2. M A J O R C R E D I T S E M I N A R
P R E S E N T A T I O N
Crop Improvement in Fodder Maize
for Feed Security
Major Advisor
Dr. R. M. Patel
Assistant Research Scientist
Maize Research Station
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural
University,
Bhiloda-383 245
Minor Advisor
Dr. P. C. Patel
Assistant Professor
Dept. Of GPB, CPCA
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural
University,
Sardarkrushinagar-385 506
PRESENTED BY: DAMOR KALPESHKUMAR M.
Reg.No.-04-AGRMA-01983-2019
3. C O N T E N T
1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N
2 . C U R R E N T S C E N A R I O
3 . C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F M A I Z E
4 . M A I Z E A S F O D D E R
5 . B R E E D I N G O B J E C T I V E A N D M E T H O D S
6 . VA R I E T I E S C U LT I VAT E D I N I N D I A
7 . C A S E S T U D Y
8 . C O N C L U S I O N
3
4. INTRODUCTION - MAIZE
Maize is one of the most important cereal crop in the world after rice and wheat.
Maize is a monoecious plant in that the reproductive organs are partitioned into
separate pistillate (ear female organ) and staminate (tassel male organ)
inflorescences.
Maize is generally protandrous plant.
Being a C4 plant, it is physiologically more efficient as well as resilient to changing
climatic conditions
Maize has immense potential therefore, it occupies the unique place as “queen of
cereals”.
4
5. Domestication Of Maize
Maize was domesticated from its wild grass ancestor more than 8,700
years ago in Central America.
Teosinte Modern corn
Teosinte branches, which allows for more ears per plant. No branches and all that extra energy goes into producing
larger ears of corn.
Teosinte has 2 rows of seeds. Corn has 8-12 rows of seeds.
Teosinte seeds (kernels) are covered by a
fruit case.
In corn, the fruit case is part of thecorn
cob, leaving the corn kernels accessible.5
6. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom plantea
Order Poales
Family Poaceae
Subfamily Panicoideae
Genus Zea
Species Zea mays L.
Chromosome no. 2n=20
Origin Central America
(Mexico)
Mode of pollination Cross pollination
6 DMR, India
7. MORPHOLOGY OF MAIZE PLANT
Male inflorescence
Female inflorescence
7 IIMR, India
8. Maize Area And Production Statistics
Area
(million ha )
Production
(million tones )
Productivity
(kg/ha)
Source
India
(2018-19)
9.2 27.8 2965 IIMR, Ludhiana
Gujarat
(2019-20) 0.43 0.79 1808.84 DOA, Gujarat
Gujarat
Kharif maize
(2019-20)
0.30 0.44 1497.34 DOA, Gujarat
Gujarat
Rabi Maize
(2019-20)
0.13 0.33 2494.83 DOA, Gujarat
Gujarat
Summer
Maize(2019-20)
0.005 0.012 2307.12 DOA, Gujarat
8
9. Area : 3 times
Prod : 16 times
Productivity: 5 times
(IIMR, Ludhiana)9
10. India rank 4th in area and 7th in production.
Representing around 4% of world maize area and 2% of total production.
Maize Producing states of India
(IIMR, Ludhiana)10
11. Fig-2 Usage Pattern of Maize in India (IIMR, Ludhiana)
Poultry feed
Livestock Feed
Food
Processed Food
Starch
Export & Others
47%
13%
13%
7%
14%
6%
11
12. • Maize has been classified into several groups or types based on the
endosperm of the kernels. These are described as under.
1. Dent corn (Zea mays indentata)
2. Flint corn (Zea mays indurata)
3. Pop corn (Zea mays everta)
4. Flour corn (Zea mays amylacea)
5. Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata)
6. Waxy corn (Zea mays ceratina)
7. Baby corn
Classification of Maize
12
CIMMYT
13. Dent Corn (Zea mays indentata)
• Dent corn makes up the majority of commercially
raised corn in the United States. It is primarily used for
animal feed, processed foods, and ethanol.
