Rizal secretly departed from the Philippines to avoid detection by Spanish authorities, using the name Jose Mercado. Only close friends and family knew of his departure. He took a ship from Manila to Singapore, then continued on to Europe, arriving first in Naples, Italy before taking a train to Barcelona, Spain. During the journey he entertained himself by sketching passengers and sights, and felt sad to leave his country and family.
Life and works of rizal chapter 8 and 9 by: dela cruz ken bryan (2021)
1. Life and Works of Rizal
CHAPTER8 – CHAPTER9
Dela Cruz Ken Bryan Y.
2. TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Rizal at the Dominican University of the Philippines
Rizal in Peninsular Spain
09
08 Enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas
Academic Performance at UST
Liberalism and Filipino Students at UST
Important Literary Works as a University Student
Student Activism at UST
First Taste of Spanish Brutality
Decision to go to Europe
Rizal’s Secret Departure
Itinerary to Spain
Rizal in Barcelona
El Amor Patrio
Rizal Moves to Madrid
Rizal and the Filipino Expatriates in Madrid
Rizal joins the Masonry
Rizal’s affair with Consuelo
Rizal’s Toast to Luna and Hidalgo
Doña Teodora’s Reactions on Rizal’s Speech
3. - Jose Rizal
“FilipinosDon’t Realize that Victory is
the Child of Struggle, that Joy
Blossom from Suffering, and
Redemption is a Product of Sacrifice.”
4. 08: Rizal at the Dominican University of
Philippines
6. Enrollment at the University of
Santo Tomas
• Rizal Studies at the university of Santo Tomas (UST) at the year of 1877 – 1882
• He pursued his studies in UST because the Bachelor of Arts during Spanish times was equivalent only to the high
school and junior college courses today.
• His mother was opposed to his son’s pursuing higher education in Manila because of the tragic faith of GOMBURZA.
• During his 1st year at UST, he studied simultaneously at Ateneo taking up vocational course leading to the title of
“Perito Agrimensor” (Expert Surveyor) with the grades of Excellent but was not given title because he was still 17
years old.
• Jose Rizal then, finally decided to take Medicine with the help or advice of Fr. Pablo Ramon for the reason of Healing
or restoring Doña Teodora’s failing eyesight.
• The first course that Jose Rizal took in UST is the course on Philosophy and Letters. Rizal took this course because
that time, he was still undecided and his Father suggested him to take this course before Rizal took medicine.
8. Rizal’s
Scholastic
Records
in
UST
Why Poor Performance?
Unfortunately, Rizal was not
happy at UST and this reflected
on his grades. He then would
later find out that his real
calling was in the arts, not in
medicine.
Rizal’s performance at the
university of Santo Tomas was
not as excellent as his time at
the Ateneo. His grades after
shifting to medicine had
suffered as well.
Shifting to Medicine
9. 1. The Dominican professors were hostile to him.
2. Filipino students suffered discrimination.
3. The method of instruction at UST was obsolete and
repressive.
3 Main Factors that contributed to his
unhappinessat the university:
3 Main Reason for his Struggling Academic
Performance:
1. Rizal was not satisfied with the system of
education at the university.
2. There were plenty of things to distract a young
man in the peak of his youth.
3. Medicine was not Rizal’s true vocation.
11. Rizal at Santo Tomas
• Rizal was discriminated by his classmates and professors, because he had only a little knowledge about Spain, and
the fact that he was from Calamba, Laguna.
• He was also late enrollee, so that added to the situation.
• Jesuits taught them the educational system like discipline, character building, and religious instruction.
• That’s the reason why he learned the real value of education, and to be strong despite of those who pull him
down.
• Even the Dominican friars discriminate him.
• It was the very first time, which Rizal witnessed the Friars doing discrimination.
• From that day onwards, he saw by his heart that those he treated as the good ones, are the ones who would
trigger the present condition.
• This made him realized that the enormous problem of our country is because of the friars.
• As Rizal study in universities, he experience both negatives and positives, and learned lots of learnings.
13. Literary
Works
of
Rizal
Rizal wrote this literary poem when he was
still studying at the University of Sto. Tomas
(UST). Originally written in Spanish (A la
juventud filipina), Rizal submitted this piece
for a poem contest organized for Filipinos
by the Manila Lyceum of Art and Literature.
At the age of 18, this work is beaming with
strong messages to convince readers, the
youth in particular, that they are the hope
of the nation. He also stresses the
importance of education to one’s future.
