it is very crucial in developing the country . For the study we have taken several parts of the world such as North America , Latin America , Europe , Middle-East , Africa and South Asia ,and Australia

1. Stage Economic and
infra structure
related factors
Socio cultural
factors
Political legal
factors
Supranational
institutions
Internet
adoption
Per capita
GDP
Literacy rate
and computer
skill
The internet's
democratic
Nature
incompatible
with
authoritarian
political
UNDP-
introduction of
the
internet in
many countries
Availability of
telephone and
computer
English
language skill
structures GATS-
competition
in telecom
sectors
Pricing
structure
Viewed as a
tool of
cultural
imperialism in
some
Tariff and non
tariff barriers to
ICT
products
ITA- reducing
the price of ICT
products.
Buying/selling
online
Availability of
credit
Intellectual
property
protection
Redress
mechanisms in
caseof
problems in
online
transactions
UNCITRAL
model law
Advertising and
searching
phase
Operating
speed of
computer and
modern size
Influence of
language and
symbols used
on site visited
and purchase
decision
Ban on some
website in
authoritarian
regimes
Products can be
advertised and
searched
globally on
GTPN of
UNCTAD
Payment phase Penetration
rate of credit
cards
Forms of
payment:
check, wire
transfer, cash
on delivery
etc,
Governments'
concern on
the outflow of
foreign
currency.
UNCTAD smart
card
Delivery phase Delivery means
and
infrastructure
Products stolen
some
countries
Tariff and non-
tariff
barriers
Electronic
delivery free
of custom
duties in WTO
member
Kunal Bahl, founder- CEO of e-commerce site Snapdeal.com bought out eSportsbuy.com for a
Bahl has 20–million (Rs. 100 crore) stash for acquisition-significant because Snapdeal is itself a
Bahl is not alone who is scouting for potential suitor. In February this year aggressively online
And so it seems that e-commerce is not about customers buying goods. It is about firms shop
In the game in which future share issues are on the radar for bigger players, the smaller ones
At stake is a huge market will growing potential because India has 900 million mobile phones,
Industry estimates say India’s e-commerce market will zoom from the current Rs.51000 crore
“At present sites are falling over each other to offer deep discounts, but you do not survive on
Experts say acquisition of other sites is also a good strategy to built brand and broaden a loya
“There in no room for newer players in the general category but there is space for niche categ
Private enquiry is doing a huge amount of work backstage. Venture capitalists say they more t
However, having a deep pocket is no guarantee to success. “Money can only delay your death
Size is not everything, but could help if investors have a sense of timing. “As the e-commerce
Hundreds of Internet startups went bust in 2000 and 2001 in the “dotcom bubble” and compa
“There are a lot of guys in this business who don’t have a retail background. They are form eit
In the world where old-fashioned retail meets high-technology and innovative management, t
What the consolidation?
•High operational costs affect profit margins.
•Most e-commerce sites compete on deep discounts, which hit their margins.
•Some firms feel the time is right to cash in on brand, customer base.
•Private equity (PE) and venture capitalists (VC) are eyeing safe exit while e-commerce ventur
What makes a Long-Term Player?
•Loyal customer base, fundamentally strong business models, clear product/service differentia
•Deep pockets to tide over initial gestation period.
Challenges for E-Commerce Sites
•Low customer loyalty
•High returns rates on cash-on-delivery
•High cost of customer retention
State of Play
•Acquiring site is a good way to built brand, broaden loyal customer base and add categories.
•The companies that are selling have real valuations, real transactions and real customers, and
E-commerce companies in India offers the most tangible and finest e-commerce solutions, pro

4. Stage Economic and
infra structure
related factors
Socio cultural
factors
Political legal
factors
Supranational
institutions
Internet
adoption
Per capita
GDP
Literacy rate
and computer
skill
The internet's
democratic
Nature
incompatible
with
authoritarian
political
UNDP-
introduction of
the
internet in
many countries
Availability of
telephone and
computer
English
language skill
structures GATS-
competition
in telecom
sectors
Pricing
structure
Viewed as a
tool of
cultural
imperialism in
some
Tariff and non
tariff barriers to
ICT
products
ITA- reducing
the price of ICT
products.