• Dent corn was given its name because of the kernel’s
appearance as it dries. The kernels contain a hard form
of starch at the sides and a soft type in the center.
These center starches tend to shrink as the kernel dries,
creating a “dent” in the top of the kernel.
• There are two categories of dent corn hybrids.
• Yellow Dent Corn
• White Dent Corn
13
14. Flint Corn (Zea mays indurata)
• This is the type first developed by Europeans.
• It has an early maturity.
• Kernels of this type are rounded on the top. It is
grown in Europe, Asia, Central America and
South America.
• It is a principle type of grain corn grown in India.
14
15. Pop Corn (Zea mays everta)
• Popcorn is one of the oldest types of domesticated
corn.
• The characteristics of the popcorn kernels are very
similar to those in flint corn.
• The popcorn kernel has a hard yet brittle, slightly
translucent kernel that is glass-like. When popcorn is
heated, the moisture inside the kernel turns to steam
that builds up enough pressure for the kernel to
explode- creating the white, starchy, edible mass that
we all know and love.
• All popcorn pops a white color due to the color of the
endosperm (starch), but if it is a colored popcorn
kernel and you look close enough, you may see a little
bit of the color in the middle of the exploded kernel.
15
16. Flour Corn (Zea mays amylacea)
• Flour corn is composed mainly of soft starch,
which gives it the ability to be easily ground into
a finer cornmeal than any other type would be
able to provide.
• Flour corn can be eaten in its immature or “milk”
stage when steamed. While it is sweeter and more
tender than flint types in this stage, it is not as
sweet as sweet corn types.
• Most often flour corn is harvested when fully ripe
and dry and ground into cornmeal.
16
17. Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata)
• It can be eaten right off the cob in its early or
“milk” stage when it is still tender and juicy,
identified by the release of a milky substance
from the kernel when pressed.
• Standard sweet corn originated from genetic
mutations which prevent the conversion of sugars
into starch.
• Sweet corn kernels wrinkle when they are dry as
the sugars dehydrate when mature.
Madhuri
17
18. Waxy Corn (Zea mays caratina)
• The Kernels look to have waxy appearance with
gummy starch because of higher amylopectin
(upto 100%) whereas common maize starch is
about 70 per cent of amylopectin.
• Waxy corn was found in China in 1909.
• Increases of both milk production and butterfat
content for lactating dairy cattle,
• Increase in daily weight gains in fattening lambs.
18
19. Baby Corn
• Baby corn is the young ear of female
inflorescence of maize plant harvested before
fertilization when the silk has just emerged.
• After harvest the still young plants may be used
as fodder for cattle.
• The baby corn maize stalks are green, succulent,
nutritious and possess excellent digestibility.
• The protein content of baby corn stalks were
almost equivalent to the maize
HM 4
VL Baby Corn 1
19
20. WHY FEED SECURITY?
• Rapidly growing populations, along with increased urbanization and income, is
expected to rise the consumption of animal products by 70% in 2050. The increase
in animal production will require an additional amount of feed to be produced.
• Over the half of the people in the world are non-vegetarian so complete the food
security first feed security is necessary. Also for requirement of necessary amount
of milk and milk products in 2050 feed security is important.
20
21. Maize As Fodder
Fodder refers to the crops which are harvested and used entire
plants for feeding purposed, including leaves, stalks, and grain.
African Tall Fodder Maize
21
28. Breeding Methods
1. Mass Selection :
In mass selection a number of plants are
selected on the basis of their phenotype
and open pollinated seed from them is
bulked together to raise the next
generation.
It is highly efficient in improving
characters that are easily identified
visually and have high heritability, plant
height, size of ear, date of maturity.
28
Conventional Breeding Method
Plant Breeding- B. D. Singh
Fig. 3 Mass selection
29. 2. Back Cross Breeding:
• A cross between hybrid and one of its
parents is known as backcross
breeding.
• It is mostly used to transfer disease
rasistance gene into crop species.
• Sometimes it cause linkage drag
while breeding.
29 Plant Breeding- B. D. Singh
Fig. 4 Backcross breeding
30. Hybrid Breeding :
• The Term hybrids used to designate F1 populations obtained by crossing genetically unlike parents.