Rizal won the first prize and was rewarded
with a feather-shaped silver pen and a
diploma.
A la Juventud Filipina To theFilipinoYouth
Thou, whose voice divine
Rivals Philomel's refrain
And with varied line
Through the night benign
Frees mortality from pain;
Thou, who by sharp strife
Wakest thy mind to life ;
And the memory bright
Of thy genius' light
Makest immortal in its strength ;
And thou, in accents clear
Of Phoebus, to Apelles dear ;
Or by the brush's magic art
Takest from nature's store a part,
To fig it on the simple canvas' length ;
Go forth, and then the sacred fire
Of thy genius to the laurel may aspire ;
To spread around the fame,
And in victory acclaim,
Through wider spheres the human
name.
Day, O happy day,
Fair Filipinas, for thy land!
So bless the Power to-day
That places in thy way
This favor and this fortune grand !
Hold high the brow serene,
O youth, where now you stand;
Let the bright sheen
Of your grace be seen,
Fair hope of my fatherland!
Come now, thou genius grand,
And bring down inspiration;
With thy mighty hand,
Swifter than the wind's violation,
Raise the eager mind to higher
station.
Come down with pleasing light
Of art and science to the fight,
O youth, and there untie
The chains that heavy lie,
Your spirit free to blight.
See how in flaming zone
Amid the shadows thrown,
The Spaniard’s holy hand
A crown's resplendent band
Proffers to this Indian land.
Thou, who now wouldst rise
On wings of rich emprise,
Seeking from Olympian skies
Songs of sweetest strain,
Softer than ambrosial rain;
14. Literary
Works
of
Rizal
This literary piece gives an insight into the
romantic relationship of Rizal and his
beloved, Leonor Rivera. The two met when
in the province of Dagupan when Rivera
was only 13-years-old. Rivera’s parents were
not in favor of their relationship and though
distance separated them, the two kept in
touch by sending letters and photographs
to each other. Rizal later found out that her
lady love would soon tie the knot with
Henry Kipping, and the news definitely
disheartened him. The lonely, heartbreaking
feelings he felt, resulted in this melancholic
poem.
Goodbye to Leonor GoodbyetoLeonor
And so it has arrived -- the fatal instant,
the dismal injunction of my cruel fate;
so it has come at last -- the moment, the date,
when I must separate myself from you.
Goodbye, Leonor, goodbye! I take my leave,
leaving behind with you my lover's heart!
Goodbye, Leonor: from here I now depart.
O Melancholy absence! Ah, what pain!
15. Literary
Works
of
Rizal
When translated into English, the title of
this work means Beside Pasig River. In
response to the Jesuits’ request, Rizal wrote
this one-act play in the Spanish language
for the velada – a gala variety program
during the principal feast days. The play
centers around Leonido (a young Filipino
who has a strong faith in the Virgin) and the
Diwata/Satan, which symbolizes the
Spanish oppression towards Filipinos. Its
theme highlights Christianity, good vs. evil,
and paganism. The Philippines’ national hero
wrote it in honor of the Our Lady of Peace
and Voyage of the UST, and the play was
staged on December 8, 1880.
Junto Al Pasig BesidePasigRiver
17. Student Activism at UST
During his student days in the country, Jose Rizal found a clandestine organization known as Compañerismo or Compañerismo
de Jehu in 1880, which Galicano Apacible described as an organization promoting civic and patriotic education among its
members, and mutual protection and support. Marcelo H. del Pilar, on the one hand, made use of student groups to campaign for
freedom against the encroachment of the friars in local government affairs. He even organized the Comite de Propaganda before
he left for Spain which was in charge of distributing the propaganda materials, with the help of the students.
• Rizal Displayed his leadership in student activism when he was pursuing Philosophy and Medicine in UST.
• He organized a secret society of Filipino students called Campanerismo, whose members are called companions of
Jehu.
• Rizal Criticized the humiliating treatment of brown Filipinos by the Dominican mentors.
19. Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality
When Rizal was a freshman medical student at
the University of Santo Tomas, he got his first taste of
Spanish brutality. One dark night in Calamba, during his
summer vacation in 1880, he was walking in the street.
He dimly perceived the figure of a man while passing
him. Not knowing the person due to darkness, he did
not salute or say a courteous “Good Evening.” The
vague figure was a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil. With
a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped out a sword and
brutally slashed the later on the back.
The wound was not serious, but it was painful.
