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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of vehicle tracking and locking
Despite the various technologies that have been introduced in recent years to deter car thefts and
tracking it, It was reported that as many as cars were stolen yearly in the world. According to
National Crime Information Centre (NCIC), in 2006, 1,192,809 motor vehicles were reported
stolen, the losses were 7.9$ billion. Several security and tracking systems are designed to assist
corporations with large number of vehicles and several usage purposes. However, there are still
some security gaps where these technologies don’t prevent a vehicle from theft, don’t assist to
recover it and don’t allow the users to know the status of their vehicles. They can’t permit the
owner to communicate with the vehicle online, even if the owner is certain that his vehicle was
stolen. In wireless data transporting, GSM and SMS technology is a common feature with all
mobile network service.
Vehicle Tracking System (VTS) is the technology used to determine the location of a vehicle
using different methods like GPS and other radio navigation systems operating through satellites
and ground based stations. By following triangulation or trilateration methods the tracking system
enables to calculate easy and accurate location of the vehicle. This system is an important tool for
tracking each vehicle at a given period of time and now it is becoming increasingly popular for
people having expensive cars and hence as a theft prevention and retrieval device.
The system consists of modern hardware and software components enabling one to track their
vehicle online or offline. Any vehicle tracking system consists of mainly three parts mobile vehicle
unit, fixed based station and, database and software system.
1.1.1 Vehicle Unit
It is the hardware component attached to the vehicle having either a GPS/GSM modem. The
unit is configured around a primary modem that functions with the tracking software by receiving
signals from GPS satellites or radio station points with the help of antenna. The controller modem
converts the data and sends the vehicle location data to the server.

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1.1.2 User system
Consists of a wireless network to receive and forward the data to the data center. Base stations
are equipped with tracking software and geographic map useful for determining the vehicle
location. Maps of every city and landmarks are available in the based station that has an in-built
Web Server.
1.2 Vehicle Security using VTS
Vehicle Security is a primary concern for all vehicle owners. Owners as well as researchers are
always on the lookout for new and improved security systems for their vehicles. One has to be
thankful for the upcoming technologies, like GPS systems, which enables the owner to closely
monitor and track his vehicle in real-time and also check the history of vehicles movements. This
new technology, popularly called Vehicle Tracking Systems has done wonders in maintaining the
security of the vehicle tracking system is one of the biggest technological advancements to track
the activities of the vehicle. The security system uses Global Positioning System GPS, to find the
location of the monitored or tracked vehicle and then uses satellite or radio systems to send to send
the coordinates and the location data to the monitoring center. At monitoring center various
software are used to plot the Vehicle on a map. In this way the Vehicle owners are able to track
their vehicle on a real-time basis. Due to real-time tracking facility, vehicle tracking systems are
becoming increasingly popular among owners of expensive vehicles.
The vehicle tracking hardware is fitted on to the vehicle. It is fitted in such a manner that it is
not visible to anyone who is outside the vehicle. Thus it operates as a covert unit which
continuously sends the location data to the monitoring unit.
When the vehicle is stolen the location data sent by tracking unit can be used to find the location
and coordinates can be sent to police for further action. Some Vehicle tracking System can even
detect unauthorized movements of the vehicle and then alert the owner. This gives an edge over
other pieces of technology for the same purpose.
Monitoring center Software helps the vehicle owner with a view of the location at which the
vehicle stands. Browsing is easy and the owners can make use of any browser and connect to the
monitoring center software, to find and track his vehicle. This in turn saves a lot of effort to find
the vehicle's position by replacing the manual call to the driver.

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As we have seen the vehicle tracking system is an exciting piece of technology for vehicle
security. It enables the owner to virtually keep an eye on his vehicle any time and from anywhere
in the world.
Vehicle tracking systems are commonly used by fleet operators for fleet management fleet
tracking transit schedule adherence destination sign American Public Transportation Association
visually impaired real-time information functions such as, routing, dispatch, on-board information
and security. Along with commercial fleet operators, urban agencies use the technology for a
number of purposes, including monitoring of buses in service, triggering changes of buses' displays
at the end of the line (or other set location along a bus route), and triggering pre-recorded
announcements for passengers. The estimated that, at the beginning of 2009, around half of all
transit buses in the United States were already using a GPS-based vehicle tracking system to
trigger automated stop announcements. This can refer to external announcements (triggered by the
opening of the bus's door) at a bus stop, announcing the vehicle's route number and destination,
primarily for the benefit of customers, or to internal announcements (to passengers already on
board) identifying the next stop, as the bus (or) approaches a stop, or both.
Data collected as a transit vehicle follows its route is often continuously fed into a computer
program which compares the vehicle's actual location and time with its schedule, and in turn
produces a frequently updating display for the driver, telling him/her how early or late he/she is at
any given time, potentially making it easier to adhere more closely to the published schedule.
Such programs are also used to provide customers with as to the waiting time until arrival of the
next bus or tram/streetcar at a given stop, based on the nearest vehicles' actual progress at the time,
rather than merely giving information as to the other applications include monitoring driving
behavior, such as an employer of an employee, or a parent with a teen driver.
Vehicle tracking systems are also popular in consumer vehicles as a theft prevention and
retrieval device. Police can simply follow the signal emitted by the tracking system and locate the
stolen vehicle. When used as a security system, a Vehicle Tracking System may serve as either an
addition to or replacement for a traditional car alarm. Some vehicle tracking systems make it
possible to control vehicle remotely, including block doors or engine in case of emergency. The
existence of vehicle tracking device then can be used to reduce the insurance cost, because the loss-
risk of the vehicle drops significantly. Vehicle tracking systems are an integrated part of the

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"layered approach" to vehicle protection, recommended by the National Insurance Crime Bureau
motor vehicle theft (NICB) to prevent .This approach recommends four layers of security based on
the risk factors pertaining to a specific vehicle. Vehicle Tracking Systems are one such layer, and
are described by the NICB as “very effective” in helping police recover stolen vehicles.
Some vehicle tracking systems integrate several security systems, for example by sending an
automatic alert to a phone or email if an alarm is triggered or the vehicle is moved without
authorization, or when it leaves or enters a geo-fence.
Many modern vehicle tracking devices combine both active and passive tracking abilities: when
a cellular network is available and a tracking device is connected it transmits data to a server; when
a network is not available the device stores data in internal memory and will transmit stored data to
the server later when the network becomes available again.
Historically vehicle tracking has been accomplished by installing a box into the vehicle, either
self-powered with a battery or wired into the vehicle's power system. For detailed vehicle locating
and tracking this is still the predominant method; however, many companies are increasingly
interested in the emerging cell phone technologies that provide tracking of multiple entities, such
as both a salesperson and their vehicle. These systems also offer tracking of calls, texts, and Web
use and generally provide a wider range of options.
1.3 Types of GPS Vehicle Tracking
There are three main types of GPS vehicle tracking, tracking based mobile, wireless passive
tracking and satellite in real-time GPS tracking. This article discusses the advantages and
disadvantages to all three types of GPS vehicle tracking circumference.
1.3.1 Mobile phone based tracking
The initial cost for the construction of the system is slightly lower than the other two options.
With a mobile phone-based tracking average price is about $ 500. A cell-based monitoring system
sends information about when a vehicle is every five minutes during a rural network. The average
monthly cost is about thirty-five dollars for airtime.

