Learning to Listen

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Learning to Listen
and Helping
Others Do the
Same
Understanding Listening
Stages of Listening
Barriers to Listening
Enhancing Your Listening
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Helping Your Audience Listen More

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Learning to Listen
and Helping
Others Do the
Same
(continued)
Giving and Receiving Criticism

• The Importance of Listening
• Listening and Critical Thinking
• Causes of Poor Listening: Low Concentration, Trying Too Hard,
Jumping Ahead, and Focusing on Style Rather than Substance
Understanding Listening
Learning to Listen and Helping Others Do the Same > Understanding Listening
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• The listening process involves five stages: receiving, understanding, evaluating,
remembering, and responding.
• Active listening is a particular communication technique that requires the listener
to provide feedback on what he or she hears to the speaker.
• Three main degrees of active listening are repeating, paraphrasing, and reflecting.
The Importance of Listening
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Antony Gormley's statue "Untitled [Listening],"
Maygrove Peace Park
View on Boundless.com

• Critical thinking is the process by which people qualitatively and quantitatively
assess the information they accumulate.
• Critical thinking skills include observation, interpretation, analysis, inference,
evaluation, explanation, and metacognition.
• The concepts and principles of critical thinking can be applied to any context or
case, including the process of listening.
• Effective listening lets people collect information in a way that promotes critical
thinking and successful communication.
Listening and Critical Thinking
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Roosevelt and Churchill in Conversation

• Low concentration can be the result of various psychological or physical situations
such as visual or auditory distractions, physical discomfort, inadequate volume,
lack of interest in the subject material, stress, or personal bias.
• When listeners give equal weight to everything they hear, it makes it difficult to
organize and retain the information they need. When the audience is trying too
hard to listen, they often cannot take in the most important information they need.
• Jumping ahead can be detrimental to the listening experience; when listening to a
speaker's message, the audience overlooks aspects of the conversation or makes
judgments before all of the information is presented.
• Confirmation bias is the tendency to pick out aspects of a conversation that
support one's own preexisting beliefs and values.
• A flashy speech can actually be more detrimental to the overall success and
comprehension of the message because a speech that focuses on style offers
little in the way of substance.
• Recognizing obstacles ahead of time can go a long way toward overcoming them.
Causes of Poor Listening: Low Concentration, Trying Too Hard,
Jumping Ahead, and Focusing on Style Rather than Substance
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concentration-trying-too-hard-jumping-ahead-and-focusing-on-style-rather-than-substance

• The Receiving Stage
• The Understanding Stage
• The Evaluating Stage
• The Responding Stage
• The Remembering Stage
Stages of Listening
Learning to Listen and Helping Others Do the Same > Stages of Listening

• Hearing is the physiological process of registering sound waves as they hit the
eardrum.
• Attending is the process of accurately identifying particular sounds we hear as
words.
• Attending also involves being able to discern breaks between words, or speech
segmentation.
The Receiving Stage
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Donkey Ears

• The understanding stage is the second stage in the listening process.
• Determining the context and meaning of each word is essential to understanding
a sentence.
• Understanding what we hear is essential to gathering information.
• Asking questions can help a listener better understand a speaker's message or
main point.
The Understanding Stage
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38/365 Puzzled

• The listener assesses the information she's gathered from the speaker both
qualitatively and quantitatively.
• Evaluating allows the listener to form an opinion of what she's heard.
• Evaluating is important for a listener in terms of how what she's heard will affect
her own ideas, decisions, actions, and/or beliefs.
The Evaluating Stage
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Focus

• The speaker looks for responses from the listener to determine if her message is
being understood and/or considered.
• When a listener responds verbally to what she hears, the speaker/listener roles
are reversed.
• Based on the listener's responses, the speaker can choose to either adjust or
continue with the delivery of her message.
The Responding Stage
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Conversation Piece by Juan Munoz (1999)

• Memory is essential throughout the listening process.
• Memory lets the speaker put what she hears in the context of what she's heard
before.
• Using information immediately after receiving it enhances information retention.
• Distracted or mindless listening reduces information retention.
The Remembering Stage
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Memory

• Culture
• Gender
• Technology
Barriers to Listening
Learning to Listen and Helping Others Do the Same > Barriers to Listening

• Cultural differences can include speakers' accents, vocabulary, and assumptions
about shared information or the roles of listeners and speakers in conversation.
• Effective communicators understand that they grow up with cultural biases for and
against certain modes of communication.
• Suspending judgments, exercising empathy, and focusing on content rather than
style can help overcome cultural barriers to effective communication.
Culture
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Handshake

• As a social construct, gender is learned, symbolic, and dynamic.
• Starting in childhood, girls and boys are generally socialized to belong to distinct
cultures and thus, speak in ways particular to their own gender’s rules and norms.
• For those socialized in a feminine community, the purpose of communication is to
create and foster relational connections with other people.
• The goal for typically masculine communication is to establish individuality.
Gender
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Invisible Couple