• The tassels of the female plants are removed immediately as soon as it appears- Detasseling
• It is always done in the morning.
• Cob which emerging from the leaf sheath is bagged 1 to 2 days before pollination.
• The tassels of selected male parents is also covered with bag on following day in the morning between
9.00 to 10.00 a.m.
Types of Hybrids:
Inbred: Single Cross:
A nearly homozygous line obtained through A x B
continuous inbreeding of a cross-pollinated
Species with selection accompanying inbreeding. Double Cross:
(A x B) x (C x D)
Top Cross:
Cross between an inbred line and an Three way cross:
open-pollinated variety. (A x B) x C
Test Cross: Varietal cross:
Cross between F1 and homozygous recessive Cross between two varieties.
parent.30
32. 32
4. Synthetic Variety:
• A Variety which is produced by crossing in all
combination number of inbred lines that combine
well with each other. Once synthesized, a
synthetic is maintained by open-pollination in
isolation is referred as synthetic variety.
• It is develop from inbreds, clones, and open
pollinated varieties.
• Development of synthetic variety consists of
three major steps.
1) Evaluation of lines for GCA.
2) Production of synthetic variety,
3) Multiplication of synthetic variety.
Image : Plant Breeding- B.D.Singh
33. 33
5. Composite Variety:
• In cross pollinated crops, the mixture of genotype from several sources is maintained
bulk from one generation to the next is referred as composite variety.
• Mixing the seeds of various genotypes, which are similar in maturity height, seed size,
colour, etc. develops composite varieties.
• The yields of composite verities cannot be predicted in advance ,which is contrast to
synthetic .
• There is no restriction to the number of lines included in the development of composite ,
but the line possessing desirable characteristics should be selected like earliness, insect
resistance, drought and frost resistance can be included in the development.
35. Marker Assisted Selection
• It is indirect selection for a gene/QTL based on molecular markers closely linked to the
gene/QTL.
35
• Step of MAS for crop improvement
1. Selection of parents
2. Development of breeding population
3. Isolation of DNA from each plant
4. Scoring RFLP
5. Correlation with morphological traits.
37. Genetic variability and correlation analysis for various morpho-physiological traits
in maize (Zea mays L.) for green fodder yield
CASE STUDY 1
Ali et al.,2015Pakistan
• The experimental material - 80 accessions
• Ten check variety
• Accession grown in three replication in Completely Randomized Block Design.
37
42. Heterosis response for green fodder yield and its quality traits in forage maize
(Zea mays L.)
Case study 2
Nanavati et al., 2016(Gujarat), India
Hybrid produced by Line x Testers in Rabi season.
14 parents (5 lines + 9 testers) and 45 hybrids
Randomized Block Design
42
43. Mean sum of square
Source of
variation
df
Green forage
yield per
plant
Dry matter
content
Dry matter
yield per
plant
Crude
protein
content
Crude
protein yield
per plant
Replications 2 416.90 1.41 1.42 0.00132 0.058 *
Genotypes 58 32563.08 ** 6.48** 987.77 ** 0.045 ** 2.11 **
Parents 13 25934.92 ** 6.23** 669.93 ** 0.082 ** 1.49 **
Males
(Testers)
4 23456.67 ** 11.77** 665.73 ** 0.060 ** 1.78 **
Females Vs