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1.3.2 Wireless Passive Tracking
A big advantage that this type of tracking system is that there is no monthly fee, so that when the
system was introduced, there will be other costs associated with it. But setting the scheme is a bit
'expensive. With this type of system, most say that the disadvantage is that information about
where the vehicle is not only can exist when the vehicle is returned to the base business. This is a
great disadvantage, particularly for companies that are looking for a monitoring system that tells
them where their vehicle will be in case of theft or an accident. However, many systems are now
introducing wireless modems into their devices so that tracking information can be without
memory of the vehicle to be seen. With a wireless modem that is wireless passive tracking systems
are also able to gather information on how fast the vehicle was traveling, stopping, and made other
detailed information. With this new addition, many companies believe that this system is perfect,
because there is no monthly bill.
1.3.3 Via satellite in real time
This type of system provides less detailed information, but work at the national level, making it a
good choice for tracking the location of the vehicle. Spending on construction of the system on
average about 2000 Rs. There is no monthly change to pay.
Over the next few years, GPS tracking will be able to provide businesses with a number of other
benefits. Some companies have already introduced a way for a customer has signed the credit card
and managed at local level through the device. Others are creating ways for dispatcher to send the
information re-routing, the GPS device directly to a manager.
1.4 History of Vehicle Tracking
GPS or Global Positioning Systems were designed by the United States Government and
military, which the design was intended to be used as surveillance. After several years went by the
government signed a treaty to allow civilians to buy GPS units also only the civilians would get
precise downgraded ratings.
Years after the Global Positioning Systems were developed the military controlled the systems
despite that civilians could still purchase them in stores. In addition, despite that Europe has
designed its own systems called the Galileo the US military still has complete control.

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GPS units are also called tracking devices that are quite costly still. As more of these devices
develop however the more affordable the GPS can be purchased. Despite of the innovative
technology and designs of the GPS today the devices has seen some notable changes or reductions
in pricing. Companies now have more access to these devices and many of the companies can find
benefits.
These days you can pay-as-you go or lease a GPS system for your company. This means you do
not have to worry about spending upfront money, which once stopped companies from installing
the Global positioning systems at one time.
Today’s GPS applications have vastly developed as well. It is possible to use the Global
Positioning Systems to design expense reports, create time sheets, or reduce the costs of fuel
consumption. You can also use the tracking devices to increase efficiency of employee driving.
The GPS unit allows you to create Geo-Fences about a designated location, which gives you alerts
once your driver(s) passes through. This means you have added security combined with more
powerful customer support for your workers.
Today’s GPS units are great tracking devices that help fleet managers stay in control of their
business. The applications in today’s GPS units make it possible to take full control of your
company. It is clear that the tracking devices offer many benefits to companies, since you can build
automated expense reports anytime.
GPS units do more than just allow companies to create reports. These devices also help to put an
end to thieves. According to recent reports, crime is at a high, which means that car theft is
increasing. If you have the right GPS unit, you can put an end to car thefts because you can lock
and unlock your car anytime you choose.
GPS are small tracking devices that are installed in your car and it will supply you with feedback
data from tracking software that loads from a satellite. This gives you more control over your
vehicles.
The chief reason for companies to install tracking devices is to monitor their mobile workforce.
A preventive measure device allows companies to monitor their employees’ activities. Company
workers can no longer take your vehicles to unassigned locations. They will not be able to get away

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with unauthorized activities at any time because you can monitor their every action on a digital
screen.
1.4.1 Early Technology
In the initial period of tracking only two radios were used to exchange the information. One
radio was attached to the vehicle while another at base station by which drivers were enabled to
talk to their masters. Fleet operator could identify the progress through their routes.
The technology was not without its limits. It was restricted by the distance which became a
hurdle in accuracy and better connectivity between driver and fleet operators. Base station was
dependent on the driver for the information and a huge size fleet could not have been managed
depending on man-power only.
The scene of vehicle tracking underwent a change with the arrival of GPS technology. This
reduced the dependence on man-power. Most of the work of tracking became electronic.
Computers proved a great help in managing a large fleet of vehicle. This also made the information
authentic. As this technology was available at affordable cost all whether small or big fleet could
take benefit of this technology
Because of the cheap accessibility of the device computer tracking facilities has come to stay
and associated with enhanced management. Today each vehicle carries tracking unit which is
monitored from the base station. Base station receives the data from the unit.
All these facilities require a heavy investment of capital for the installation of the infrastructure
of tracking system for monitoring and dispatching
1.4.2 New development in technology
New system costs less with increased efficiency. Presently it is small tracking unit in the vehicle
with web-based interface, connected through a mobile phone. This device avoids unnecessary
investment in infrastructure with the facility of monitoring from anywhere for the fleet managers.
This provides more efficient route plan to fleet operators of all sizes and compositions saving
money and time. Vehicle tracking system heralded a new era of convenience and affordability in
fleet management. Thus due to its easy availability it is going to stay for long.

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1.5 Vehicle Tracking System Features
Monitoring and managing the mobile assets are very important for any company dealing with the
services, delivery or transport vehicles. Information technologies help in supporting these
functionalities from remote locations and update the managers with the latest information of their
mobile assets. Tracking the mobile assets locations data and analyzing the information is necessary
for optimal utilization of the assets.
Vehicle Tracking System is a software & hardware system enabling the vehicle owner to track
the position of their vehicle. A vehicle tracking system uses either GPS or radio technology to
automatically track and record a fleet's field activities. Activity is recorded by modules attached to
each vehicle. And then the data is transmitted to a central, internet-connected computer where it is
stored. Once the data is transmitted to the computer, it can be analyzed and reports can be
downloaded in real-time to your computer using either web browser based tools or customized
software.
1.5.1 Vehicle Tracking Benefits
An enterprise-level vehicle tracking system should offer customizable reporting tools, for
example to provide a summary of the any day activities. It should have the ability to produce and
print detailed maps and reports displaying actual stops, customer locations, mileage traveled, and
elapsed time at each location, and real-time access to vehicle tracking data and reports. Vehicle
tracking system can be active, passive or both depending upon the application. Here are steps
involved in the vehicle tracking:
1.5.1.1 Data capture: Data capturing is the first step in tacking your vehicle. Data in a vehicle
tracking system is captured through a unit called automated vehicle unit. The automated vehicle
unit uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine the location of the vehicle. This unit is
installed in the vehicle and contains interfaces to various data sources. This paper considers the
location data capture along with data from various sensors like fuel, vehicle diagnostic sensors etc.
1.5.1.2 Data storage: Captured data is stored in the memory of the automated vehicle unit.
1.5.1.3 Data transfer: Stored data are transferred to the computer server using the mobile network
or by connecting the vehicle mount unit to the computer.

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1.5.1.4 Data analysis: Data analysis is done through software application. A GIS mapping
component is also an integral part of the vehicle tracking system and it is used to display the
correct location of the vehicle on the map.
1.6 Vehicle Tracing in India
Vehicle tracking system in India is mainly used in transport industry that keeps a real-time track
of all vehicles in the fleet. The tracking system consists of GPS device that brings together GPS
and GSM technology using tracking software. The attached GPS unit in the vehicle sends periodic
updates of its location to the route station through the server of the cellular network that can be
displayed on a digital map. The location details are later transferred to users via SMS, e-mail or
other form of data transfers.
There are various GPS software and hardware developing companies in India working for
tracking solutions. However, its application is not that much of popular as in other countries like
USA, which regulates the whole GPS network. In India it is mostly used in Indian transport and
logistics industry and not much personal vehicle tracking. But with better awareness and promotion
the market will increase.