• Technology can help the audience listen to the speech's message by making
them physically able to hear the speaker's words, such as through electronic
amplification.
• However, malfunctioning technological equipment can disrupt the listening
process.
• Personal electronics like laptops and cell phones can distract listeners from a
speaker, particularly when used by audience members during the presentation.
• Do not be afraid to do a test run of any and all technology that will be used during
the presentation to ensure it works smoothly when the time comes.
• Before the beginning of the speech, both the speaker and the audience should
silence their cell phones or other noise-making devices.
Technology
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Lasers

• Be a Serious Listener: Resist Distractions and Listen Actively
• Be an Open-Minded Listener: Suspend Judgment and Exercise
Empathy
Enhancing Your Listening
Learning to Listen and Helping Others Do the Same > Enhancing Your Listening

• Distractions can be internal or external. External distractions include auditory,
visual, or physical noise. Internal distractions may be psychological or emotional.
• In order to best focus in on a speaker's message, try to eliminate as many
distractions as possible.
• Active listening is a communication technique that requires the listener to feed
back what they hear to the speaker.
• Active listening also involves observing and assessing the speaker's behavior and
body language.
Be a Serious Listener: Resist Distractions and Listen Actively
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distractions-and-listen-actively
Distractions Are Everywhere

• Listening with an open mind means being receptive to being influenced by what
one hears.
• Suspend judgment by becoming aware of pre-conceived notions; listening to the
entire speech before jumping to conclusions; and listening to what the speaker
has to say for understanding, not just to determine whether the speaker is right or
wrong.
• Listening with empathy lets the listener better understand where the speaker is
coming from, emotionally and conceptually.
• To be an effective open-minded listener, learn to leave ego at the door, and
instead strive to find common ground with your speaker.
Be an Open-Minded Listener: Suspend Judgment and Exercise
Empathy
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suspend-judgment-and-exercise-empathy
Keep an Open Mind

• Read Feedback Cues
• Hold the Audience's Attention
• Maximize Understanding
• Build Credibility
• Make Messages Easy to Remember
Helping Your Audience Listen More
Learning to Listen and Helping Others Do the Same > Helping Your Audience Listen More

• wVerbal feedback--during the speech you may solicit feedback from the audience
by asking a simple question to get feedback from the audience.
• Non-verbal feedback--When you are in front of the audience, non-verbal behavior
can be an important cue to what the audience understands, the level of
attentiveness, excitement or agreement, or confusion or disagreement.
• Audience Response System-- capture feedback from a large or remote audience
by using an audience response system to ask questions and then display the
answers. Audience members can respond using a wireless keypad such as a
clicker, SMS, or text using a smartphone.
• You can use the responses as personal feedback to modify your message or you
can share them with the audience by displaying the tabulated responses on a web
page or projected as part of a PowerPoint presentation.
Read Feedback Cues
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Transactional comm model

• If the speaker can establish readiness by getting the audience's attention during
the first 25-30 seconds of the speech, he or she can then direct and focus that
attention to the important parts of the message.
• The speaker can direct the attention of the audience to what is important by using
changes in rate and volume, body movement, and gesture to emphasize what is
important.
• It is important to read the non-verbal clues of the audience to understand if they
have shifted their attention somewhere else.
• If the audience's attention is shifting from the speech, challenge the audience with
an inquiry to stimulating thinking.
• There are many strategies to employ to hold the attention of the audience, but the
most important is the ability to establish and maintain a genuine connection with
the people in the audience.
Hold the Audience's Attention
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attention
Randy Orton Choke Hold, photo by Sean Refer

• We depend on the use of words applied in various rhetorical strategies to
exchange understandings.
• You can apply prior knowledge of the audience to choose the right vocabulary, to
make comparisons with things familiar to them, to show the origin of things, to
group things into categories meaningful to them, and to number the steps or
events in the order that they occur.
• To increase understanding during a speech, you can take the perspective of the
audience to restate ideas, to ask the audience questions, and to paraphrase what
you have just said using different examples and choice of words.
Maximize Understanding
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understanding
Generalization process using trees

• Credibility is not a characteristic of the source or speaker but an attitude in the
mind of the listener(s). You may have high credibility with one group of listeners
and low credibility with another.
• Building initial credibility—your initial credibility is your personal brand. The
audience may know you prior to the speech. If not, have someone introduce you
or provide relevant background as a self-introduction.
• Building derived credibility—When you speak confidently and assertively you
inspire others with your energy and words. To build credibility you want to look at
everything you do in the speech such as appearance, delivery, word choice, and
in general how you handle yourself.
• Building derived credibility—You establish common ground with the audience by
sharing aspects of your background that are similar to the audience, by using
supporting examples or experiences that you and the audience have in common,
and by creating a bond with the audience.
• Terminal credibility—You can build credibility for your next speech by establishing
a rapport with the audience so they walk away with a more positive view of you
than when you started.
Build Credibility
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Trust