When he recovered, Rizal reported the incident to and
the abusive lieutenant was a Spaniard. In General
Primo de Rivera, the Spanish Governor-General of the
Philippines at that time. But nothing came out of his
complaint, because he was an indio, a letter to
Blumentritt, dated March 21, 1887, he related: “I went to
the Captain-General but I could not obtain any Justice;
my wound lasted two weeks”.
21. Decision to go to Europe
Disillusioned with how Filipinos in the Philippines were regarded as
second-class citizens in institutions of learning and elsewhere, the National Hero
Jose Rizal left the country in May 1882 to pursue further studies abroad. He
enrolled in a course in medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain. In
June 1883, he traveled to France to observe how medicine was being practiced
there.
After his three-month sojourn in France, Rizal returned to Madrid and
thought about publishing a book that exposed the colonial relationship of Spain
and the Philippines. This idea was realized in March 1887, with the publication of
the novel Noli Me Tangere in Germany.
Rizal was actively involved in the Propaganda movement, composed of
Filipinos in Spain who sought to direct the attention of Spaniards to the
concerns of the Spanish colony in the Philippines. He wrote articles for
publications in Manila and abroad; convened with overseas Filipinos to discuss
their duty to the country; and called on Spanish authorities to institute reforms
in the Philippines, such as granting freedom of the press and Filipino
representation in the Spanish Cortes.
Rizal returned to Manila in August 1887, after five years in Europe.
However, his homecoming was met by the friars’ furor over Noli Me Tangere. The
Archbishop of Manila issued an order banning the possession and reading of the
novel, an order that was later reinforced by the governor-general. Six months
later, pressured by the Spanish authorities as well as by his family and friends to
leave the country and avoid further persecution, Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong.
22. Decision to go to Europe
From Hong Kong, Rizal traveled to Macau and Japan before going to America. Entering San
Francisco, California, in April 1888, he visited the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska,
Illinois, and New York. He jotted down his observations of the landscape in his diary.
Rizal arrived in England in May 1888. In August, he was admitted to the British Museum,
where he copied Antonio de Morga’s massive study of the Philippines, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas,
which Rizal later annotated for publication “as a gift to the Filipinos.” In the museum he devoted his
time reading all the sources on Philippine history that he could find. He kept up his correspondence
with various people, including his family, who were being oppressed by the Spanish religious
landowners; the Filipino patriots in Spain; and his Austrian friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, with
whom he planned to form an association of Philippine scholars. From 1888 to 1890 he shuttled
between London and Paris, where he wrote ethnographic and history-related studies, as well as
political articles. He also frequently visited Spain, where he met with fellow Filipino intellectuals
like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, and Graciano Lopez-Jaena.
In March 1891, Rizal finished writing his second novel, El Filibusterismo, in France. He planned
to publish the book in Belgium but was financially hard up. His brother’s support from back home
was delayed in coming, and he was scrimping on meals and expenses. Finally, in September 1890, El
Filibusterismo was published in Ghent using donations from Rizal’s friends.
Meanwhile, a rivalry had ensued between Rizal and del Pilar over the leadership of the
Asociación Hispano Filipino in Spain. Rizal decided to leave Europe to avoid the worsening rift
between the Rizalistas and Pilaristas, and to help maintain unity among Filipino expatriates. After
staying for some time in Hong Kong, where he practiced medicine and planned to build a “New
Calamba” by relocating landless Filipinos to Borneo, Rizal came home to the Philippines in June
1892.
23. Chapter
8:
Review
1. Rizal Study at Ateneo and Universityof Santo Tomas
2. Rizal’s first college course is “Philosophy and Letters”
3. During 1st year in UST, he was awardedof “Perito Agrimensor”
4. Rizal shift to Medicine
5. “A la Juventud Filipina”,the award winningpoem created by Jose Rizal in UST
6. Jose Rizal wasthe founder of activist organization “Compañerismo de Jehu in 1880
7. The Lieutenantof GuardiaCivil whippedout a sword and brutallyslashed the latter
on the back of Rizal
8. Jose Rizal decided to go to Europe to pursue further his studies in medicine
26. Rizal’s Secret Departure Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid
detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars. Even
his own parents did not know because his mother would
not allow him to do so. Only his older brother, his uncle,
his sisters Neneng and Lucia, the Valenzuela family,
Pedro Paterno, Mateo Evangelista, the Ateneo Jesuit
fathers, and some intimate friends. The Jesuit priests
gave him letters of recommendation to the members of
their Society in Barcelona. He used the name Jose
Mercado. Before his departure he wrote a farewell
letters for his beloved parents and another for his
sweetheart Leonor Rivera. On May 3, 1882, Rizal
departed on board the Spanish steamer Salvadora
bound for Singapore. With tears in his eyes and gloom in
his head, he gazed the receding skyline of Manila. He
then took his pencil and paper and sketched it as it
vanished in view.
