AHESION STUDY OF GELATIN HYDROGEL USING JKR TEST

1. Adhesion Study on Gelatin Hydrogel Using
JKR Test
Project Final
PRESENTED BY-
KAILASH SINGH SIJWALI
(MT17CDM008)
PROJECT GUIDED BY-
Dr. A.A.THAKRE
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur

2. INTRODUCTION
Soft solids
• Non Newtonian
• Self Organizing
• Brownian Motion
• Complex Structure
• Imbalanced Energy
• Simulate in properties
Cake batter
Figure 1 Hydrogel application
and structure

3. • Both solid and liquid properties
• High biocompatible
• Can trap high amount of water in their network
• Shrink when dried
• Environmental stimuli respondent
HYDROGELS
Figure 2 Applications of hydrogel

4. CONTACT MECHANICS THEORY
“The theory of contact mechanics is concerned with
the stresses and deformation which arise when the
surfaces of two solid bodies are brought into
contact.”
Professor Johnson
Two kinds of contact
o Conforming contacts
o Non-conforming contact
Figure 3 Electric contacts and Roller bearing

5. JKR THEORY
 Includes the effect of elastic
deformation.
 Treats the effect of adhesion
as surface energy only.
 Tensile (adhesive) stresses
only in the contact area.
 Neglects adhesive stresses
in the separation zone.
Figure 4 Schematic JKR overview

6. Derivation of JKR Model

7. AIM
Adhesion Study on Gelatin Hydrogel Using JKR Test
Objective:
To study adhesive strength in loading and unloading conditions w.r.t
the following factors :
 Concentration
 Velocity
 Strain energy release rate
 Hysteresis
 Scaling law

8. LITERATURE SURVEY
Authors Paper Title Journal Name Remarks
Kenneth R.
Shull &Wan
Lin Chen
Fracture Mechanics
Studies of Adhesion in
Biological Systems
Journal
of Colloid and
Interface Science
Elastic modulus of gelatin
lens is 14kPa and Energy
release rate is larger
corresponding to lower
contact angle.
Avinash A.
Thakre & Arun
K. Singh
Energy release rate of
gelatin hydrogels on
glass surface in direct
shear sliding
experiments
Journal of Adhesion
Science and
Technology
The pulling of ERR is
found to be as Wrup>
Wstd > Wadh at a fixed
normal stress and waiting
time.
Dooyoung
Baek,Pasompho
ne
Hemthavy,Shig
eki Saito &
Kunio
Takahashi
Evaluation of energy
dissipation involving
adhesion hysteresis in
spherical contact
between a glass lens and
a PDMS block
Journal of Adhesion
Science and
Technology
The adhesion hysteresis
would be occurred for
PDMS block. ERR
increases with unloading
condition while remain
constant at loading
conditions.

9. Avinash A.
Thakre and Arun
K. Singh
Determination of
work of adhesion of
gelatin hydrogels on a
glass
substrate
Journal of Adhesion
Science and
Technology
work of adhesion of soft
hydrogels on smooth glass
surface increases with the
gelatin concentration in the
hydrogels .
Tetsuo
Yamaguchi
,Masatoshi
Morishita
,Masao Doi
,Takane Hori
Gutenberg Richter
law in sliding friction
of gels
Journal of
Geophysical
Research
For less viscous gel large and
more rapid slip took place
while for more viscous it is
slower and smaller slip takes
place.
Robert W. Style,
Callen Hyland,
Rostislav
Boltyanskiy,
John S.
Wettlaufer&
Surface tension and
contact with soft
elastic solids
Nature
communications
Indentation in small particle in
capillary regime is due to the
surface tension and hence
below the elastic capillary
length JKR theory fails