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CHAPTER 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The main aim of the project is to design and develop an advanced vehicle locking system in the
real time environment. The user can send a STATUS message from his cell phone and as soon as
the GSM module gets the message, it will check for the user’s authentication and if found to be
valid, it will immediately send the details of the locations like the latitude and the longitude using
GPS module. So the user can get to know the exact location of the vehicle. At the same time
message will b sent to a personal computer where user can get the exact location of vehicle pointed
out on the GOOGLE MAPS.
Figure 2.1- Block diagram of vehicle tracking and locking system

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In this project PIC microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. The
current design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and
report the status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an PIC microcontroller is interfaced
serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is used to send the position (Latitude
and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the
data i.e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives
many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on to the
LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is
demanded. An EEPROM is used to store the mobile number.
The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS Receiver.
The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the modems and the
microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for converting TTL levels to voltage levels. When the
request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system automatically sends a return reply
to that mobile indicating the position of the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude.
As the Micro Controller, GPS and GSM take a sight of in depth knowledge, they are explained
further.
2.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
The project is vehicle positioning and navigation system we can locate the vehicle around the
globe with PIC 16F877A microcontroller, GPS receiver, GSM modem, MAX 232, Power supply.
Microcontroller used is PIC. The code is written in the internal memory of Microcontroller i.e.
ROM. With help of instruction set it processes the instructions and it acts as interface between
GSM and GPS with help of serial communication of 8052. GPS always transmits the data and
GSM transmits and receive the data. GPS pin TX is connected to microcontroller via MAX232.
GSM pins TX and RX are connected to microcontroller.
The circuit diagram of project is shown on next page.

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Figure 2.2 circuit diagram of VTS & locking system
2.2 Hardware component
 PIC MC
 GPS MODULE
 GSM MODULE
 RS232
 MAX 232
 RELAY
 LCD
 TRANSFORMER

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CHAPTER 3
GPS (Global Positioning System)
In full Global Positioning System, space-based radio-navigation system that broadcasts
highly accurate navigation pulses to users on or near the Earth. In te United States’ Navstar GPS,
24 main GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System).satellites in 6 orbits circle the Earth
every 12 hours. In addition, Russia maintains a constellation called The Global Positioning
System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system that can be used to locate positions anywhere
on earth. Designed and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense, it consists of satellites, control
and monitor stations, and receivers. GPS receivers take information transmitted from the satellites
and uses triangulation to calculate a user’s exact location. GPS is used on incidents in a of ways,
such as your position location so the pilot can pick you up.
 To navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a lookout to
the fire perimeter.
 To determine distance between two points or how far you are from another location.
 The purpose of this chapter is to give a general overview of the Global Positioning System,
not to teach.
3.1 How the GlobalPositioning System Works
The basis of the GPS is a constellation of satellites that are continuously orbiting the earth.
These satellites, which are equipped with atomic clocks, transmit radio signals that contain their
exact location, time, and other information. The radio signals from the satellites, which are
monitored and corrected by control stations, are picked up by the GPS receiver. A GPS receiver
needs only three satellites to plot a rough, 2D position, which will not be very accurate. Ideally,
four or more satellites are needed to plot a 3D position, which is much more accurate.
Three Segments of GPS:
 Space Segment
 Control Segment
 User Segment

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Figure 3.1 three segments of GPS System
3.1.1 Space Segment
Satellites orbiting the earth The space segment consists of 29 satellites circling the earth every
12 hours at 12,000 miles in altitude. This high altitude allows the signals to cover a greater area.
The satellites are arranged in their orbits so a GPS receiver on earth can receive a signal from at
least four satellites at any given time. Each satellite contains several atomic clocks. The attach
satellites transmit low radio signals with a unique code on different frequencies, allowing the GPS
receiver to identify the signals. The main purpose of these coded signals is to allow the GPS
receiver to calculate travel time of the radio signal from the satellite to the receiver. The travel time
multiplied by the speed of light equals the distance from the satellite to the GPS receiver.

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3.1.2 Control Segment
The control and monitoring stations The control segment tracks the satellites and then provides
them with corrected orbital and time information. The control segment consists of five unmanned
monitor stations and one Master Control Station. The five unmanned stations monitor GPS
satellite signals and then send that information to the Master Control Station where anomalies are
corrected and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground antennas.
3.1.3 User Segment
The GPS receivers owned by civilians and military The user segment consists of the users and
their GPS receivers. The number of simultaneous users is limitless.
3.2 How GPS Determines a Position
The GPS receiver uses the following information to determine a position.
3.2.1 Precise location of satellites
When a GPS receiver is first turned on, it downloads orbit information from all the satellites
called an almanac. This process, the first time, can take as long as 12 minutes; but once this
information is downloaded, it is stored in the receiver’s memory for future use.
3.2.2 Distance from each satellite
The GPS receiver calculates the distance from each satellite to the receiver by using the distance
formula: distance = velocity x time. The receiver already knows the velocity, which is the speed of
a radio wave or 186,000 miles per second (the speed of light). To determine the time part of the
formula, the receiver times how long it takes for a signal from the satellite to arrive at the receiver.
The GPS receiver multiplies the velocity of the transmitted signal by the time it takes the signal to
reach the receiver to determine distance.
3.2.3 Triangulation to determine position
The receiver determines position by using triangulation. When it receives signals from at least
three satellites the receiver should be able to calculate its approximate position (a 2D position). The
receiver needs at least four or more satellites to calculate a more accurate 3D position. The position
can be reported in latitude/longitude, UTM, or other coordinate system.

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3.3. Sources ofErrors
The GPS is not a perfect system. There are several different types of errors that can occur when
using a GPS receiver, for example:
3.3.1 User mistakes
User mistakes account for most GPS errors; and a GPS receiver has no way to identify and
correct these mistakes. Common examples of user mistakes include:
– Inputting incorrect information into a GPS receiver, such as the datum, and when creating a
waypoint.
– Unknowingly relying on a 2D position instead of a 3D position for determining position
coordinates. This mistake can result in distance errors in excess of a mile. The signal from the
satellite may be blocked by buildings, terrain, electronic interference, and sometimes dense foliage.
A GPS receiver needs a fairly clear view of the sky to operate.
– The human body can cause signal interference. Holding a GPS receiver close to the body can
block some satellite signals and hinder accurate positioning. If a GPS receiver must be hand held
without benefit of an external antenna, facing to the south can help to alleviate signal blockage
caused by the body because the majority of GPS satellites are oriented mor in the earth’s
southern hemisphere.
3.3.2 Multipath interference
Multipath interference is caused by the satellite signal reflecting off of vehicles, buildings,
power lines, water and other interfering objects (Figure 5-2). Multipath is difficult to detect and
sometimes impossible for the user to avoid or for the receiver to correct. When using a GPS
receiver in vehicle place the external antenna on the roof of the vehicle to eliminate most signal
interference caused the vehicle. If the GPS receiver is placed on the dashboard there will be
always be some multipath interference.
3.3.3 Satellite and receiver clock errors
These can be slight discrepancies in the satellite’s atomic clocks which may cause slight position
errors in the GPS receiver. Errors are monitored and corrected by the Master Control Station.