29. Itinerary to Spain:Singapore
He felt very sad leaving his country and family. To
entertain himself, Rizal made sketches of his fellow
passengers and things he saw along the way.
Arrived at Singapore after 1 week and stayed for
2 days. Rizal then took time to visit its botanical
garden, art galleries, parks, and some historical
spots. He recorded in his diary every detail of what
he was able to observe.
30. Itinerary to Spain:Naples, Italy
Rizal boarded the ship Djemnah, which shall ferry
him to France. The ship stop over at Point Galle in
Ceylon, Aden and Port Said at Suez Canal. June 11,
1882, the steamer reach Naples. Rizal was
impressed with Naples, an Italian city, for its
panoramic beauty and lively people.
31. Itinerary to Spain:France
June 12, 1882, from Naples Italy, the steamer sailed
to France. It dock at the harbor of Marseilles. Rizal
was impressed by the courtesy of the customs
police. He was, likewise, enchanted by its graceful
and impressive buildings and the courtesy and
refined manners of the French man. Then
afterwards, Rizal took train going to Barcelona.
33. Rizal in Barcelona, Spain
At first Rizal has a negative impression of the city and its people. Later, he came to like Barcelona
Duet and the prevalence of freedom and liberalism in the city and the good qualities demonstrated by its
residents' open heartedness, hospitality, and courage. Rizal was welcomed by the Filipinos in Barcelona,
most of who were his former classmates at Ateneo Municipal. They had a welcome party at favorite coffee
house at Plaza De Cataluña. Rizal had walk around the city to see the famous historical spots of Barcelona.
While in Barcelona, Rizal took time writing to his family, relatives, and friends in the Philippines. He did not
forget one of his missions that of making a name for himself in the field of writing. Paciano believed that
Jose Rizal would be able to express his nationalistic and patriotic sentiment which in effect can arouse the
hostility and suspicion of the Spanish Regime. Rizal will be transformed into a patriot, a novelist and a
nationalist.
He was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June
21, 1884. The next academic year, he studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of
Medicine. However, he did not submit the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees. He
was not awarded his Doctor’s Diploma. Jose Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy and Letters
with higher grades. He was awarded the Degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad
Central de Madrid on June 19, 1885 (his 24th birthday) with the rating of excellent. Rizal faced financial
problems after two years in Madrid. Due to locust invasions and droughts that destroyed the farms back
home, his monthly allowances were late and there are times where they did not even arrive at all. He was
also popular in Madrid and on one occasion was invited as a guest speaker in a banquet held in honor of
Juan Luna and Felix R. Hidalgo, sponsored by the Filipino community to celebrate the victory of their first
and second prizes in a national fine arts exposition.
35. A nationalistic essay entitled meaning “Love of
Country”, his first article written in Spain.
Rizal wrote this essay when he was still 21 years old,
under the pseudonym Laonglaan.
It came out on Aug. 20, 1882, in the Diariong Tagalog
in Manila, for the first time he used the term Tierra
Extranjera (Foreign Land) in referring Spain.
After the publishing of El Amor Patrio, Jose Rizal
Stopped producing nationalistic article for the reason
of:
1. The opposition of his Mother
2. Difficulty of Recognition in a foreign country
3. Desire to finish his studies
El Amor Patrio
37. Rizal Moves to Madrid
In September 1882, Jose Rizal decided to move
to the capital city of Spain to continue his studies.
He enrolled in philosophy and letters and licentiate
in medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid.
He took lessons in painting and sculpture at the
Acedemia de San Fernando, Lessons in Fencing, at
the schools of Sanzan Carbonell and lessons in
English, French and German in Madrid Ateneo. He
even contemplated taking the examination in
Roman law for possible enrollment in law.
June 5 to 26, He took the medical examination.
Fortunately, he passed the examination. At the
same time, he passed the examination in Greek,
Latin, and World History. Rizal was awarded the
degree of licentiate in medicine for passing the
medical examination for the course.