• Creating mental images of objects, people, and things is one of the oldest
memory tools presented in classic rhetoric.
• Creating an organizational scheme and positioning ideas, objects, or processes
into a specific order makes it easier for audiences to remember and reinforce
through the scheme.
• Breaking up long lists or series into smaller and manageable groupings of four to
five items helps audiences recall the items.
• Associating your new idea with ideas that are similar and/or familiar to the
audience ensures that the associations are meaningful and memorable.
• Repeating important ideas helps the audience remember and include internal
summaries.
• Creating a short poem, special word, or link system such as a story helps
audiences visualize a connection between previously unconnected objects, ideas,
or events.
Make Messages Easy to Remember
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to-remember
Memory Sticks by Raul Medina Diaz

• Cultural Differences in Approach to Criticism
• Giving Effective Criticism: Be Positive, Specific, Objective, and
Constructive
• Receiving Effective Criticism: Be Accepting and Open-Minded; Seek
Clarity
Giving and Receiving Criticism
Learning to Listen and Helping Others Do the Same > Giving and Receiving Criticism

• In lowcontext culture such as the United States people will say what is on their
minds directly; they will not "beataround the bush." In high context cultures such
as in Japan and China, people use indirect speech, hints, and subtle suggestions
to convey messages.
• The <i>instrumental </i>style is sender-orientated; the burden is on the speaker to
make him or herself understood. The <i>affective</i> style is more receiver-
orientated and places more responsibility on the listener.
• Collective orientation places the needs and interests of the group above individual
desires or motivations. In contrast, cultures with individualistic orientations view
the self as most important.
• "Face" is often thought of as a sense of self-worth that we want others to have of
us.
• Rules about maintaining eye contact vary from culture to culture and influence
how we approach feedback, questioning, and criticism.
Cultural Differences in Approach to Criticism
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approach-to-criticism
United Nations Climate Change Conference

• Effective criticism is appropriately motivated and positively intended.
• Effective criticism should be objective.
• Effective criticism is specific, relevant, and to the point.
• Effective criticism must be constructive, with the goal of improving a situation.
Giving Effective Criticism: Be Positive, Specific, Objective, and
Constructive
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positive-specific-objective-and-constructive
Being a Critic

• Accepting that you are not perfect will help you learn from your mistakes.
• Be open-minded to the fact that others may see something that you do not; allow
for the fact that others may be right, and use that possibility to look within
yourself.
• When in doubt, seek clarity by taking notes and asking questions.
Receiving Effective Criticism: Be Accepting and Open-Minded;
Seek Clarity
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be-accepting-and-open-minded-seek-clarity
Self-Criticism

Appendix

Key terms
• Active listening A particular communication technique that requires the listener to provide feedback on what he or she hears to
the speaker. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Active listening A particular communication technique that requires the listener to provide feedback on what he or she hears to
the speaker. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Aristotle An ancient Greek philosopher (382–322 BC), student of Plato, and teacher of Alexander the Great. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• assess To determine, estimate or judge the value of; to evaluate (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Attending The process of accurately identifying particular sounds as words. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• awareness The state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns. In this level of
consciousness, sense data can be confirmed by an observer without necessarily implying understanding. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• clarity The state, or measure of being clear, either in appearance, thought or style; lucidity. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• classification The act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to
some common relations or attributes. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• collectivism philosophic, political, religious, economic, or social outlook that stresses the priority of group goals over individual
goals and the importance of cohesion within social groups (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• comparison An evaluation of the similarities and differences of one or more things relative to each other. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• comprehension The totality of intentions or attributes, characters, marks, properties, or qualities, that the object possesses; the
totality of intentions that are pertinent to the context of a given discussion. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Confirmation bias The tendency to pick out aspects of a conversation that support our one's own preexisting beliefs and values.
(CC BY-SA 3.0)
Learning to Listen and Helping Others Do the Same