Buying/selling
online
Availability of
credit
Intellectual
property
protection
Redress
mechanisms in
caseof
problems in
online
transactions
UNCITRAL
model law
Advertising and
searching
phase
Operating
speed of
computer and
modern size
Influence of
language and
symbols used
on site visited
and purchase
decision
Ban on some
website in
authoritarian
regimes
Products can be
advertised and
searched
globally on
GTPN of
UNCTAD
Payment phase Penetration
rate of credit
cards
Forms of
payment:
check, wire
transfer, cash
on delivery
etc,
Governments'
concern on
the outflow of
foreign
currency.
UNCTAD smart
card
Delivery phase Delivery means
and
infrastructure
Products stolen
some
countries
Tariff and non-
tariff
barriers
Electronic
delivery free
of custom
duties in WTO
member
Kunal Bahl, founder- CEO of e-commerce site Snapdeal.com bought out eSportsbuy.com for a
Bahl has 20–million (Rs. 100 crore) stash for acquisition-significant because Snapdeal is itself a
Bahl is not alone who is scouting for potential suitor. In February this year aggressively online
And so it seems that e-commerce is not about customers buying goods. It is about firms shop
In the game in which future share issues are on the radar for bigger players, the smaller ones
At stake is a huge market will growing potential because India has 900 million mobile phones,
Industry estimates say India’s e-commerce market will zoom from the current Rs.51000 crore
“At present sites are falling over each other to offer deep discounts, but you do not survive on
Experts say acquisition of other sites is also a good strategy to built brand and broaden a loya
“There in no room for newer players in the general category but there is space for niche categ
Private enquiry is doing a huge amount of work backstage. Venture capitalists say they more t
However, having a deep pocket is no guarantee to success. “Money can only delay your death
Size is not everything, but could help if investors have a sense of timing. “As the e-commerce
Hundreds of Internet startups went bust in 2000 and 2001 in the “dotcom bubble” and compa
“There are a lot of guys in this business who don’t have a retail background. They are form eit
In the world where old-fashioned retail meets high-technology and innovative management, t
What the consolidation?
•High operational costs affect profit margins.
•Most e-commerce sites compete on deep discounts, which hit their margins.
•Some firms feel the time is right to cash in on brand, customer base.
•Private equity (PE) and venture capitalists (VC) are eyeing safe exit while e-commerce ventur
What makes a Long-Term Player?
•Loyal customer base, fundamentally strong business models, clear product/service differentia
•Deep pockets to tide over initial gestation period.
Challenges for E-Commerce Sites
•Low customer loyalty
•High returns rates on cash-on-delivery
•High cost of customer retention
State of Play
•Acquiring site is a good way to built brand, broaden loyal customer base and add categories.
•The companies that are selling have real valuations, real transactions and real customers, and
E-commerce companies in India offers the most tangible and finest e-commerce solutions, pro

14. Stage Economic and
infra structure
related factors
Socio cultural
factors
Political legal
factors
Supranational
institutions
Internet
adoption
Per capita
GDP
Literacy rate
and computer
skill
The internet's
democratic
Nature
incompatible
with
authoritarian
political
UNDP-
introduction of
the
internet in
many countries
Availability of
telephone and
computer
English
language skill
structures GATS-
competition
in telecom
sectors
Pricing
structure
Viewed as a
tool of
cultural
imperialism in
some
Tariff and non
tariff barriers to
ICT
products
ITA- reducing
the price of ICT
products.
Buying/selling
online
Availability of
credit
Intellectual
property
protection
Redress
mechanisms in
caseof
problems in
online
transactions
UNCITRAL
model law
Advertising and
searching
phase
Operating
speed of
computer and
modern size
Influence of
language and
symbols used
on site visited
and purchase
decision
Ban on some
website in
authoritarian
regimes
Products can be
advertised and
searched
globally on
GTPN of
UNCTAD
Payment phase Penetration
rate of credit
cards
Forms of
payment:
check, wire
transfer, cash
on delivery
etc,
Governments'
concern on
the outflow of
foreign
currency.