10. Nicolas
Amouroux and
Liliane Leger
Effect of Dangling
Chains on Adhesion
Hysteresis of Silicone
Elastomers
Langmuir Adhesion hysteresis increases
with the number of dangling
chains and it is time-
dependent.
B. N.J. Persson
and E. Tosatti
The effect of surface
roughness on the
adhesion of
elastic solids
Journal of Chemical
Physics
Partial detachment takes place
before the full detachment,
which results in the reduction
of pull off force
Manoj K.
Chaudhury,Pasc
alSilberzan,t
Susanne Perutz,
and Edward J.
Krame
Study of the Self-
Adhesion Hysteresis
of a Siloxane Method
Elastomer Using the
JKR
Langmuir The work of adhesion during
unloading process is not
constant with contact area and
decrement is seen in edges
rather than the center of
contact

11. Experimentation
Preparation of gelatin hydrogel
• Gelatin powder of bloom strength 300 (provided by Sigma Aldrich,
USA) is used.
• Gelatin power is mixed with 25ml double distilled water and stirred in
a magnetic stirrer machine.
• The mixture is poured in cuboidal aluminum block and kept inside
refrigerator for 24 hours at an optimum temperature.
• The solution get solidified and gelatin hydrogel is extracted from the
mould.
• The optimum gelatin powder is added in weight/volume to get desired
concentration of hydrogel.

12. Aluminum mold before
pouring the mixture
Gelatin hydrogel after extraction
• The extracted gelatin hydrogel is glued by some adhesive to the
transparent glass plate and glass plate mounted vertically by a baby
vice.
• The hemispherical acrylic lens is fixed at one end of the linear
tribometer.
Figure 5Aluminum mould and gelatin hydrogel

13. Schematic diagram of the measurement system in the JKR test
with loading and unloading conditions [8]
Actual image of the experimental setup
1-Monitor
2-Servo drive
3-Servomotor
4-Linear
reciprocating arm
5-Load cell
6- Gelatin
Hydrogel on a
rectangular glass
plate
Figure 6 JKR Experimental setup

14. Figure 7 Calibration Graph
6.369 3.0294F V  

15. Schematic experimental illustration
Hemispherical acrylic lens
mounted on the arm of tribometer
Gelatin hydrogel mounted on a
rectangular glass plate
Figure 8 Overview of current experiment

16. Figure 9 Hemispherical lens approaching to gelatin before
contact and during contact

17. Figure 10 Calculation of contact area using ImageJ software

18. Figure 11 Calculation of contact radius for 10% concentration and velocity 1mm/sec

19. (a) (b)
Figure 12 Error bar graph for force and contact area against time for c=10% at
(a) 1 and (b) 1.5mm/s respectively.

20. Figure 12 Gelatin concentration 10% at velocity 0.1mm/sec.

21. Figure 14 Graph of force against time for c=10% at (a) 0.1, (b) 0.3, (c)
0.5, (d) 1 and (e) 1.5 mm/s respectively.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

22. (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 15 Graph of contact area against time for c=10% at (a) 0.1, (b) 0.3, (c)
0..5, (d) 1 and (e) 1.5 mm/s respectively.

23. (a) (b) (c)
Figure 16 Graph of force against contact area for c=10% at (a) 0.1, (b) 1 and (c)
1.5 mm/s respectively.
Figure 17 Variation of force with the contact area

24. (a) (b) (c)
Figure 18 Comparison of experimental and analytical results for c=10% at (a)
0.3(b) 0.5 and (c) 1 mm/s respectively.

25. 2
34
3
38
E a
P
R
G
E a
 
 
  

In the current study, the expression of energy released rate (G) is
considered as
Figure 19 Graph of energy release rate against the contact area for c= 10% at (a)
0.1 and (b) 0.5 mm/s respectively.