• constructive Carefully considered and meant to be helpful. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• credibility The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Critical thinking The process by which people qualitatively and quantitatively assess the information they have accumulated. (CC
BY-SA 3.0)
• culture The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life; the arts, customs, and habits
that characterize a particular society or nation. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Culture culture (plural cultures)The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a
particular society or nation.The beliefs, values, behaviour and material objects that constitute a people's way of
life.(microbiology) The process of growing a bacterial or other biological entity in an
artificial medium.(anthropology) Any knowledge passed from one generation to the next, not necessarily with respect to human
beings.The collective noun for a group of bacteria.(botany) cultivationThe Culture of Spring-Flowering Bulbs[1](computing) The
language and peculiarities of a geographical location.A culture is the combination of the language that you speak and the
geographical location you belong to. It also includes the way you represent dates, times and currencies. ... Examples: en-UK,
en-US, de-AT, fr-BE, etc. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Empathy The capacity to understand another person's point of view or the result of such understanding. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• ethos A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Evaluating stage The stage of the listening process during which the listener critically assesses the information she's received
from the speaker. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Face a sense of self-worth or self-esteem, especially in the eyes of others (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• feedback The receivers' verbal and nonverbal responses to a message, such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised
eyebrow for being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the message (verbal). (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Gender The socio-cultural phenomenon of the division of people into various categories, such as "male" and "female," with
each having associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Hearing The physiological process of registering sound waves as they hit the eardrum. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Judgment The evaluation of evidence in the making of a decision. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Listening The active process by which we make sense of, assess, and respond to what we hear. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• memory The ability of an organism to record information about things or events with the facility of recalling them later at will. (CC
BY-SA 3.0)
• memory The ability of an organism to record information about things or events with the facility of recalling them later at will. (CC
BY-SA 3.0)
• Metacognition "Cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing." It can take many forms, including knowledge about
when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• mnemonic Anything (especially something in verbal form) used to help remember something. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• perception Conscious understanding of something; acuity. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• recall Memory; the ability to remember. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Receiving stage The first stage of the listening process, which involves hearing and attending. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Remembering stage The stage of listening wherein the listener categorizes and retains the information she's gathering from the
speaker. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Responding stage The listening stage wherein the listener provides verbal and/or nonverbal reactions to what she hears. (CC BY-SA
3.0)
• singularity A proposed point in the technological future at which artificial intelligences become capable of augmenting and
improving themselves, leading to an explosive growth in intelligence. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• tangential Merely touching, referring to a tangent, only indirectly related. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Technology A device, material, or sequence of mathematical coded electronic instructions created by a person's mind that is
built, assembled, or produced and which is not part of the natural world. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• understanding The mental (sometimes emotional) process of comprehension, or the assimilation of knowledge, which is
subjective by its nature. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Understanding stage The stage of listening during which the listener determines the context and meanings of the words that
are heard. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Vividness effect The phenomenon of how vivid or highly graphic and dramatic events affect an individual’s perception of a
situation. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Antony Gormley's statue "Untitled [Listening]," Maygrove Peace Park
Geograph. "Antony Gormley's statue "Untitled... (C) Mike Quinn :: Geograph Britain and Ireland." CC BY-SA http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2468910 View on
Boundless.com

Degrees of Active Listening
Wikipedia. "Active-listening-chart." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Active-listening-chart.png View on Boundless.com

Roosevelt and Churchill in Conversation
Geograph. "Roosevelt and Churchill in conversation (C) Zorba the Geek :: Geograph Britain and Ireland." CC BY-SA http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/875991

Flickr. "Ear Horn | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/paul_garland/4957441955/ View on Boundless.com

Donkey Ears
Flickr. "Donkey ears | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/dahlstroms/3990778114/ View on Boundless.com

38/365 Puzzled
Fotopedia. CC BY http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-3261364899 View on Boundless.com

Focus
Fotopedia. "Focus by in Shallow focus on Fotopedia - Images for Humanity ." CC BY-SA http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-3498552329 View on
Boundless.com

Conversation Piece by Juan Munoz (1999)
Geograph. "Conversation Piece by Juan Munoz (1999) (C) Wendy North :: Geograph Britain and Ireland." CC BY-SA http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/917829

Memory
Dave Page. "DMS 423 - Class 4." CC BY http://resumbrae.com/ub/dms423_f07/04/ View on Boundless.com

Handshake
Flickr. "Handshake | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidan_jones/3575000735/ View on Boundless.com

Invisible Couple
Geograph. "Invisible couple (C) william :: Geograph Britain and Ireland." CC BY-SA http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2387488 View on Boundless.com

Lasers
http://www.arteyfotografia.com.ar/7424/fotos/208818/. CC BY http://www.arteyfotografia.com.ar/7424/fotos/208818/ View on Boundless.com

Distractions Are Everywhere
Flickr. "All sizes | Distracted Driving Summit | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/merfam/3978571622/sizes/l/ View on Boundless.com

Keep an Open Mind
Flickr. "Keep an Open Mind | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikecogh/2613329904/ View on Boundless.com

Transactional comm model
Wikipedia. "Transactional comm model." CC BY 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transactional_comm_model.jpg View on Boundless.com

Randy Orton Choke Hold, photo by Sean Refer
Wikimedia. "RandyOrton-chokehold." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253ARandyOrton-chokehold.jpg View on Boundless.com

Knuckle Mnemonic
Wikimedia. "Knucklemnemonic." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Knucklemnemonic.jpg#file View on Boundless.com

Generalization process using trees
Wikimedia. "Generalization process using trees." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253AGeneralization_process_using_trees.jpg View on
Boundless.com