39. Rizal and the Filipino Expatriates
Despite of Rizal’s hectic schedule, he found time to
associate with Pedro Paterno, Graciano Lopez Jaena,
Gregorio Sanciano, Juan Luna, Felix Hidalgo, Marcelo
del Pillar and others. Rizal, Jaena and Del Pilar were
closely associated, and the trio were called the Triumvirate
of the Propaganda Movement.
Rizal felt the effect of hardships in Calamba. The finances of
Rizal’s family turned bad to worse. The reason is:
Crop Failures
Drought and Locusts
Hike in rentals on the Hacienda lands
As a result, there were frequent delay in his monthly
stipend from the Philippines. There were many occasions
where he attended classes on an empty stomach.
41. Rizal Joins Masonry
Rizal's prime encounter with Freemasonry occurred when he was
in Spain, where he made the acquaintance of some liberal and
republican Spaniards who were mostly Masons. He admired the way
these Masons scrutinized and criticized the methods of the government
and criticized the haughty friars, a freedom which could not be practiced
in the Philippines. Eventually, in 1883, Rizal joined the Masonic lodge in
Madrid which was called Acacia. His central motive in joining the society
was to secure the aid of the Freemasons in his battle against the abusive
friars in the Philippines. Since the friars used the might of Catholicism to
oppress and persecute the country's patriots, Rizal intended to fight
them with Freemasonry.
On November 15, 1890, Rizal became a Master Mason in Lodge
Solidaridad in Madrid. Two years later he was awarded Master Mason in
Paris by Le Grand Orient de France.
Some of his comrades including Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano
Ponce, and Marcelo H. del Pilar, were also active Masons. Rizal, on the
other hand, was more placid. His only Masonic writing was entitled
"Science, Virtue and Labor," which he delivered in 1889.
43. Rizal’s Affair with Consuelo
Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey, was the former city mayor of
Manila during the time of Governor Carlos de la Torre
and was also the father of Pilar and Consuelo. Rizal was
attracted to Consuello due to her refined manners and
enchanting smile. He gave flowers occasionally that
Consuello really appreciate. Consuello fell in love with
him, but Jose Rizal suppressed his emotions since he
was still engaged with Leonor Rivera. Besides he did not
want to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de late,
who was madly in love with Consuello. Before leaving
Madrid Jose Rizal composed a poem for Consuello
entitled:
“A la Señorita C. O. y R.”
“C. O. y R. means Consuello Ortiga y Rey”
45. Rizal’s Toast to Luna and Hidalgo
Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo emerged
winners in the 1884 Madrid Exposition.
Luna was awarded a gold medal for his
painting, The Spolarium while Hidalgo a
silver medal for his entry, Christian
Virgins Exposed to the Populace. A
banquet was tendered in honor of these
two Filipino artist at the Café Ingles on
June 25, 1884, with Rizal delivering the
keynote speech. The Speech of salute
Rizal delivered during the occasion came
to be called Brindis.
47. The delivery of Brindis reached the
Philippines because of its full coverage
by the Madrid Press to the occasion.
Nonetheless, Rizal was not cognizant of
the consequence of his speech. Because
of this, Rizal’s mother became ill, as his
son become the talk of the town and
friars to Calamba. In Doña Teodora’s
letter for Rizal, Doña Teodora said to
Rizal that he should refrain from the
articles that might offend friars and
regime, he should not fall in his duties as
a Christian, and not to continue pursuing
further studies since she had that fear
that it could cause him death later
Doña Teodora’s Reaction to Rizal Speech
48. Rizal responded that he will still have enemies, even
if he puts an end to writing articles considered that
he was known for being Anti-Spanish and Anti-Friars
That life can’t be without sorrow,
Misfortunes are welcomed when they can avert
debasement and degradation.
A son can pay honor to his parents through honesty
and good name.
Religion is the holiest of things but a person can only
believe by reasoning.
And last, conscience can accept only what is
compatible with reason
Rizal’s Response to His Mother
49. Chapter
9:
Review 1. Rizal departurewaskept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authoritiesand
Friars
2. Jose Rizal travelfrom Philippines,Singapore, Naples,Italy, France, to Barcelona,
Spain
3. He wasconferred the degree to licentiatein medicineby Universidadcentral de
Madrid
4. Rizal created an essay titled“ElAmor Patrio”
5. Rizal moves to Madrid for further studies in medicineand philosophy and letters
6. Jose Rizal, Jaena,and Del Pilarwereknown as “Triumvirateof Propaganda
Movement”
7. Rizal became master Mason in Lodge Solidaridad
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