This document provides a historical timeline of South India from 1327 to 1876, outlining the conquests and establishment of kingdoms in the region, as well as the increasing colonial domination by European powers like Portugal, the Dutch, French and British East India Companies. Key events include Mohammed Bin Tughlaq's conquests in the 14th century, the founding of the Bahmani Kingdom in 1347, the Portuguese capturing Goa in 1510 and establishing forts and trade monopolies along the western coast, and the British defeating the French in the Carnatic Wars and gaining control of much of South India and establishing the British Raj by the late 18th century.

1. Compiled by: Noor Mohammed Khalid
International Islamic University Malaysia
South India and Colonial
Domination:
A Historical Timeline

2. 1327
MOHAMMED BIN
TUGHLAQ BEGINS
CONQUEST OF
SOUTH INDIA
1342
HOYSALA KING,
BALLALA III DEFEATED BY
TUGHLAQ
1347
BAHMANI
KINGDOM
FOUNDED
1489
ADIL SHAHI
RULE ESTABLISHED
IN BIJAPUR
1496
GOA FALLS TO BIJAPUR
RULERS. HINDUS
DISSATISFIED
1498
VASCO DA GAMA LANDS ON THE INDIAN WEST
COAST (CALICUT) THE THREE MARKS OF THE
PORTUGUESE EMPIRE WERE TRADE, ANTI-
ISLAMISM, AND RELIGION.
South India and Colonial Domination: 1327-1498

3. DA GAMA FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH THE RULER OF
CANNANORE, AN ENEMY OF THE ZAMORIN, AND SAILED TO
CALICUT, WITH THE AIM OF WRECKING ITS TRADE AND
PUNISHING THE ZAMORIN FOR THE FAVOUR HE HAD SHOWN TO
MUSLIM TRADERS. DA GAMA BOMBARDED THE PORT AND
SEIZED AND MASSACRED 38 HOSTAGES.
1502
1510
PORTUGUESE CAPTURE GOA
ON 17 FEB. BUT, ADIL SHAH TAKES BACK GOA ON
1ST
MAY. HOWEVER, PORTUGUESE RETAKE GOA
WITH HINDU SUPPORT ON DEC 1.
LOCAL MUSLIMS MASSACRED
THE PORT CITY OF MALACCA
CONTROLLED THE NARROW STRATEGIC STRAIT OF MALACCA, THROUGH WHICH ALL SEAGOING TRADE
BETWEEN CHINA AND INDIA WAS CONCENTRATED. THE KING OF PORTUGAL MANUEL I, HAD
RESOLVED TO THWART MUSLIM TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN BY CAPTURING ADEN, TO BLOCK TRADE
THROUGH ALEXANDRIA, CAPTURING HORMUZ, TO BLOCK TRADE THROUGH BEIRUT, AND MALACCA TO
CONTROL TRADE WITH CHINA. ON CONQUERING MALACCA, THE PORTUGUESE ENGAGED IN A
MASSACRE OF THE MUSLIM INHABITANTS AND ALSO OF THE ARAB COMMUNITY IN MALACCA
1511
1503
PORTUGUESE FRANSICO
DE ALBUQUERQUE
LANDS IN COCHIN.
FORT OF COCHIN BUILDING
STARTS IN 1503. FIRST
PORTUHUESE FORT IN INDIA
South India and Colonial Domination: 1502-1511

4. 1540
TREATY OF PONNANI, IST JANUARY BETWEEN THE
ZAMORIN AND THE PORTUGUESE, HAVING LOST THE LAND
AND NAVAL BATTLE. PORTUGUESE GRANTED THE VIRTUAL
MONOPOLY OF TRADE IN PEPPER AND
GINGER AT CALICUT
1565
BATTLE OF TALIKOTA, BETWEEN DECCAN SULTANATE
AND VIJAYNAGARA EMPIRE.
THE EMPIRE WHICH WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1346 COMES TO AN END.
1571
FORT OF CHALIYAM CAPTURED FROM THE PORTUGUESE BY
THE HINDU-MUSLIM COMBINED FORCES UNDER THE ZAMORIN OF CALICUT
1583 TUHFAT AL-MUJĀHIDĪN FĪ BA D A WĀL AL-BURTUĠĀLIYYĪN
GIFT TO THE WARRIORS OF FAITH ABOUT SOME OF THE DEEDS OF THE PORTUGUESE BY SHAYKH ZAYN AL-DĪN
BOOK DEDICATED TO THE SULTAN ALĪ ĀDIL-SHĀH OF BIJĀPŪR
1591
THE HINDU ZAMORIN ALLOWED PORTUGUESE TO
BUILD A FACTORY AT KOZHIKKODE. HE LAID THE FOUNDATION
OF THEIR CHURCH GRANTING THEM BUILDING MATERIALS.
COMMANDERS LIKE KUNJALI MARAKKAR WHO WERE SWORN
ENEMIES OF THE PORTUGUESE WERE SIDE-LINED
1598
ZAMORIN JOINED WITH THE
PORTUGUESE AND FOUGHT HIS OWN
COMMANDER, KUNJALI MARAKKAR.
KUNJALI SURRENDERED. THE ZAMORIN
HANDED HIM OVER TO THE PORTUGUESE, WHO
PUT HIM TO DEATH ENDING A GLORIOUS
CHAPTER OF RESISTANCE OF PORTUGUESE
South India and Colonial Domination: 1540-1598

