris
29 Flexor digitorum profundus
30 Rectus abdominis
31 Internal abodminal oblique
32 External abdominal oblique
33 Rectus sheath
34 Serratus anterior
35 Pectoralis minor
36 Intercostal m.
37 Trapezius
38 Sternocleidomastoid

21. What are Muscles For?
• Your body has almost 650 different
muscles
• muscles comprise 40 - 50% of total
body weight
• What do they enable you to do?
– run, walk, jump, sit, sing, wave
– smile, chew, cough, blink, pee
– heart to beat, lungs to breathe
– food to move through body

22. Muscle Tissues
• 3 types of muscle cells:
– Cardiac (myocardium - heart muscle pumps blood)
– Skeletal (attach to bones for movement)
– Smooth (line stomach, intestines, & blood vessels)

23. Muscles you Don't Control
• Involuntary Muscles
– control via autonomic nerve
signals (not aware of or in
conscious control)
– smooth muscle
• digestive system (esophagus,
stomach, intestines)
– peristalsis (wave-like
motion)
• respiratory system (bronchi)
– cardiac muscle
• heart (myocardium)

24. Muscles You Control
• Voluntary Muscles
– conscious control (I choose to run,
smile, wave, etc.)
– skeletal muscle anchored to bone
• appendages (arms, legs, fingers, toes)
– biceps, triceps, deltoid, quadriceps, gluteals
• trunk (chest, back, abdomen)
– abdominals, pectorals, latissimus
dorsi, trapezius, sphincters
• head (face, cranium)
– jaw, eyes, tongue, facial
expression

25. Skeletal Muscles
• ONLY pull (cannot push)
• Work in pairs
– example: biceps & triceps
– one pulls (contracts/shortens) while
it's pair relaxes (lengthens)
 Each muscle
moves one
bone which it
is anchored to
by a tendon

26. Well Connected Muscles
• Every single muscle cell is connected to a nerve that
signals it to contract
– seizures occur when the
brain sends signals to all
skeletal muscles at once,
causing opposing muscles to
contract at the same
time
• Every muscle cell has blood
vessels supplying it with
oxygen & nutrients