Males
8 10022.14 ** 3.87** 305.70 ** 0.10 ** 0.93 **
Hybrids 1 163150.20 ** 2.87 3600.59 ** 0.016 4.86 **
Parents Vs
Hybrids
44 33628.32 ** 6.41** 1034.79 ** 0.035 ** 2.21 **
Error 1 71852.00 ** 12.48** 3052.20 ** 0.000122 5.73 **
116 266.846 0.94 20.41 0.00898 0.107
Table 7: Analysis of variance for different characters
43 Nanavati et al., 2016* = Significant at 1 % significance level, ** = Significant at 5 % significance level
44. 44 Nanavati et al., 2016* = Significant at 1 % significance level, ** = Significant at 5 % significance level
Crosses
Green forage yield per plant Dry matter content
Dry matter yield per
plant
Crude protein
content
Crude protein yield
per plant
B.P % B.P % B.P % B.P % B.P %
IC-130726 X GWC-0319 -42.68** -3.95 -47.04** -7.22** -53.10**
GM-6 X GWC-0321 -38.64 24.74** -15.79 -2.55 -25.96**
GM-6 X GWC-9603 -11.39** 22.71** 38.91** -2.82 33.68**
J-1006 X GWC-0319 -1.10. -13.52** -12.94** -11.27** -11.59
J-1006 X GEC-9603 -40.84** -16.61** -50.80** -2.99 -50.77**
African Tall X IC-130343 14.83** -26.33** -11.59 1.37 2.62
African Tall X GWC-0319 104.87** 7.06 122.79** 7.62** 42.30**
African Tall X GWC-0321 101.87** 7.06 116.97** 9.78** 128.78**
African Tall X GWC-9603 -18.22** 0.39 -14.83 -4.69** -6.31
Range
-42.68 -26.33 -50.80 -11.27 -53.10
104.87 24.74 122.79 9.78 128.78
SE (+_) 13.34 0.97 4.52 0.09 0.33
No. of significant crosses 41 20 35 19 28
Positive 13 6 13 6 11
Negative 28 14 22 13 17
Table 7: Magnitude of heterosis over better parent for different characters
45. Case study 3
Gene Action for Various Grain and Fodder Quality Traits in Zea
Mays L.
Ali et al.,2014Pakistan
12 parents and 36 F1 cross in experiment
45
46. Table 9. Genetic components for various grain and fodder quality traits in maize
46
Ali et al.,2014
56. Case study 5
Genetic variability and association studies in fodder maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
Kapoor et al.,2015India
• Twelve maize genotypes and two checks
• Randomized Block Design
56
60. Estimation of Combining Ability and Gene Effects in Forage Maize (Zea mays L.) Using
Line × Tester Crosses
Abadi et al.,2011Pakistan
60
• A set of 20 S6 inbred lines as female were cross with three inbred lines as male
• Randomized Block Design
Case study 6
63. Genetic analysis for fodder yield and component traits in maize (Zea mays L.)
Dhasarathan et al., (2015)India
• Seven inbred lines of fodder maize were crossed in a diallel fashion excluding the
reciprocals
• 21 F1s and their parents were raised in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two
replications
Case study 7
65. Hybrids
PHT NOL LLT LWD GFY DMY
Mean sca Mean sca Mean sca Mean sca Mean sca Mean sca
FDM7 X
FDM12
177.83 25.00** 13.67 -0.08 63.00 5.74** 8.03 0.47* 264.32 35.25* 48.02 10.49**
FDM7 X
FDM37
195.67 18.39** 14.66 1.19** 65.67 1.15 7.73 0.24 293.27 37.96* 44.73 3.35
FDM7 X
African Tall
224.50* 13.30* 15.83* 0.71** 70.33 2.43* 8.68 0.062** 443.54** 34.98* 46.63 -15.90
FDM12 X
FDM37
188.33 25.37** 13.84 0.92** 68.50 -1.29 7.95 0.53** 217.95 6.69 39.50 -0.46
FDM12 X
African Tall
208.67 11.78* 15.34 0.77** 79.50** 6.32** 8.30 0.30 407.28* 42.79** 76.13** 15.03**
FDM12 X
FDM36
173.00 26.98** 13.34 -0.19 67.67 1.15 8.09 0.57** 234.20 20.09 38.42 -0.25
FDM37 X
African Tall