UNCTAD smart
card
Delivery phase Delivery means
and
infrastructure
Products stolen
some
countries
Tariff and non-
tariff
barriers
Electronic
delivery free
of custom
duties in WTO
member
Kunal Bahl, founder- CEO of e-commerce site Snapdeal.com bought out eSportsbuy.com for a
Bahl has 20–million (Rs. 100 crore) stash for acquisition-significant because Snapdeal is itself a
Bahl is not alone who is scouting for potential suitor. In February this year aggressively online
And so it seems that e-commerce is not about customers buying goods. It is about firms shop
In the game in which future share issues are on the radar for bigger players, the smaller ones
At stake is a huge market will growing potential because India has 900 million mobile phones,
Industry estimates say India’s e-commerce market will zoom from the current Rs.51000 crore
“At present sites are falling over each other to offer deep discounts, but you do not survive on
Experts say acquisition of other sites is also a good strategy to built brand and broaden a loya
“There in no room for newer players in the general category but there is space for niche categ
Private enquiry is doing a huge amount of work backstage. Venture capitalists say they more t
However, having a deep pocket is no guarantee to success. “Money can only delay your death
Size is not everything, but could help if investors have a sense of timing. “As the e-commerce
Hundreds of Internet startups went bust in 2000 and 2001 in the “dotcom bubble” and compa
“There are a lot of guys in this business who don’t have a retail background. They are form eit
In the world where old-fashioned retail meets high-technology and innovative management, t
What the consolidation?
•High operational costs affect profit margins.
•Most e-commerce sites compete on deep discounts, which hit their margins.
•Some firms feel the time is right to cash in on brand, customer base.
•Private equity (PE) and venture capitalists (VC) are eyeing safe exit while e-commerce ventur
What makes a Long-Term Player?
•Loyal customer base, fundamentally strong business models, clear product/service differentia
•Deep pockets to tide over initial gestation period.
Challenges for E-Commerce Sites
•Low customer loyalty
•High returns rates on cash-on-delivery
•High cost of customer retention
State of Play
•Acquiring site is a good way to built brand, broaden loyal customer base and add categories.
•The companies that are selling have real valuations, real transactions and real customers, and
E-commerce companies in India offers the most tangible and finest e-commerce solutions, pro

25. Stage Economic and
infra structure
related factors
Socio cultural
factors
Political legal
factors
Supranational
institutions
Internet
adoption
Per capita
GDP
Literacy rate
and computer
skill
The internet's
democratic
Nature
incompatible
with
authoritarian
political
UNDP-
introduction of
the
internet in
many countries
Availability of
telephone and
computer
English
language skill
structures GATS-
competition
in telecom
sectors
Pricing
structure
Viewed as a
tool of
cultural
imperialism in
some
Tariff and non
tariff barriers to
ICT
products
ITA- reducing
the price of ICT
products.
Buying/selling
online
Availability of
credit
Intellectual
property
protection
Redress
mechanisms in
caseof
problems in
online
transactions
UNCITRAL
model law
Advertising and
searching
phase
Operating
speed of
computer and
modern size
Influence of
language and
symbols used
on site visited
and purchase
decision
Ban on some
website in
authoritarian
regimes
Products can be
advertised and
searched
globally on
GTPN of
UNCTAD
Payment phase Penetration
rate of credit
cards
Forms of
payment:
check, wire
transfer, cash
on delivery
etc,
Governments'
concern on
the outflow of
foreign
currency.