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3.3.3.1 Orbit errors: Satellite orbit pertains to the altitude, position, and speed of the satellite.
Satellite orbits vary due to gravitational pull and solar pressure fluctuations. Orbit errors are also
monitored and corrected by the Master Control Station.
3.3.3.2 Satellite geometry: The location of GPS satellites in relation to a GPS receiver on the
ground can impact the receiver’s ability to triangulate a 3D position. The quality of a receiver’s
triangulated position improves the further apart GPS satellites are located from each other in the
sky above the receiver. The quality decreases if the satellites are grouped close together in the sky
above the receiver.
3.3.3.3 Atmospheric interference: The atmosphere can slow or speed up the satellite signal.
Fortunately, error caused by atmospheric conditions (ionized air, humidity, temperature, pressure)
has been reduced with the implementation of the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS),
which is discussed later in this chapter.
3.4 Working of GPS
GPS receiver works on 9600 baud rate is used to receive the data from space Segment (from
Satellites), the GPS values of different Satellites are sent to microcontroller AT89S52, where these
are processed and forwarded to GSM. At the time of processing GPS receives only $GPRMC
values only. From these values microcontroller takes only latitude and longitude values excluding
time, altitude, name of the satellite, authentication etc. E.g. LAT: 1728:2470 LOG: 7843.3089
GSM modem with a baud rate 57600.
A GPS receiver operated by a user on Earth measures the time it takes radio signals to travel
from four or more satellites to its location, calculates the distance to each satellite, and from this
calculation determines the user’s longitude, latitude, and altitude. The U.S. Department of Defense
originally developed the Navstar constellation for military use, but a less precise form of the
service is available free of charge to civilian users around the globe. The basic civilian service will
locate a receiver within 10 meters (33 feet) of its true location, though various augmentation
techniques can be used to pinpoint the location within less than 1 cm (0.4 inch). With such
accuracy and the ubiquity of the service, GPS has evolved far beyond its original military purpose
and has created a revolution in personal and commercial navigation. Battlefield missiles and
artillery projectiles use GPS signals to determine their positions and velocities, but so do the U.S.
space shuttle and the International Space Station as well as commercial jetliners and private
airplanes. Ambulance fleets, family automobiles, and railroad locomotives benefit from GPS

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positioning, which also serves farm tractors, ocean liners, hikers, and even golfers. Many GPS
receivers are no larger than a pocket calculator and are powered by disposable batteries, while GPS
computer chips the size of a baby’s fingernail have been installed in wristwatches, cellular
telephones, and personal digital assistants.
Figure 3.2 Basic signal processing in GPS

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CHAPTER 4
GSM Module and RS 232
4.1 GSM History
GSM (or Global System for Mobile Communications) was developed in 1990. The first GSM
operator has subscribers in 1991, the beginning of 1994 the network based on the standard, already
had 1.3 million subscribers, and the end of 1995 their number had increased to 10 million.
There were first generation mobile phones in the 70's, there are 2nd generation mobile phones in
the 80's and 90's, and now there are 3rd gen phones which are about to enter the Indian market.
GSM is called a 2nd generation, or 2G communications technology.
In this project it acts as a SMS Receiver and SMS sender. The GSM technical specifications
define the different entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface
requirements. The acronym for GSM is Global System for Mobile Communications. During the
early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe,
particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany. Each
country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else's in equipment and
operation. This was an undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to
operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant, but
there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale and the
subsequent savings could not be realized.
The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European Posts and
Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group called the Group Special Mobile (GSM) to study and
develop a pan-European public land mobile system. The proposed system had to meet certain
criteria:
Good subjective speech quality
Low terminal and service cost
Ability to support handheld terminals
Support for range of new services and facilities
Spectral efficiency
ISDN compatibility

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Pan-European means European-wide. ISDN throughput at 64Kbs was never envisioned, indeed,
the highest rate a normal GSM network can achieve is 9.6kbs.
Europe saw cellular service introduced in 1981, when the Nordic Mobile Telephone System or
NMT450 began operating in Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Norway in the 450 MHz range. It
was the first multinational cellular system. In 1985 Great Britain started using the Total Access
Communications System or TACS at 900 MHz. Later, the West German C-Netz, the French Radio
COM 2000, and the Italian RTMI/RTMS helped make up Europe's nine analog incompatible radio
telephone systems. Plans were afoot during the early 1980s, however, to create a single European
wide digital mobile service with advanced features and easy roaming. building out their robust but
increasingly fraud plagued and featureless analog network, Europe planned for a digital future.
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards
Institute (ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. Commercial
service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries.
Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only a European standard. Over 200 GSM networks
(including DCS1800 and PCS1900) are operational in 110 countries around the world. In the
beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide, which had grown to more than
55 million by October 1997. With North America making a delayed entry into the GSM field with
a derivative of GSM called PCS1900, GSM systems exist on every continent, and the acronym
GSM now aptly stands for Global System for Mobile communications.
The developers of GSM chose an unproven (at the time) digital system, as opposed to the then-
standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States and TACS in the United
Kingdom. They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal
processors would allow the fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the
system in terms of quality and cost. The over 8000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow
flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough standardization to
guarantee proper networking between the components of the system. This is done by providing
functional and interface descriptions for each of the functional entities defined in the system.

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4.2 Services Providedby GSM
From the beginning, the planners of GSM wanted ISDN compatibility in terms of the services
offered and the control signaling used. However, radio transmission limitations, in terms of
bandwidth and cost, do not allow the standard ISDN B-channel bit rate of 64 kbps to be practically
achieved.
Telecommunication services can be divided into bearer services, tele-services, and
supplementary services. The most basic teleservice supported by GSM is telephony. As with all
other communications, speech is digitally encoded and transmitted through the GSM network as a
digital stream. There is also an emergency service, where the nearest emergency-service provider is
notified by dialing three digits.
a. Bearer services: Typically data transmission instead of voice. Fax and SMS are examples.
b. Teleservices: Voice oriented traffic.
c. Supplementary services: Call forwarding, caller ID, call waiting and the like. A variety of
data services is offered. GSM users can send and receive data, at rates up to 9600 bps, to
users on POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), ISDN, Packet Switched Public Data
Networks, and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks using a variety of access methods
and protocols, such as X.25 or X.32. Since GSM is a digital network, a modem is not
required between the user and GSM network, although an audio modem is required inside
the GSM network to interwork with POTS.
Other data services include Group 3 facsimile, as described in ITU-T recommendation T.30,
which is supported by use of an appropriate fax adaptor. A unique feature of GSM, not found in
older analog systems, is the Short Message Service (SMS). SMS is a bidirectional service for short
alphanumeric (up to 160 bytes) messages. Messages are transported in a store-and-forward fashion.
For point-to-point SMS, a message can be sent to another subscriber to the service, and an
acknowledgement of receipt is provided to the sender. SMS can also be used in a cell-broadcast
mode, for sending messages such as traffic updates or news updates. Messages can also be stored
in the SIM card for later retrieval.
Supplementary services are provided on top of tele-services or bearer services. In the current
(Phase I) specifications, they include several forms of call forward (such as call forwarding when
the mobile subscriber is unreachable by the network), and call barring of outgoing or incoming
calls, for example when roaming in another country. Many additional supplementary services will

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be provided in the Phase 2 specifications, such as caller identification, call waiting, multi-party
conversations.
4.3 Mobile Station
The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card called
the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can
have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card
into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that
terminal, and receive other subscribed services.
The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify
the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication, and other information. The IMEI and
the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be protected
against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number.
GSM phones use SIM cards, or Subscriber information or identity modules. They're the biggest
difference a user sees between a GSM phone or handset and a conventional cellular telephone.
With the SIM card and its memory the GSM handset is a smart phone, doing many things a
conventional cellular telephone cannot. Like keeping a built in phone book or allowing different
ring tones to be downloaded and then stored. Conventional cellular telephones either lack the
features GSM phones have built in, or they must rely on resources from the cellular system itself to
provide them. Let me make another, important point.
With a SIM card your account can be shared from mobile to mobile, at least in theory. Want to try
out your neighbor's brand new mobile? You should be able to put your SIM card into that GSM
handset and have it work. The GSM network cares only that a valid account exists, not that you are
using a different device. You get billed, not the neighbor who loaned you the phone.
This flexibility is completely different than AMPS technology, which enables one device per
account. No switching around. Conventional cellular telephones have their electronic serial number
burned into a chipset which is permanently attached to the phone. No way to change out that
chipset or trade with another phone. SIM card technology, by comparison, is meant to make
sharing phones and other GSM devices quick and easy.