26. (a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 20 Graph of energy release rate against normalized contact area for (a) c = 10%
(b) c = 12% and (c) c = 15% respectively

27. Applied velocity
(mm/sec)
Concentration of gelatin (wt./vol.)
10 % 12 % 15 %
0.1 0.806 1.275 1.575
0.3 1.185 1.595 1.946
0.5 1.367 1.889 2.164
1.0 1.738 2.171 2.472
1.5 1.947 2.490 2.844
n
k c  
Sr. No.
Applied velocity
(mm/sec)
Constant
R2
1 0.1 1.006 1.224 0.993
2 0.3 1.210 1.321 0.978
3 0.5 1.419 1.219 0.930
4 1.0 1.770 0.936 0.965
5 1.5 1.990 1.006 0.958
k n
Table 1 Hysteresis observed during loading and unloading across velocities and concentration
Table 2 Hysteresis variation parameters across concentration at different velocities

28. Sr. No.
Concentration of
gelatin hydrogel
(weight/ volume)
Constant R2
1 10 2.565 0.220 0.979
2 12 2.244 0.255 0.985
3 15 1.702 0.253 0.998
1k 1n
1.083 0.26760.144c v 
1v1
n
k 
Table 3 Hysteresis variation parameters across velocities at different concentrations

29. CONCLUSION
• ERR of loading is rate independent unlike ERR of unloading.
• ERR of a loading and unloading cycles increases with the gelatin
concentration.
• Higher gelatin concentration increases energy for rupture.

30. FUTURE SCOPE
• Study can be performed on high strength double network gels.
• The effect of temperature, humidity, and addition of nanoparticles in
the gelatin on the interfacial adhesion can be studied.
• The effect of depth is also be encountered.

31. REFERENCES
1. Kenneth R Shull & Wan Lin Chen, Fracture Mechanics Studies of Adhesion in Biological
Systems, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology,2000
2. Avinash A. Thakre & Arun K. Singh, Energy release rate of gelatin hydrogels on glass surface
in direct shear sliding experiments, Journal of Adhesion Science,March 2018
3. Tetsuo Yamaguchi ,Masatoshi Morishita ,Masao Doi ,Takane Hori ,Hide Sakaguchi and Jean-
Paul Ampuero, Gutenberg-Ritcher’s law in sliding friction of gels,2011
4. Avinash A. Thakre & Arun K. Singh, Determination of work of adhesion of gelatin hydrogels
on a glass subustrate, Journal of Adhesion Science ,July 2018
5. Ismail Hakki Cengizhan Karbaya, Refika Budakoglub, Esra Ozkan Zayima, Improvement of
mechanical properties of glass substrates , Istanbul 34469, Turkey,2015
6. Avinash A. Thakre & Arun K. Singh, Frictional Study of the Soft and Hard Solid Interface
Using Response Surface Methodology ,Journal of Tribology,2018
7. Yu-Yun Lin , Chun-Fu Chang, Wei-Te Lee, Effects of thickness on the largely-deformed JKR
(Johnson–Kendall–Roberts) test of soft elastic layers, International Journal of Solids and
Structures, 45 (2008) 2220–2232.

32. 8. Dooyoung Baek, Pasomphone Hemthavy, Shigeki Saito & Kunio Takahashi,
Evaluation of energy dissipation involving adhesion hysteresis in spherical contact
between a glass lens and a PDMS block,Journal of Adhesion Science and
Technology,2017
9. Avinash A. Thakre Determination of critical velocity of gelatin hydrogel sliding on a
smooth glass substrate, Journal of Tribology,2018.
10. Enas M. Ahmed, Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review,
Journal of Advanced Research, 6 (2015), 105-121.
11. B. N.J. Persson and E. Tosatti, The effect of surface roughness on the adhesion of
elastic solids, Journal of Chemical Physics, 115 (2001), 12.
12. K. L. Johnson, K. Kendall and A. D. Roberts, Surface Energy and the Contact of
Elastic Solids, Mathematical Physical & Engineering Science, 324 (1971), 301-313.
13. Manoj K. Chaudhury,Pascal Silberzan,t Susanne Perutz, and Edward J. Krame, Study
of the Self-Adhesion Hysteresis of a Siloxane Method Elastomer Using the JKR,
Langmuir, 10 (1994), 2466-2470.
14. Xinyao Zhu, E. Siamantouras, K.K. Liu, X. Liu, Determination of Work of Adhesion
of biological cell under AFM bead indentation, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of
Biomedical Materials, 56 (2015), 77-86.

33. THANK YOU