Trust
Wikimedia. "Trust." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253ATrust.svg View on Boundless.com

Memory Sticks by Raul Medina Diaz
Wikimedia. "Memories Sticks." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Memories_Sticks.jpg View on Boundless.com

United Nations Climate Change Conference
Wikimedia. "Bali conference inside." CC BY http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253ABali_conference_inside.jpg View on Boundless.com

Being a Critic
Flickr. "Media Critics Panel at NCMR | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/edkohler/2561996199/ View on Boundless.com

Self-Criticism
Flickr. "self-criticism | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/nauright/5230560657 View on Boundless.com

A particular communication technique that requires the listener to
provide feedback on what he or she hears to the speaker.
A) Active listening
B) Critical thinking
C) Confirmation bias
D) Vividness effect

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/active-listening--2
A) Active listening
B) Critical thinking
D) Vividness effect

A) Active listening
B) Judgment
C) Empathy
D) Clarity

The final stage in the listening process is
A) receiving.
B) remembering.
C) evaluating.
D) responding.

Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
The final stage in the listening process is
A) receiving.
B) remembering.
C) evaluating.
D) responding.

Active listening is
A) All of these answers.
B) a communication technique that requires the listener to provide
feedback to the speaker.
C) a way of listening in which the audience restates or paraphrases what
they heard in their own words.
D) a listening method that displays sincerity and improves personal
relationships.

Active listening is
B) a communication technique that requires the listener to provide
feedback to the speaker.
C) a way of listening in which the audience restates or paraphrases what
they heard in their own words.
D) a listening method that displays sincerity and improves personal
relationships.

The active process by which we make sense of, assess, and
respond to what we hear.
A) Critical thinking
B) Confirmation bias
C) Vividness effect
D) Listening

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/listening
The active process by which we make sense of, assess, and
respond to what we hear.
B) Confirmation bias
C) Vividness effect
D) Listening

A political candidate’s father was not a citizen of the country in
which the candidate is running for office. The candidate’s
opponent uses that information to point out that the candidate
does not share his fellow citizen’s values. When a critical listener
hears this claim, how will he or she evaluate it?
A) By recognizing the differences between fact and opinion
B) By relying on reasoning and common sense
C) All of the answers
D) By listening ethically

Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/
A political candidate’s father was not a citizen of the country in
which the candidate is running for office. The candidate’s
opponent uses that information to point out that the candidate
does not share his fellow citizen’s values. When a critical listener
hears this claim, how will he or she evaluate it?
A) By recognizing the differences between fact and opinion
B) By relying on reasoning and common sense
C) All of the answers
D) By listening ethically

The process by which people qualitatively and quantitatively
assess the information they have accumulated.
A) Listening
B) Active listening
C) Critical thinking
D) Confirmation bias

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/critical-thinking--2
The process by which people qualitatively and quantitatively
assess the information they have accumulated.
A) Listening
B) Active listening
C) Critical thinking

Which of the following is an example of a critical thinking skill?
A) The ability to gather relevant information.
B) All of these answers.
C) The ability to determine the presence or lack of logical relationships.
D) The ability to use language clearly, efficiently, and with efficacy.

Which of the following is an example of a critical thinking skill?
A) The ability to gather relevant information.
C) The ability to determine the presence or lack of logical relationships.
D) The ability to use language clearly, efficiently, and with efficacy.

"Cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing." It can
take many forms, including knowledge about when and how to
use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving.
A) Metacognition
B) Active listening
C) Listening

Wikipedia. "Metacognition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacognition
"Cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing." It can
take many forms, including knowledge about when and how to
use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving.
A) Metacognition
B) Active listening
C) Listening

The phenomenon of how vivid or highly graphic and dramatic
events affect an individual’s perception of a situation.
A) Vividness effect
B) Listening
C) Active listening
D) Critical thinking

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/vividness-effect
The phenomenon of how vivid or highly graphic and dramatic
events affect an individual’s perception of a situation.
A) Vividness effect
B) Listening
C) Active listening

The tendency to pick out aspects of a conversation that support
our one's own preexisting beliefs and values.
A) Listening
B) Active listening

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/confirmation-bias
The tendency to pick out aspects of a conversation that support
our one's own preexisting beliefs and values.
A) Listening
B) Active listening

A scholar is delivering a speech on dialects used in urban
environments in the United States at the end of the 20th century.
He delivers the entire speech as a rap and the audience has a
difficult time following his argument. This is an example of
A) jumping ahead.
B) focusing on style, not substance.
C) trying too hard.
D) low concentration.