236.17** 14.84** 14.66 0.38 86.83** 6.39** 8.40 0.48* 442.90** 52.16** 80.29** 15.34**
African Tall
X FDM36
201.00 -3.38 14.66 -0.23 73.50 -3.66** 7.55 -0.46 328.41 -65.17** 48.76 -14.90**
Mean 68.05 184.42 14.06 7.99 277.26 46.98
Sed 1.43 16.83 0.80 0.59 51.37 8.70
CD at 5% 2.94 34.50 1.65 1.22 105.31 17.87
SE(sij) 0.91 10.68 0.51 0.38 32.60 5.53
Dhasarathan et al., (2015)
Table 16.Estimates of mean and specific combining ability effects (sca) of the parents for diff. fodder maize characters
*P=0.05, **P=0.0165
66. Hybrids
PHT NOL LLT LWD GFY DMY
MP BP MP BP MP BP MP BP MP BP MP BP
FDM10 X
FDM 37
62.45** 38.56** 26.55** 22.73** 12.13 -8.84 4.53 3.79 39.48 18.19 44.35 12.25
FDM10 X
FDM36
77.35** 73.58** 9.87 2.65 40.27** 20.16** 18.12* 15.23 62.41* 29.39 49.19 10.89
FDM8 X
FDM12
104.74** 74.58** 16.09* 15.29* 32.78** 32.34** 32.79** 22.36** 86.52* 44.77 109.51** 72.81*
FDM8 X
FDM36
75.65** 71.21** 13.52* 10.54 11.50 -1.03 1.31 -1.74 38.72 29.66 44.17 25.73
FDM7 X
FDM12
95.60** 58.78** 10.09 5.15 29.01** 26.84** 24.50** 14.71 97.08** 50.18 113.95** 71.50*
FDM12 X
FDM37
90.72** 47.71** 23.89** 15.29* 10.93 -6.80 23.26** 15.22 70.21 32.82 65.89* 29.01
FDM12 X
FDM36
110.98** 84.04** 8.13 5.29 18.20** 4.91 20.22* 8.52 64.87* 21.92 47.93 9.96
FDM37 X
FDM36
78.83** 55.08** 24.99** 11.84 5.65 -1.13 -0.14 -3.15 64.64 52.60 60.54* 51.50*
Mean 68.05 184.42 14.06 7.99 277.26 46.98
Sed 1.43 16.83 0.80 0.59 51.37 8.70
CD at 5% 2.94 34.50 1.65 1.22 105.31 17.87
SE(sij) 0.91 10.68 0.51 0.38 32.60 5.53
Table 17 Heterosis over mid and better parent for different fodder yield component traits
66 *P=0.05, **P=0.01 Dhasarathan et al., (2015)
67. Maize Varieties for fodder purpose in India
Pedigree : Selection from 7 varieties
Centre : MPKV, Kolhapur
Area of adaptation : Across the country
Maturity : Late
Grain colour & type : White , dent
Fodder yield : 600-700 q/ha
Avg. yield : 30 q/ha
67
African Tall (1982)
Chaudhary et al. (2012)
68. Pedigree : MS 1 X Tuxpeno PBL
Centre : PAU, Ludhiana
Area of adaptation : Punjab
Maturity : Late
Grain colour & type : White,
dent
Avg. yield : - 15-30 q/ha
Fodder yield : 400-500 q/ha
J 1006 (1992)
Maize Varieties for fodder purpose in India
68
Chaudhary et al. (2012)
69. Pedigree : Compositing of 11 early to
medium white seeded entries
Centre : MPUA & T, Udaipur
Area of adaptation : Punjab,
Haryana, West UP & Rajasthan
Maturity : Medium
Grain colour & type : White, semi-
flint
Fodder yield : 350-450 q/ha
Avg. yield : 40 q/ha
Maize Varieties for fodder purpose in India
69
Partap makka Chari 6 (2008)
Chaudhary et al. (2012)
70. 70
Conclusion
Fodder yield is significantly correlated with traits like plant height, number of leaves per
plant, leaf length, leaf area and stem girth.
African Tall was identified as the best general combiner for fodder yield and its
contributing characters.
Selection of good heritable characters based on their performance over mid parent and
better parent can be use for the development of good quality fodder maize hybrid.
Sufficient amount of diversity is present in maize played important role in breeding of
maize for fodder yield and fodder quality purpose.
Higher dominance effect and degree of dominance found for fodder quality traits and
selection of these traits may be useful for the development of good quality maize hybrid
through heterosis breeding.