UNCTAD smart
card
Delivery phase Delivery means
and
infrastructure
Products stolen
some
countries
Tariff and non-
tariff
barriers
Electronic
delivery free
of custom
duties in WTO
member
Kunal Bahl, founder- CEO of e-commerce site Snapdeal.com bought out eSportsbuy.com for a
Bahl has 20–million (Rs. 100 crore) stash for acquisition-significant because Snapdeal is itself a
Bahl is not alone who is scouting for potential suitor. In February this year aggressively online
And so it seems that e-commerce is not about customers buying goods. It is about firms shop
In the game in which future share issues are on the radar for bigger players, the smaller ones
At stake is a huge market will growing potential because India has 900 million mobile phones,
Industry estimates say India’s e-commerce market will zoom from the current Rs.51000 crore
“At present sites are falling over each other to offer deep discounts, but you do not survive on
Experts say acquisition of other sites is also a good strategy to built brand and broaden a loya
“There in no room for newer players in the general category but there is space for niche categ
Private enquiry is doing a huge amount of work backstage. Venture capitalists say they more t
However, having a deep pocket is no guarantee to success. “Money can only delay your death
Size is not everything, but could help if investors have a sense of timing. “As the e-commerce
Hundreds of Internet startups went bust in 2000 and 2001 in the “dotcom bubble” and compa
“There are a lot of guys in this business who don’t have a retail background. They are form eit
In the world where old-fashioned retail meets high-technology and innovative management, t
What the consolidation?
•High operational costs affect profit margins.
•Most e-commerce sites compete on deep discounts, which hit their margins.
•Some firms feel the time is right to cash in on brand, customer base.
•Private equity (PE) and venture capitalists (VC) are eyeing safe exit while e-commerce ventur
What makes a Long-Term Player?
•Loyal customer base, fundamentally strong business models, clear product/service differentia
•Deep pockets to tide over initial gestation period.
Challenges for E-Commerce Sites
•Low customer loyalty
•High returns rates on cash-on-delivery
•High cost of customer retention
State of Play
•Acquiring site is a good way to built brand, broaden loyal customer base and add categories.
•The companies that are selling have real valuations, real transactions and real customers, and
E-commerce companies in India offers the most tangible and finest e-commerce solutions, pro

28. Stage Economic and
infra structure
related factors
Socio cultural
factors
Political legal
factors
Supranational
institutions
Internet
adoption
Per capita
GDP
Literacy rate
and computer
skill
The internet's
democratic
Nature
incompatible
with
authoritarian
political
UNDP-
introduction of
the
internet in
many countries
Availability of
telephone and
computer
English
language skill
structures GATS-
competition
in telecom
sectors
Pricing
structure
Viewed as a
tool of
cultural
imperialism in
some
Tariff and non
tariff barriers to
ICT
products
ITA- reducing
the price of ICT
products.
Buying/selling
online
Availability of
credit
Intellectual
property
protection
Redress
mechanisms in
caseof
problems in
online
transactions
UNCITRAL
model law
Advertising and
searching
phase
Operating
speed of
computer and
modern size
Influence of
language and
symbols used
on site visited
and purchase
decision
Ban on some
website in
authoritarian
regimes
Products can be
advertised and
searched
globally on
GTPN of
UNCTAD
Payment phase Penetration
rate of credit
cards
Forms of
payment:
check, wire
transfer, cash
on delivery
etc,
Governments'
concern on
the outflow of
foreign
currency.
UNCTAD smart
card
Delivery phase Delivery means
and
infrastructure
Products stolen
some
countries
Tariff and non-
tariff
barriers
Electronic
delivery free
of custom
duties in WTO
member
Kunal Bahl, founder- CEO of e-commerce site Snapdeal.com bought out eSportsbuy.com for a
Bahl has 20–million (Rs. 100 crore) stash for acquisition-significant because Snapdeal is itself a
Bahl is not alone who is scouting for potential suitor. In February this year aggressively online
And so it seems that e-commerce is not about customers buying goods. It is about firms shop
In the game in which future share issues are on the radar for bigger players, the smaller ones
At stake is a huge market will growing potential because India has 900 million mobile phones,
Industry estimates say India’s e-commerce market will zoom from the current Rs.51000 crore
“At present sites are falling over each other to offer deep discounts, but you do not survive on
Experts say acquisition of other sites is also a good strategy to built brand and broaden a loya
“There in no room for newer players in the general category but there is space for niche categ
Private enquiry is doing a huge amount of work backstage. Venture capitalists say they more t
However, having a deep pocket is no guarantee to success. “Money can only delay your death
Size is not everything, but could help if investors have a sense of timing. “As the e-commerce
Hundreds of Internet startups went bust in 2000 and 2001 in the “dotcom bubble” and compa
“There are a lot of guys in this business who don’t have a retail background. They are form eit
In the world where old-fashioned retail meets high-technology and innovative management, t
What the consolidation?