The first stage of the listening process, which involves hearing
and attending.
A) Receiving stage
B) Responding stage
C) memory
D) tangential

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/receiving-stage
The first stage of the listening process, which involves hearing
and attending.
A) Receiving stage
B) Responding stage
C) memory
D) tangential

The process of accurately identifying particular sounds as words.
A) Understanding stage
B) Responding stage
C) Attending
D) comprehension

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/attending
The process of accurately identifying particular sounds as words.
B) Responding stage
C) Attending
D) comprehension

The physiological process of registering sound waves as they hit
the eardrum.
B) Hearing
C) assess
D) tangential

Wikipedia. "Hearing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing
The physiological process of registering sound waves as they hit
the eardrum.
B) Hearing
C) assess
D) tangential

The receiving stage of the listening process involves which of the
following?
A) Being physically present in the space where the speech will take
place.
B) Accurately identifying particular sounds we hear as words.
C) Responding verbally to the speaker.
D) Understanding the meaning of the speech.

The totality of intentions or attributes, characters, marks,
properties, or qualities, that the object possesses; the totality of
intentions that are pertinent to the context of a given discussion.
A) Hearing
B) comprehension
C) Remembering stage
D) assess

Wiktionary. "comprehension." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprehension
The totality of intentions or attributes, characters, marks,
properties, or qualities, that the object possesses; the totality of
intentions that are pertinent to the context of a given discussion.
A) Hearing
B) comprehension
D) assess

The stage of listening during which the listener determines the
context and meanings of the words that are heard.
A) Hearing
B) Understanding stage
C) assess
D) recall

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/understanding-stage
The stage of listening during which the listener determines the
context and meanings of the words that are heard.
A) Hearing
C) assess
D) recall

Which of the following is an important element of the
understanding stage of the listening process?
A) This is the stage in which the listener determines the context and
meanings of words in the speech.
B) This stage allows the listener to get a big picture of the message.
C) All of these answers.
D) When the listener achieves understanding she can start a mental
outline of the speech.

Which of the following is an important element of the
understanding stage of the listening process?
A) This is the stage in which the listener determines the context and
meanings of words in the speech.
B) This stage allows the listener to get a big picture of the message.
D) When the listener achieves understanding she can start a mental
outline of the speech.

Merely touching, referring to a tangent, only indirectly related.
A) Receiving stage
B) Attending
C) tangential
D) comprehension

Wiktionary. "tangential." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tangential
Merely touching, referring to a tangent, only indirectly related.
A) Receiving stage
B) Attending
C) tangential
D) comprehension

To determine, estimate or judge the value of; to evaluate
A) assess
B) Receiving stage
C) Attending
D) Remembering stage

Wiktionary. "assess." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assess
To determine, estimate or judge the value of; to evaluate
A) assess
B) Receiving stage
C) Attending
D) Remembering stage

The evaluating stage is the stage of the listening process in which
A) the listener interacts with the speaker verbally or nonverbally.
B) the listener recalls the information from the speech and repeats it to
verify her understanding.
C) the listener assesses the information she's received and forms an
opinion on what she's heard.
D) All of these answers

The stage of the listening process during which the listener
critically assesses the information she's received from the
speaker.
A) Attending
B) Remembering stage
C) recall
D) Evaluating stage

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evaluating-stage
The stage of the listening process during which the listener
critically assesses the information she's received from the
speaker.
A) Attending
C) recall
D) Evaluating stage

The listening stage wherein the listener provides verbal and/or
nonverbal reactions to what she hears.
A) Hearing
C) tangential
D) Responding stage

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/responding-stage
The listening stage wherein the listener provides verbal and/or
nonverbal reactions to what she hears.
A) Hearing
C) tangential
D) Responding stage

Which of the following is an example of a nonverbal response?
A) asking questions
B) nodding
C) cutting off the speaker
D) requesting additional information

Memory; the ability to remember.
A) Receiving stage
B) comprehension
C) recall
D) tangential

Wiktionary. "recall." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recall
Memory; the ability to remember.
A) Receiving stage
B) comprehension
C) recall
D) tangential

The ability of an organism to record information about things or
events with the facility of recalling them later at will.
A) Hearing
B) memory
C) Receiving stage
D) Responding stage

Wiktionary. "memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/memory
A) Hearing
B) memory
C) Receiving stage
D) Responding stage

Memory is
A) critical to moving forward.
C) essential throughout the listening process.
D) something we depend on to let us place what we're hearing in the
context of what we've heard before.

A) perception
B) comparison
C) memory
D) Aristotle

The stage of listening wherein the listener categorizes and retains
the information she's gathering from the speaker.
A) Hearing
D) comprehension

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/remembering-stage
The stage of listening wherein the listener categorizes and retains
the information she's gathering from the speaker.
A) Hearing
D) comprehension

As an open-minded listener, you should
A) excuse offensive language and assume the cause is a cultural
difference.
B) bring assumptions into conversation that don't align with the beliefs of
the conversational partner.
D) focus on what the speaker says, regardless of how they're saying it.