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4.4 RS232 interface
In telecommunications, RS-232 is the traditional name for a series of standards for serial binary
single-ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a
DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The
standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the
physical size and pin out of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface
between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial
Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.
An RS-232 port was once a standard feature of a personal computer for connections to modems,
printers, mice, data storage, un-interruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices.
However, the limited transmission speed, relatively large voltage swing, and large standard
connectors motivated development of the universal serial bus which has displaced RS-232 from
most of its peripheral interface roles. Many modern personal computers have no RS-232 ports and
must use an external converter to connect to older peripherals. Some RS-232 devices are still found
especially in industrial machines or scientific instruments enter the Indian market. GSM is called a
2nd generation, or 2G communications technology.
In this project it acts as a SMS Receiver and SMS sender. The GSM technical specifications
define the different entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface
requirements
4.5 MAX232 IC
Figure 4.1 Pin diagram of MAX232 line driver IC

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The integrated circuit RS-232 TTL MAX232 is an that converts signals from an serial port to signals
suitable for use in compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically
converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signal. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx.
± 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps power supply and external capacitors.
This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages
outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving
the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as ± 25 V), to
standard 5 V TTL hysteresis levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical of
0.5 V.
The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate at
higher baud μF [1] rates and can use smaller external capacitors – 0.1 in place of the 1.0 μF capacitors
used with the original device.
The newer MAX3232 is also backwards compatible, but operates at a broader voltage range, from
3 to 5.5 V.
Pin to pin compatible: ICL232, ST232, ADM232, and HIN232.
Figure 4.2 MAX232 chip
Voltage Levels It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a MAX232 IC
receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15 V, and changes
TTL Logic 1 to between -3 to -15 V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can
be confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission voltages at a certain logic state
are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the same logic state. To clarify the matter,
see the table below.

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Table 4.1 RS-232 Voltage Levels
The MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels to RS232 logic levels during serial
communication of microcontrollers with PC. The controller operates at TTL logic level (0-5V)
whereas the serial communication in PC works on RS232 standards (-25 V to + 25V). This makes
it difficult to establish a direct link between them to communicate with each other.
The intermediate link is provided through MAX232. It is a dual driver/receiver that includes a
capacitive voltage generator to supply RS232 voltage levels from a single 5V supply. Each receiver
converts RS232 inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers (R1 & R2) can accept ±30V
inputs. The drivers (T1 & T2), also called transmitters, convert the TTL/CMOS input level into
RS232 level.
The transmitters take input from controller’s serial transmission pin and send the output to RS232’s
receiver. The receivers, on the other hand, take input from transmission pin of RS232 serial port
and give serial output to microcontroller’s receiver pin. MAX232 needs four external capacitors
whose value ranges from 1μF to 22μF.

26. 26
Table 4.2 Pin functions and their names

27. 27
CHAPTER 5
MICROCONTROLLER
5.1 Introduction
Circumstances that we find ourselves in today in the field of microcontrollers had their
beginnings in the development of technology of integrated circuits. This development has made it
possible to store hundreds of thousands of transistors into one chip. That was a prerequisite for
production of microprocessors, and the first computers were made by adding external peripherals
such as memory, input-output lines, timers and other. Further increasing of the volume of the
package resulted in creation of integrated circuits. These integrated circuits contained both
processor and peripherals. That is how the first chip containing a microcomputer, or what would
later be known as a microcontroller came about.
The first microcontroller 8051 was developed by Intel Corporation in the year 1981. it was
called as a “System on a chip”. Intel refers to it as MCS-51 now.
Figure 5.1 (microcontroller)
5.2. Definition
Microcontroller, as the name suggests, are small controllers. They are like single chip
computers that are often embedded into other systems to function as processing/controlling unit.
For example, the remote control you are using probably has microcontrollers inside that do
decoding and other controlling functions. They are also used in automobiles, washing machines,
microwave ovens, toys ... etc, where automation is needed.
The key features of microcontrollers include:
1. High Integration of Functionality

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2. Microcontrollers sometimes are called single-chip computers because they have on-chip
memory and I/O circuitry and other circuitries that enable them to function as small standalone
computers without other supporting circuitry.
3. Field Programmability, Flexibility.
4. Microcontrollers often use EEPROM or EPROM as their storage device to allow field
programmability so they are flexible to use. Once the program is tested to be correct then large
quantities of microcontrollers can be programmed to be used in embedded systems.
5. Easy to Use.
Assembly language is often used in microcontrollers and since they usually follow RISC
architecture, the instruction set is small. The development package of microcontrollers often
includes an assembler, a simulator, a programmer to "burn" the chip and a demonstration board.
Some packages include a high level language compiler such as a C compiler and more
sophisticated libraries.
Most microcontrollers will also combine other devices such as:
1. A Timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain time periods.
2. A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between the microcontroller and other devices such as a
PC or another microcontroller.
3. An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for processing.
Figure 5.2 Showing a typical microcontroller device and its different sub unit

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5.3 Difference betweenmicrocontroller (μc) and microprocessor(μp)
A microprocessor (abbreviated as μP or uP) is a computer electronic component made from
miniaturized transistors and other circuit elements on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC)
(microchip or just chip). The central processing unit (CPU) is the most well known microprocessor,
but many other components in a computer have them, such as the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
on a video card. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used
interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a
microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock
radios to fuel‐injection systems for automobiles.
Microcontroller is a computer‐on‐a‐chip optimized to control electronic devices. It is designed
specifically for specific tasks such as controlling a specific system. A microcontroller (sometimes
abbreviated μC, uC or MCU) is basically a specialized form of microprocessor that is designed to
be self‐sufficient and cost‐effective. Also, a microcontroller is part of an embedded system, which
is essentially the whole circuit board. An embedded system is a computer system designed to
perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real‐time computing constraints. It is
embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
Examples of microcontrollers are Microchip's PIC, the 8051, Intel's 80196, and Motorola's
68HCxx series. Microcontrollers which are frequently found in automobiles, office machines, toys,
and appliances are devices which integrate a number of components of a microprocessor system
onto a single microchip:
• The CPU core (microprocessor)
• Memory (both ROM and RAM)
• Some parallel digital I/O
The microcontroller sees the integration of a number of useful functions into a single IC
package. These functions are:
• The ability to execute a stored set of instructions to carry out user defined tasks.
• The ability to be able to access external memory chips to both read and write data from and to the
memory.
The difference between the two is that a microcontroller incorporates features of microprocessor
(CPU, ALU, Registers) along with the presence of added features like presence of RAM, ROM,

30. 30
I/O ports, counter, etc. Here a microcontroller controls the operation of a machine using fixed
programs stored in ROM that doesn't change with lifetime.
From another view point, the main difference between a typical microprocessor and a micro
controller leaving there architectural specifications is the application area of both the devices.
Typical microprocessors like the Intel Core family or Pentium family processors or similar
processors are in computers as a general purpose programmable device. In its life period it has to
handle many different tasks and programs given to it. On the other hand a micro controllers from
8051 family or PIC family or any other have found there applications in small embedded systems
like some kind of robotic system or a traffic signal control system. Also these devices handle same
task or same program during there complete life cycle. (Best example is of traffic signal control
system).The other difference is that the micro controllers usually has to handle real time tasks
while on the contrary the microprocessors in a computer system may not handle a real time task at
all times.
Figure 5.3 (Structure of microprocessor)

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5.4 PIC microcontroller architecture
The PIC is a high performance single chip computer intended for use in sophisticated real time
applications such as instrumentation, industrial control and computer peripherals. It provides extra
features like interrupts, bit address ability and an enhanced set of instructions, which makes the
chip very powerful and cost effective.
Figure 5.4 Basic Structure of microcontroller