5. EAST INDIA COMPANY OBTAINS ROYAL
CHARTER FOR TRADE WITH THE INDIES. UNABLE
TO ESTABLISH A PROFITABLE TRADE WITH
KONKAN, MALABAR AND THE EAST INDIES, THEY
TURNED TO COASTAL TAMIL NADU AND COASTAL
ANDHRA
1600
1606
THE DUTCH DEFEAT THE PORTUGESE IN
THE BATTALE OF MALACCA.
BUT, PORTUGUESE HELD ON TO GOA.
1612
1664
FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY ACQUIRED
PONDICHERRY FROM SULTAN OF BIJAPUR AND
MADE IT THEIR CAPITAL IN INDIA
1689
DUTCH
WITHDRAW
FROM INDIA AND
FOCUS ON EAST
INDIES
1612
NAVAL BATTLE OF SUVALI
ON – NOV NEAR SURAT. VICTORY FOR THE ENGLISH OVER PORTUGUESE.
THIS MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF PORTUGAL'S COMMERCIAL
MONOPOLY OVER INDIA, AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ASCENT OF
THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY IN INDIA. THIS VICTORY ENDEARED
THEM TO THE MUGHALS WHO DETESTED THE PORTUGUESE CONTROL OF THE
HAJJ SEA ROUTE
1692
AURANGZEB S SOUTHERN COMMANDER
ZULFIQAR KHAN APPOINTED FIRST
NAWAB OF CARNATIC.
MAKES ARCOT HIS HQ
South India and Colonial Domination: 1600-1692

6. South India and Colonial Domination: 1736-1754
1736
MADURAI, IN TN, ANNEXED
BY DOST ALI, NAWAB OF CARNATIC
APPOINTED BY MUGHAL KING
1ST
CARNATIC WAR
FOUGHT BETWEEN THE BRITISH WHO SOUGHT
THE SUPPORT OF NIZAM UL MULK OF
HYDERABAD AND THE FRENCH WHO SOUGHT
SUPPORT FROM ANWARUDDIN THE NAWAB OF
CARNATIC. SEPT 21, FRENCH TAKE POSSESSION
OF MADRAS. TREATY OF AIX-LE-CHAPELLE, 18
OCT 1748, ENDS BATTLE AND RESTORES
MADRAS TO BRITISH
1745-
48
1739
FRENCH, IN ALLIANCE WITH
CHANDASAHIB, FORCED KING
SAHUJI OF TANJAVUR TO CEDE
KARAIKAL TO FRENCH EAST INDIA
CO.
REVOLT OF THE MAPILLAHS
IN TIRURANGADI
AGAINST THE NAIRS AND CHIEFTAINS
1745
1740 MARATHAS CAPTURE
ARCOT
1748 BRITISH RECOVER
FORT ST. GEORGE
1749-
54
2ND
. CARNATIC WAR
ON ONE SIDE WAS NASIR JUNG, THE NIZAM OF HYDERABAD AND MOHAMMED ALI,
SON OF FORMER NAWAB OF ARCOT, SUPPORTED BY THE BRITISH. ON THE OTHER
SIDE, CHANDA SAHIB, SON IN LAW OF THE FORMER NAWAB OF CARNATIC, AND
MUZAFFAR JUNG, ASPIRING TO BECOME NAWAB OF HYDERABAD, SUPPORTED BY
THE FRENCH
1750
THE BATTLE OF GINGEE
IMPRESSIVE FRENCH MILITARY
ACHIEVEMENT DURING THE 2ND CARNATIC
WAR
1751
CLIVE BREACHES THE SIEGE
OF THE TEMPLE AT
KANCHIPURAM