_______ (plural _______s)The arts, customs,
and habits that characterize a
particular society or nation.The beliefs, values, behaviour and
material objects that constitute a people's way of
life.(microbiology) The process of growing a bacterial or
other biological entity in an
artificial medium.(anthropology) Any knowledge passed from
one generation to the next, not necessarily with respect to human
beings.The collective noun for a group
of bacteria.(botany) cultivationThe _______ of Spring-Flowering
Bulbs[1](computing) The language and peculiarities of a
geographical location.A _______ is the combination of the
language that you speak and the geographical location you
belong to. It also includes the way you represent dates, times and
currencies. ... Examples: en-UK, en-US, de-AT, fr-BE, etc.
A) Vividness effect
B) Constructive

Wiktionary. "Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Culture
A) Vividness effect
B) Constructive

A) Gender
B) Technology

Wiktionary. "Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Culture
A) Gender
B) Technology

The socio-cultural phenomenon of the division of people into
various categories, such as "male" and "female," with each having
associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc.
A) Evaluating stage
B) Culture
C) Technology
D) Gender

Wiktionary. "Gender." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gender
The socio-cultural phenomenon of the division of people into
various categories, such as "male" and "female," with each having
associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc.
A) Evaluating stage
B) Culture
C) Technology
D) Gender

As a social construct, gender is
A) learned.
B) symbolic.
D) dynamic.

When communicating in a masculine style, a speaker will
A) disclose personal information.
B) be tentative.
C) focus on responsiveness.
D) exhibit knowledge.

A device, material, or sequence of mathematical coded electronic
instructions created by a person's mind that is built, assembled, or
produced and which is not part of the natural world.
A) Culture
B) Technology
C) Gender
D) comprehension

Wiktionary. "Technology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Technology
A device, material, or sequence of mathematical coded electronic
instructions created by a person's mind that is built, assembled, or
produced and which is not part of the natural world.
A) Culture
B) Technology
C) Gender
D) comprehension

Which of the following is a way in which technology can distract
from a speech?
A) Technology can help the audience be physically able to hear the
speaker's words.
B) Equipment can malfunction, causing disruptions to the listening
process.
C) Taking lecture notes on a laptop can be a convenient way to record
the ideas of the speaker.
D) All of these answers.

Speakers can avoid distractions caused by technology by
A) including many sources of visual stimulation.
B) having a cell phone close by and available in case it is needed.
C) doing a sound check.
D) allowing the audience to use mobile devices to engage with the
speaker.

Active listening is
B) a communication technique that requires the listener to feed back
what they hear to the speaker.
C) a technique that involves observing and assessing the speaker's
behavior and body language.
D) an activity that confirms what the listener heard and that both parties
understand each other.

How should you combat external distractions?
A) Make yourself as physically comfortable as possible so that you can
focus fully on the speaker.
C) Engage in conversation in a room with loud noises and lots of visual
stimulus.
D) Turn off mobile devices, relocate to a quiet space, and close
unnecessary windows on your computer.

B) Active listening
D) Vividness effect

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/active-listening--2
B) Active listening
D) Vividness effect

A) Judgment
B) Empathy
C) Clarity
D) Active listening

The evaluation of evidence in the making of a decision.
A) Active listening
B) Vividness effect
C) Clarity
D) Judgment

Wikipedia. "Judgment." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment
The evaluation of evidence in the making of a decision.
A) Active listening
B) Vividness effect
C) Clarity
D) Judgment

The capacity to understand another person's point of view or the
result of such understanding.
A) Empathy
B) Active listening
C) memory
D) assess

Wiktionary. "Empathy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Empathy
The capacity to understand another person's point of view or the
result of such understanding.
A) Empathy
B) Active listening
C) memory
D) assess

Which of the following is a good technique for listening with an
open mind?
B) If you disagree with the speaker, tune out that portion of the speech.
C) Temporarily suspend your associations, positive or negative, with the
speaker.
D) When you listen to a speaker, let your own perspectives and
judgements inform your interpretation.

In response to a speech, an audience gives the speaker a
standing ovation. What type of feedback is that?
A) Summative
B) Substantive
C) Formative
D) All of the answers

Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/
In response to a speech, an audience gives the speaker a
standing ovation. What type of feedback is that?
A) Summative
B) Substantive
C) Formative
D) All of the answers

The receivers' verbal and nonverbal responses to a message,
such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow for
being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the
message (verbal).
A) understanding
B) feedback
C) memory
D) singularity

Wikipedia. "feedback." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feedback
message (verbal).
A) understanding
B) feedback
C) memory
D) singularity

message (verbal).
A) feedback
B) sender
C) noise
D) culture

Wikipedia. "feedback." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feedback
message (verbal).
A) feedback
B) sender
C) noise
D) culture

You are giving a speech at a conference and observe the
following audience behaviors: clapping, attentive eye contact,
audience members facing you directly, and an audience member
touching her ear. Which of these behaviors displays disbelief?
A) clapping
B) touching the ear
C) eye contact
D) audience facing you

Which of the following is an example of the readiness to perceive
step of the process of perception?
A) Use signposts phrases, like "Now get this..."
B) Challenge the audience with an inquiry to stimulate thinking.
D) Make sure the room is free of noise and other distractions.