32. 32
5.5 Features of PIC
 High-performance, Low-power PIC16F877A16-bit Microcontroller
 Advanced RISC Architecture
o 130 Powerful Instructions
o Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
o 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
o Fully Static Operation
o Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
o On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
 High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
o 8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
o 512Bytes EEPROM
o 1Kbyte Internal SRAM
o Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
o Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
o Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
 In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
 True Read-While-Write Operation
o Programming Lock for Software Security
 Peripheral Features
o Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode
o One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
o Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
o Three PWM Channels
o 8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
o Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
o 6-channel ADC in PDIP package
o Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy
o Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
o Programmable Serial USART

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o Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
o Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
o On-chip Analog Comparator
 Special Microcontroller Features
o Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
o Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
o External and Internal Interrupt Sources
o Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and
Standby
 I/O and Packages
o 23 Programmable I/O Lines
o 28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF
 Operating Voltages
o 2.7V - 5.5V (PIC16F)
o 4.5V - 5.5V (PIC8F)
 Speed Grades
o 0 - 8MHz (PIC16F)
o 0 - 16MHz (PIC8F)
 Power Consumption at 4Mhz, 3V, 25 C
o Active: 3.6mA
o Idle Mode: 1.0mA
o Power-down Mode: 0.5μA

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5.6 PIN description of PIC (PIC16F877A)
Figure 5.1 (PIN diagram of pic)
VCC- Digital supply voltage.
GND- Ground.
Port B (PB7-PB0)
XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2-
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if
the clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input
to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on
the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as
TOSC2..1input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

35. 35
Port C (PC5..PC0): Port C is an 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET: If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL
Fuse is un-programmed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.. Shorter pulses are
not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
Port D (PD7-PD0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET: Reset input, A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a
reset.
AVCC - AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port C (3-0), and ADC (7-6). It
should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should
be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that Port C (5-4) use digital supply voltage,
VCC.
AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
ADC 7-6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF PackageOnly)
In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7-6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter.
These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

36. 36
CHAPTER 6
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
6.1 Resistor
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals
that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law:
V=IR
Units: The ohm (symbol: Ω) . Commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and
electronic usage are the miliohm(1x10-3), kilo ohm (1x103), and mega ohm (1x106).
Figure 6.1 Resistors
Each color corresponds to a certain digit, progressing from darker to lighter colors, as shown in the
chart at next page.

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Table 6.1-(color band of resistors)
Color
1st
band
2nd
band
3rd band (multiplier) 4th band (tolerance) Temp. Coefficient
Black 0 0 ×100
Brown 1 1 ×101 ±1% (F) 100 ppm
Red 2 2 ×102 ±2% (G) 50 ppm
Orange 3 3 ×103 15 ppm
Yellow 4 4 ×104 25 ppm
Green 5 5 ×105 ±0.5% (D)
Blue 6 6 ×106 ±0.25% (C)
Violet 7 7 ×107 ±0.1% (B)
Gray 8 8 ×108 ±0.05% (A)
White 9 9 ×109
Gold ×10-1 ±5% (J)
Silver ×10-2 ±10% (K)

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6.2 Capacitor
Capacitor is passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a
dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is
present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the
plates.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in
farads.
C = Q / V
Figure 6.2 Different types of capacitors
6.3 Liquid CrystalDisplay:
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying
information such as text, images, and moving pictures. Its uses include monitors for computers,
televisions, instrument panels, and other devices ranging from aircraft cockpit displays, to every-
day consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and
telephones. Among its major features are its lightweight construction, its portability, and its ability
to be produced in much larger screen sizes than are practical for the construction of cathode ray
tube (CRT) display technology. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in
battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of

39. 39
any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or
reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
Figure 6.3 LCD
6.4 Diode
Figure 6.4 Diodes
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes between
which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional electric current
proper.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called
the forward biased condition) and to block the current in the opposite direction (the reverse biased
condition).

40. 40
6.5 Light emitting diode and power supply
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when an electrical
current is applied in the forward direction of the device. LEDs are widely used as indicator lights
on electronic devices and increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and area
lighting.
Figure 6.5 LED and power supply circuit
6.5.1 Operation
During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end A of the transformer secondary
becomes positive with respect to its lower point B. This makes Point1 of bridge positive with
respect to point2. The diode D1 & D2 become forward biased & D3 & D4 become reverse biased.
As a result a current starts flowing from point1, through D1 the load & D2 to the negative end.
During negative half cycle, the point2 becomes positive with respect to point1. DiodeD1 & D2
now become reverse biased.Thus a current flow from point 2 to point 1

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6.6 Transformer
Figure 6.6 Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the first circuit (the primary)
creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the
second circuit (the secondary). By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current
flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other. It is the phenomenon
of mutual induction.
The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a
factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:
Transformers are of two types:
1. Step up transformer
2. Step down transformer

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In power supply we use step down transformer. We apply 220V AC on the primary of step
down transformer. This transformer steps down this voltage to 9V AC. We give this 9 V AC to
rectifier circuit, which convert it to 5V DC.
6.7 LCD interfacing
6.7.1 Pin Configuration
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. The most commonly used LCDs found in the market
today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80
characters
Figure 6.7 Pin Description
8 data pins D7-D0: Bi-directional data/command pins. Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII
format.
RS: RegisterSelect
RS = 0 -> Command Register is selected
RS = 1 -> Data Register is selected
R/W: Reador Write
0 -> Write, 1 -> Read
E: Enable (Latch data)
It used to latch the data present on the data pins. A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the data.
VEE : contrast control.

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6.7.2 DDRAM-Display Data RAM
Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its
extended capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM) that is
not used for display can be used as general data RAM. So whatever you send on the DDRAM is
actually displayed on the LCD.
6.7.3 BF-Busy Flag
Busy Flag is a status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or data to the LCD for
processing, this flag is set (i.e. BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed successfully this
flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact amount of delay. For the LCD
processing. To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be met and The MSB of
the LCD data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy and will not accept next
command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next command or data to process.
6.7.4 Instruction Register(IR) and Data Register(DR)
There are two 8-bit registers controller Instruction and Data register. Instruction register
corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g. LCD shift command, LCD
clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which is to be displayed on LCD.
When send the enable signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the pins is latched in to the data
register and data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM and hence is displayed on the LCD.

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CHAPTER 7
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 Software startup
To start MPLAB IDE, double click on the icon installed on the desktop after installation or
select Start>Programs>Microchip MPLAB IDE vx.x>MPLAB IDE vx.x. A screen
Figure 7.1 Startup Window
In order to create code that is executable by the target PIC micro MCU, source files need to be
put into a project. The code can then be built into executable code using selected language tools
(assemblers, compilers, linkers, etc.). In MPLAB IDE, the project manager controls this process.

45. 45
All projects will have these basic steps:
• Select Device
The capabilities of MPLAB IDE vary according to which device is selected. Device selection
should be completed before starting a project.
• Create Project
MPLAB Project Wizard will be used to create the Project.
• Select Language Tools
In the Project Wizard the language tools will be selected. For this tutorial, the built-in assembler
and linker will be used. For other projects one of the Microchip compilers or other third party tools
might be selected.
• Put Files in Project
Two files will be put into the project, a template file and a linker script. Both of these exist in sub-
folders within the MPLAB IDE folder. Using these two files it is easy to get started.
• Create Code
Some code will be added to the template file to send an incrementing value out an I/O port.
• Build Project
The project will be built – causing the source files to be assembled and linked into machine code
that can run on the selected PIC micro MCU.
• Test Code with Simulator
Finally, the code will be tested with the simulator.
The Project Wizard will easily guide us through most of these steps.