7. South India and Colonial Domination: 1756-1776
1757
HYDER ALI CALLED TO SUPPORT
DEVARAJA WODEYAR AGAINST
HYDERABAD RULERS AND MARATHAS
HE LED A CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE
NAIRS OF MALABAR. AWARDED THE
JAGIR OF BANGALORE IN RECOGNITION
OF HIS SUCCESSES
1756-
63
3RD CARNATIC WAR
TRIGGERED BY THE 7 YEAR WAR IN
EUROPE. SPREAD TO BENGAL. BRITISH
FORCES CAPTURE FRENCH SETTLEMENT OF
CHANDERNAGORE IN 1757. THIS AND THE
FALL OF PONDICHERRY ENDED FRENCH
AMBITIONS OF AN INDIAN EMPIRE
1758
HYDER ALI FORCED THE
MARATHAS TO LIFT THE
SIEGE OF BANGALORE
1760 6 DECEMBER, BRITISH LAY
SIEGE TO PONDICHERRY 1761 10 FEBRUARY, BRITISH
TAKE OVER
PONDICHERRY
1761
MARATHA ARMY LOST THE THIRD
BATTLE OF PANIPAT AGAINST
AHMAD SHAH ABDALI
1765
MUGHAL EMPEROR SHAH
ALAM II BECOMES A
PENSIONER OF THE
BRITISHER
FALL OF
CALICUT
AT THE HANDS
OF HYDER ALI
1776
1766
1ST
MYSORE WAR: EAST INDIA COMPANY JOINED THE NIZAM OF
HYDERABAD AGAINST HYDER ALI IN RETURN FOR THE CESSION OF THE
NORTHERN SARKARS. NIZAM ABANDONED THE WAR IN 1768, BRITISH FACE
HYDER ALI ALONE.
1769 HYDER ALI APPEARED BEFORE THE
COMPANY S GOVERNMENT IN
MADRAS AND DICTATED PEACE

8. South India and Colonial Domination: 1780-1806
1786
TIPU SULTAN SENDS A MISSION TO THE
OTTOMAN COURT SEEKING MILITARY AID AND
GRANT OF BASRA PORT IN EXCHANGE FOR MANGALORE
PORT. THE MISSION WAS UNSUCCSSFUL DUE TO
VARIOUS GEO-POLITICAL COMPULSIONS THE OTTOMANS
FACED. HOWEVER, TIPU RECEIVED THE INVESTITURE
FROM THE CALIPH AS A SOVEREIGN RULER IN INDIA
SECOND MYSORE WAR
HYDER ALI JOINED FORCES WITH THE MARATHAS. BUT
WITH HIS DEATH IN 1782, THE TIDE WAS TURNED. PEACE
WAS MADE WITH HYDER ALI S SON TIPPU SULTAN BY
THE TREATY OF MANGALORE (1784)
1780-
84
1790-
92
3RD
MYSORE WAR. AFTER TWO CAMPAIGNS,
TIPPU WAS CHECKED AT SERINGAPATAM AND
FORCED TO CEDE HALF HIS DOMINIONS (1792).
MALABAR WAS TAKEN OVER BY THE BRITISH
WHICH THEY RULED TILL 1947
1791
MARATHA HORDES LED BY PARSHURAM
BHAVE RANSACK THE SHRINGERI MATH
1799
4TH
MYSORE WAR
BRITISH TROOPS STORMED SERINGAPATAM
IN MAY 1799. TIPPU DIED IN THE FIGHTING.
MALABAR WAS CEDED TO THE BRITISH
1801
PRINCES OF ARCOT BECOME
PENSIONERS UNDER BRITISH
THE VELLORE REVOLT
ON 9TH
JULY LED BY TIPU S FAVOURITE SON, MUIZ UD-
DIN. BRUTALLY CRUSHED BY 10TH
EVENING. TIPU FAMILY
SENT TO CALCUTTA. ABOUT THE 350 REBELS WERE PUT
TO DEATH AND 113 EUROPEANS WERE KILLED IN THAT
BLOODY ENCOUNTER. 500 OF THE INSURGENTS WERE
CAPTURED AND IMPRISONED. THIS REVOLT PRE-DATED
THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE IN 1857 BY OVER 50
YEARS.
18061799
1801
TIPU S CHILDREN
EXILED TO VELLORE

9. 1817-
18
THIRD ANGLO-MARATHA WAR.
FINAL AND DECISIVE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE BRITISH
EAST INDIA COMPANY AND THE MARATHA EMPIRE. THE
WAR LEFT THE COMPANY IN CONTROL OF MOST OF
INDIA.
1839
VELLORE PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE BRITISH
UNCOVERED. WAHABIS BLAMED
THE ACTIVITIES OF THE MUSLIMS IN VELLORE IN 1839
SHOW THAT THEY WERE NOT COMPLETELY RECONCILED TO
THE DEFEAT OF THE VELLORE MUTINY OF 1806.
1857
FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE IS LOST.
10 MAY. BAHADUR SHAH ZAFFAR IS DEPOSED BY
THE BRITISH.
INDIA TRANSFERRED TO BRITISH CROWN
1876 QUEEN VICTORIA DECLARED
EMPRESS OF INDIA
South India and Colonial Domination: 1817-1876