Conscious understanding of something; acuity.
A) perception
B) understanding
C) comparison
D) Aristotle

Wiktionary. "perception." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perception
Conscious understanding of something; acuity.
A) perception
B) understanding
C) comparison
D) Aristotle

The state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of
events, objects, or sensory patterns. In this level of
consciousness, sense data can be confirmed by an observer
without necessarily implying understanding.
A) understanding
B) awareness
C) Aristotle
D) mnemonic

Wikipedia. "awareness." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/awareness
The state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of
events, objects, or sensory patterns. In this level of
consciousness, sense data can be confirmed by an observer
without necessarily implying understanding.
A) understanding
B) awareness
C) Aristotle
D) mnemonic

The act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution into
groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to some
common relations or attributes.
A) perception
B) feedback
C) classification
D) memory

Wiktionary. "classification." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/classification
The act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution into
groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to some
common relations or attributes.
A) perception
B) feedback
C) classification
D) memory

Which of the following describes the perspective-taking strategy
for testing your audience's understanding?
A) Build upon prior understanding of concepts by repeating and using
internal summaries.
B) See how the members of an audience organize the world cognitively
in order to reframe your concepts.
C) Question your audience to see if they understand what you are
saying, and adjust to clarify.
D) Paraphrase what you said for the audience and restate the ideas with
different examples.

Which of the following is a way to apply prior knowledge about the
audience?
A) Ask yourself, "What vocabulary will my audience understand and what
should I explain first?"
B) Help the audience picture changes from one state or condition to
another.
D) Clearly list and number the steps or events you are describing in the
order in which they occur.

An evaluation of the similarities and differences of one or more
things relative to each other.
A) perception
B) comparison
C) singularity
D) mnemonic

Wiktionary. "comparison." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comparison
An evaluation of the similarities and differences of one or more
things relative to each other.
A) perception
B) comparison
C) singularity
D) mnemonic

The mental (sometimes emotional) process of comprehension, or
the assimilation of knowledge, which is subjective by its nature.
A) understanding
B) perception
C) ethos
D) singularity

Wiktionary. "understanding." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/understanding
The mental (sometimes emotional) process of comprehension, or
the assimilation of knowledge, which is subjective by its nature.
A) understanding
B) perception
C) ethos
D) singularity

A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's
credibility.
A) perception
B) ethos
C) classification
D) comparison

Wikipedia. "ethos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ethos
A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's
credibility.
A) perception
B) ethos
C) classification
D) comparison

An ancient Greek philosopher (382–322 BC), student of Plato,
and teacher of Alexander the Great.
A) awareness
B) Aristotle
C) classification
D) singularity

Wiktionary. "Aristotle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aristotle
An ancient Greek philosopher (382–322 BC), student of Plato,
and teacher of Alexander the Great.
A) awareness
B) Aristotle
C) classification
D) singularity

When you have built a rapport with your audience so that they
leave with an impression of you as good as or better than when
you began your speech, that is an example of good
A) derived credibility.
B) terminal credibility.
C) initial credibility.
D) ethos credibility.

Which of the following is an example of how you can derive
credibility during your speech?
B) Use strong supporting evidence and explain it to the audience.
C) Establish common ground with the audience.
D) Speak confidently and assertively, while demonstrating a genuine
concern for the audience.

The objective and subjective components of the believability of a
source or message.
A) anecdote
B) credibility
C) topic
D) introduction

Wikipedia. "credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility
source or message.
A) anecdote
B) credibility
C) topic
D) introduction

source or message.
A) search engine
B) keyword
C) credibility
D) database

source or message.
A) understanding
B) credibility
C) memory
D) mnemonic

Which of the following describes the storage stage in the
formation and retrieval of memory?
A) Allows information that is from the outside world to reach our senses in
the form of stimuli.
B) Calls back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a
process or activity.
C) Creates a permanent record of the encoded information.
D) Refers to the process by which information is encoded, stored, and
retrieved.

Anything (especially something in verbal form) used to help
remember something.
A) classification
B) ethos
C) mnemonic
D) Aristotle

Wiktionary. "mnemonic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mnemonic
Anything (especially something in verbal form) used to help
remember something.
A) classification
B) ethos
C) mnemonic
D) Aristotle

A) memory
B) Hearing
C) Receiving stage
D) Responding stage

A proposed point in the technological future at which artificial
intelligences become capable of augmenting and improving
themselves, leading to an explosive growth in intelligence.
A) understanding
B) classification
C) singularity
D) feedback

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