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7.2 Selecting the device
To show menu selections in this document, the menu item from the top row in MPLAB IDE will
be shown after the menu name like this Menu Name>Menu Item. To choose the Select Device
entry in the Configure menu, it would be written as Configure>Select Device.
Choose Configure>Select Device.
Figure 7.2 Device Selecting window.
7.3 Creating the project
The next step is to create a project using the Project Wizard. A project is the way the files are
organized to be compiled and assembled. We will use a single assembly file for this project and a
linker script.
Choose Project>Project Wizard.
From the welcome dialog, click on Next> to advance.
The next dialog (Step One) allows you to select the device, which we’ve already done. Make sure
that it says PIC16F877A. If it does not, select the PIC16F877A from the drop down menu. Click
Next>.

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Figure 7.3 Project creation windows
7.4 Adding Files to the Project
Step Four of the Project Wizard allows file selection for the project. A source file has not yet been
selected, so we will use an MPLAB IDE template file. The template files are simple files
Figure 7.4 Project adding window.

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that can be used to start a project. They have the essential sections for any source file, and contain
information that will help you write and organize your code. These files are in the MPLAB IDE
folder, which by default is in the Program Files folder on the PC. There is one template file for
each Microchip PIC micro and ds PIC device. Choose the file named f452tmpo.asm. If MPLAB
IDE is installed in the default location, the full path to the file will be:
C:Program FilesMPLAB IDEMCHIP_ToolsTEMPLATEObjectf452tmpo.asm
Press Add>> to move the file name to the right panel, and click on the check box at the start of the
line with the file name to enable this file to be copied to our project directory. Next, add the second
file for our project, the linker script. There is a linker script for each device. These files define the
memory configuration and register names for the various parts. The linker scripts are in the folder
named LKR under the MCHIP_Tools folder. Use the file named 18F452.lkr. The full path is:
C:Program FilesMPLAB IDEMCHIP_ToolsLKR18F452.lkr
7.5 Building the project
From the Project menu, we can assemble and link the current files. They don’t have any of our
code in them yet, but this assures that the project is set up correctly.
Figure 7.5 Project building windows

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To build the project, select either:
• Project>Build All
• Right-click on the project name in the project window and select Build All
• Click the Build All icon on the Project toolbar. Hover the mouse over icons to see pop-up text of
what they represent.
The Output window shows the result of the build process. There should be no errors on any step.
In order to test the code, software or hardware is needed that will execute the PICmicro
instructions. A debug execution tool is a hardware or software tool that is used to inspect code as it
Figure 7.6 Output Window.
executes a program (in this case cnt452.asm). Hardware tools such as MPLAB ICE or MPLAB
ICD 2 can execute code in real devices. If hardware is not available, the MPLAB simulator can be
used to test the code. For this tutorial use MPLAB SIM simulator. The simulator is a software
program that runs on the PC to simulate the instructions of the PICmicro MCU. It does not run in
“real time,” since the simulator program is dependent upon the speed of the PC, the complexity of
the code, overhead from the operating system and how many other tasks are running. However, the
simulator accurately measures the time it would take to execute the code if it were operating in real
time in an application.

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CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS
When some technology comes to be used at practical level it happens to cherish both plus as
well as minus points of its own. But sometimes technology may be positive in itself but its
application can be misused. Before we go ahead to give space to any technology in our house or
work place we should have pre-estimates of its fall outs.
8.1 The positive aspects ofthe tracking system can be summarized as follows:
I. Core benefit of tracking vehicle is that one can monitor one’s vehicle from a distance
whether on individual or commercial level. It helps busy parents to keep a watch on the
children even from their office and control their roaming here and there. Thus can put a
check on their rash driving. This gives immense relief to business owners as it gives them
information about the misuse of company vehicle or delay in delivering services or driver’s
violation of speed code, if any. All this keeps a check on wastage of fuel, time and ensures
the better services. With the use of this technology one need not enquire the location of the
vehicle by phone again and again. One can get all the required details just by a click on the
internet. Map on the screen displays the position of vehicle at a particular time.
II. In view of long journeys and night journeys by car the technology can provide a safety
network to the person in condition of emergency. It can cut time of journey short by
providing the information regarding location, speed, distance from the destination leading
to best route planning.
III. Best feature of the technology is that it is easy to use. just an automated unit is needed to be
installed in the vehicle and connected to the centre which may be provided by some
company. This instrument is monitored by the GPS tracking company which keeps all the
records or its customer’s locations. All details of location etc are communicated to the user
by cell phone or internet connection. Increasing productivity of your mobile workers.
IV. It helps monitoring employee driving habits and activities.
V. Helps you locate your employees are on-the-road.
VI. Helps you verify the employee time sheet.
VII. Helps you in monitoring all your vehicles.

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VIII. Helps you in timely delivery of the consignments
IX. Helps you monitor the vehicle speeds
X. Helps you in tracking the movement of vehicles on the road
8.2 The negative aspects of the tracking system can be summarized as follows:
No technology is free from dark areas. This technology helps monitoring vehicles and
children as well and ensures increased productivity at commercial level and safety at personal
level. But at the same time it encroaches the privacy of the individual. The liberty of the person
gets restricted. This may lead to business owner to measure the performance of the employee by
these stats only and there leaves no room for human analysis.
Thus technology carries its whites and blues. It depends on the user how to make it.
8.3 Applications
I. Commercial fleet operators are by far the largest users of vehicle tracking systems. These
systems are used for operational functions such as routing, security, dispatch and collecting
on-board information.
II. These systems are also used in consumer vehicles as devices for preventing theft and
retrieving stolen/lost vehicles. The signal sent out by the installed device help the police to
track the vehicle. These tracking systems can be used as an alternative for traditional car
alarms or in combination with it. Installing tracking systems can thus bring down the
insurance costs for your vehicle by reducing the risk factor.
III. Vehicle Tracking systems often have several alternatives, like sending automatic alerts to a
phone or email if the vehicle is moved without due authorization. They can also work as
one layer of several combined security measures.
IV. Apart from security concerns, the tracking systems can also help users such as taxi services
to improve their customer service. The systems enable the operators to identify the empty
taxis and direct the nearest one to pick up the customer.
V. Vehicle tracking systems can also be applied for monitoring driving behavior for both
commercial and individual situations. Parents for instance can use tracking devices to keep
an eye on their teenage son’s driving.
VI. The applications for this project are in military, navigation, automobiles, aircrafts, fleet
management, remote monitoring, remote control, security systems, teleservices, etc.

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Some main advantages of implementing this system are as follows:
 Fleet monitoring
 Vehicle scheduling
 Route monitoring
 Driver monitoring
 Accident analysis
 Geo-fencing geo-coding
I. This program is highly sensitive to the camera position and the environment, so a
considerable amount of tuning has to be done each time a new video is taken or
camera position is changed and even more so if the video is of an entirely new
environment.
II. The other limitation is the traffic problem, the program will not able to detect which
vehicle to track if it finds some vehicle in the -6*step_y and +6*step_y of the current
guess. If the nearby vehicle is same as the one in the model. As in our data images if
we bring maruti-800 near the car than the probability of error increases manifolds.
III. If there is noise in the edge detected image, we can't really track the vehicle. What is
meant by noise is that if some humans are coming near to the car then the edge
detected image will have the edges of that human or animal or tree, then the program
will try to match those edges with the car model. The program might treat this match
as a success but really it will be off the track.
IV. We could not model the curves in the maruti-800, like in some images the driver and
the steering can be seen, but we could not find a solution for that. Also the body of the
Maruti can be best modeled as combination of curves and the lines.
V. Also if distance between the vehicle positions in the two consecutive frames is too
much then this tracking program can't detect the vehicle in the second frame and will
try to track it in the subsequent frame.
VI. The main limitation of the software is the real time implementation, this can’t be
implemented with this much time efficiency in any of the real time applications. This
limitation is mainly due to the processing time.