•High operational costs affect profit margins.
•Most e-commerce sites compete on deep discounts, which hit their margins.
•Some firms feel the time is right to cash in on brand, customer base.
•Private equity (PE) and venture capitalists (VC) are eyeing safe exit while e-commerce ventur
What makes a Long-Term Player?
•Loyal customer base, fundamentally strong business models, clear product/service differentia
•Deep pockets to tide over initial gestation period.
Challenges for E-Commerce Sites
•Low customer loyalty
•High returns rates on cash-on-delivery
•High cost of customer retention
State of Play
•Acquiring site is a good way to built brand, broaden loyal customer base and add categories.
•The companies that are selling have real valuations, real transactions and real customers, and
E-commerce companies in India offers the most tangible and finest e-commerce solutions, pro

31. Stage Economic and
infra structure
related factors
Socio cultural
factors
Political legal
factors
Supranational
institutions
Internet
adoption
Per capita
GDP
Literacy rate
and computer
skill
The internet's
democratic
Nature
incompatible
with
authoritarian
political
UNDP-
introduction of
the
internet in
many countries
Availability of
telephone and
computer
English
language skill
structures GATS-
competition
in telecom
sectors
Pricing
structure
Viewed as a
tool of
cultural
imperialism in
some
Tariff and non
tariff barriers to
ICT
products
ITA- reducing
the price of ICT
products.
Buying/selling
online
Availability of
credit
Intellectual
property
protection
Redress
mechanisms in
caseof
problems in
online
transactions
UNCITRAL
model law
Advertising and
searching
phase
Operating
speed of
computer and
modern size
Influence of
language and
symbols used
on site visited
and purchase
decision
Ban on some
website in
authoritarian
regimes
Products can be
advertised and
searched
globally on
GTPN of
UNCTAD
Payment phase Penetration
rate of credit
cards
Forms of
payment:
check, wire
transfer, cash
on delivery
etc,
Governments'
concern on
the outflow of
foreign
currency.
UNCTAD smart
card
Delivery phase Delivery means
and
infrastructure
Products stolen
some
countries
Tariff and non-
tariff
barriers
Electronic
delivery free
of custom
duties in WTO
member
Kunal Bahl, founder- CEO of e-commerce site Snapdeal.com bought out eSportsbuy.com for a
Bahl has 20–million (Rs. 100 crore) stash for acquisition-significant because Snapdeal is itself a
Bahl is not alone who is scouting for potential suitor. In February this year aggressively online
And so it seems that e-commerce is not about customers buying goods. It is about firms shop
In the game in which future share issues are on the radar for bigger players, the smaller ones
At stake is a huge market will growing potential because India has 900 million mobile phones,
Industry estimates say India’s e-commerce market will zoom from the current Rs.51000 crore
“At present sites are falling over each other to offer deep discounts, but you do not survive on
Experts say acquisition of other sites is also a good strategy to built brand and broaden a loya
“There in no room for newer players in the general category but there is space for niche categ
Private enquiry is doing a huge amount of work backstage. Venture capitalists say they more t
However, having a deep pocket is no guarantee to success. “Money can only delay your death
Size is not everything, but could help if investors have a sense of timing. “As the e-commerce
Hundreds of Internet startups went bust in 2000 and 2001 in the “dotcom bubble” and compa
“There are a lot of guys in this business who don’t have a retail background. They are form eit
In the world where old-fashioned retail meets high-technology and innovative management, t
What the consolidation?
•High operational costs affect profit margins.
•Most e-commerce sites compete on deep discounts, which hit their margins.
•Some firms feel the time is right to cash in on brand, customer base.
•Private equity (PE) and venture capitalists (VC) are eyeing safe exit while e-commerce ventur
What makes a Long-Term Player?
•Loyal customer base, fundamentally strong business models, clear product/service differentia
•Deep pockets to tide over initial gestation period.
Challenges for E-Commerce Sites
•Low customer loyalty
•High returns rates on cash-on-delivery
•High cost of customer retention
State of Play
•Acquiring site is a good way to built brand, broaden loyal customer base and add categories.
•The companies that are selling have real valuations, real transactions and real customers, and
E-commerce companies in India offers the most tangible and finest e-commerce solutions, pro

35. Stage Economic and
infra structure
related factors
Socio cultural
factors
Political legal
factors
Supranational
institutions
Internet
adoption
Per capita
GDP
Literacy rate
and computer
skill
The internet's
democratic
Nature
incompatible
with
authoritarian
political
UNDP-
introduction of
the
internet in
many countries
Availability of
telephone and
computer
English
language skill
structures GATS-
competition
in telecom
sectors
Pricing
structure
Viewed as a
tool of
cultural
imperialism in
some
Tariff and non
tariff barriers to
ICT
products
ITA- reducing
the price of ICT
products.
Buying/selling
online
Availability of
credit
Intellectual
property
protection
Redress
mechanisms in
caseof
problems in
online
transactions
UNCITRAL
model law
Advertising and
searching
phase
Operating
speed of
computer and
modern size
Influence of
language and
symbols used
on site visited
and purchase
decision
Ban on some
website in
authoritarian
regimes
Products can be
advertised and
searched
globally on
GTPN of
UNCTAD
Payment phase Penetration
rate of credit
cards
Forms of
payment:
check, wire
transfer, cash
on delivery
etc,
Governments'
concern on
the outflow of
foreign
currency.
UNCTAD smart
card
Delivery phase Delivery means
and
infrastructure
Products stolen
some
countries
Tariff and non-
tariff
barriers
Electronic
delivery free
of custom
duties in WTO
member
Kunal Bahl, founder- CEO of e-commerce site Snapdeal.com bought out eSportsbuy.com for a
Bahl has 20–million (Rs. 100 crore) stash for acquisition-significant because Snapdeal is itself a
Bahl is not alone who is scouting for potential suitor. In February this year aggressively online
And so it seems that e-commerce is not about customers buying goods. It is about firms shop
In the game in which future share issues are on the radar for bigger players, the smaller ones
At stake is a huge market will growing potential because India has 900 million mobile phones,
Industry estimates say India’s e-commerce market will zoom from the current Rs.51000 crore
“At present sites are falling over each other to offer deep discounts, but you do not survive on
Experts say acquisition of other sites is also a good strategy to built brand and broaden a loya
“There in no room for newer players in the general category but there is space for niche categ
Private enquiry is doing a huge amount of work backstage. Venture capitalists say they more t
However, having a deep pocket is no guarantee to success. “Money can only delay your death
Size is not everything, but could help if investors have a sense of timing. “As the e-commerce
Hundreds of Internet startups went bust in 2000 and 2001 in the “dotcom bubble” and compa
“There are a lot of guys in this business who don’t have a retail background. They are form eit
In the world where old-fashioned retail meets high-technology and innovative management, t
What the consolidation?
•High operational costs affect profit margins.
•Most e-commerce sites compete on deep discounts, which hit their margins.
•Some firms feel the time is right to cash in on brand, customer base.
•Private equity (PE) and venture capitalists (VC) are eyeing safe exit while e-commerce ventur
What makes a Long-Term Player?
•Loyal customer base, fundamentally strong business models, clear product/service differentia
•Deep pockets to tide over initial gestation period.
Challenges for E-Commerce Sites
•Low customer loyalty
•High returns rates on cash-on-delivery
•High cost of customer retention
State of Play
•Acquiring site is a good way to built brand, broaden loyal customer base and add categories.
•The companies that are selling have real valuations, real transactions and real customers, and
E-commerce companies in India offers the most tangible and finest e-commerce solutions, pro