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CHAPTER 9
RESULT ANALYSIS
We a team of 4 members have successfully completed our Project on Tracking Down Vehicle
and Locking it remotely using GPS and GSM technologies.
We first tried to understand the working of our project through the schematic and then we
proceeded to build the circuit as per the schematic. Initially we faced few problems with the GPS
modem, as it won’t work efficiently inside buildings. And also the GSM modem suffered problems
with the coverage area of the Mobile Service Provider. So, we used Airtel as it has maximum
coverage area. In order to solve this problem we can use dedicated servers and purchasing satellite
space so that we can track down the vehicle anytime and anywhere.
The overall developed circuit looks as in the following figure:
The above circuit works mainly by receiving messages from a mobile phone. There are three
messages/commands by which we can track and control the vehicle. They are,
 TRACK
 LOCKD
 NLOCK
1. TRACK: Initiates the GPS modem and receives the Latitude and Longitude position and
this information will be sent to the mobile from which it received the message.
2. LOCKD: When this message is sent, then the Microcontroller initiates the motor which is
located in between the passage of fuel to stop and which in turn stops the vehicle.
3. NLOCK: This command makes the motor to start again so that the vehicle starts running.
This project can further be crafted by restricting the usage of limited mobile numbers to get
access to the device. This can be made by altering the program.
The message which is sent to the mobile will be as shown in the following figure.
With the knowledge in Electronics and Communications we have successfully completed our
project with perfect results.

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CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
The project titled “tracing down the vehicle using GSM and satellite communication” is a
model for vehicle tracking unit with the help of gps receivers and GSM modem. Vehicle Tracking
System resulted in improving overall productivity with better fleet management that in turn offers
better return on your investments. Better scheduling or route planning can enable you handle larger
jobs loads within a particular time. Vehicle tracking both in case of personal as well as business
purpose improves safety and security, communication medium, performance monitoring and
increases productivity. So in the coming year, it is going to play a major role in our day-to-day
living.
We have completed the project as per the requirements of our project. Finally the aim of the project
i.e. to trace the vehicle is successfully achieved.
10.1 Future Scope
 We can use the EEPROM to store the previous Navigating positions up to 256 locations and we
can navigate up to N number of locations by increasing its memory.
 We can reduce the size of the kit by using GPS+GSM on the same module.
 We can increase the accuracy up to 3m by increasing the cost of the GPS receivers.
 We can use our kit for detection of bomb by connecting to the bomb detector.
 With the help of high sensitivity vibration sensors we can detect the accident.
 Whenever vehicle unexpectedly had an accident on the road with help of vibration sensor we
can detect the accident and we can send the location to the owner, hospital and police.
 We can use our kit to assist the traffic. By keeping the kits in the entire vehicles and by knowing
the locations of all the vehicles.
 If anybody steals our car we can easily find our car around the globe. By keeping vehicle
positioning vehicle on the vehicle.

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CHAPTER 11
APPENDICES
11.1 Appendix # 1 Programming of LCD
program VEHICLE_LOCK
' Lcd module connections
dim LCD_RS as sbit at RC2_bit
LCD_EN as sbit at RC3_bit
LCD_D4 as sbit at RC4_bit
LCD_D5 as sbit at RC5_bit
LCD_D6 as sbit at RD0_bit
LCD_D7 as sbit at RD1_bit
LCD_RS_Direction as sbit at TRISC2_bit
LCD_EN_Direction as sbit at TRISC3_bit
LCD_D4_Direction as sbit at TRISC4_bit
LCD_D5_Direction as sbit at TRISC5_bit
LCD_D6_Direction as sbit at TRISD0_bit
LCD_D7_Direction as sbit at TRISD1_bit
' End Lcd module connections
11.2 Appendix # 2 Programming of module
' set of AT commands
const atc0 = "AT" ' every GPS comand starts with "AT"
'const atc1 = "ATE0" ' disable echo
' sms AT commands
const atm1 = "AT+CMGF=1" ' Command for setting SMS text mode

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const atm2 = "AT+CMGR=1" ' Command for reading message from location 1 from
inbox
const atm3 = "AT+CMGD=1" ' Erasing all messages from inbox
' responses to parse
const GPS_OK = 0
const RELAY_OK = 1
dim parse_type,sendsms as byte ' Determins parsing type, OK response or SMS
message
dim relay_no as byte[3] ' Message that contains relay number
dim relay,i,x,y as byte ' Relay number
dim gps_state as byte
dim response_rcvd as byte
dim responseID, response as short
dim t0,t1,temp0 as word
dim tt0 as string[15]
dim txt1 as char[15]
txt2 as char[15]
txt3 as char[15]
txt4 as char[15]
lstatus as char[10]
' uart rx interrupt handler
sub procedure interrupt()
dim tmp as byte
if (PIR1.RCIF = 1) then ' do we have uart rx interrupt request?
tmp = UART1_Read() 'get received byte
if(parse_type=RELAY_OK)then ' Parsing received message
select case gps_state
case 0
response = -1 ' clear response
if (tmp = "C") then ' we have "R"
gps_state = 10 ' expecting "e"
end if

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case 10
if (tmp = "A") then ' we have "e"
gps_state = 11 ' expecting "l"
else
gps_state = 0 ' reset state machine
end if
case 11
if (tmp = "R") then ' we have "l"
gps_state = 12 ' expecting "a"
else
gps_state = 0 ' reset state machine
end if
case 12
if (tmp = "O") then ' we have "a"
gps_state = 13 ' expecting "y"
else
gps_state = 0 ' reset state machine
end if
case 13
if (tmp = "F") then ' we have "y"
gps_state = 14 ' expecting first digit
else
gps_state = 0 ' reset state machine
end if
case 14
relay_no[0] = tmp ' setting first digit into array
gps_state = 15 ' expecting second digit
case 15
relay_no[1] = tmp ' setting first digit into array
relay_no[2] = 0 ' setting null
response = RELAY_OK ' we have relay response
response_rcvd = 1 ' set reception flag

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responseID = response ' set response ID
gps_state = 0 ' reset state machine
case else ' unwanted character
gps_state = 0 ' reset state machine
end select
end if
end if
end sub
' send ATC command
sub procedure send_atc(dim const s as ^char)
while(s^ <> 0)
UART1_Write(s^)
inc(s)
wend
UART1_Write(0x0D)
end sub
' get GPS response, if there is any
sub function get_response() as short
if (response_rcvd <> 0) then
response_rcvd = 0
result = responseID
else
result = -1
end if
end sub
' wait for GPS response
sub procedure wait_response(dim const rspns as byte)
while (get_response() <> rspns)
wend
end sub
' pause
sub procedure wait()

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Delay_ms(3000)
end sub
' Converting relay number text into byte
sub function Get_Relay_Number() as byte
dim rn as byte
if(relay_no[0] = 48)then ' If first number is 0
rn = relay_no[1]-48
result = rn
exit
end if
if(relay_no[0] = 49)then ' If first number is 1
rn = relay_no[1]-38
result = rn
end if
end sub
main:
parse_type = GPS_OK
'ADCON1 = 0x0F ' All AN pins as digitall
'CMCON = 0x07 ' Turn off comparators
ADCON1 = 0X80
TRISA = 0xff
' set RTS pin to zero, we will use only RX i TX
'TRISE = 0
'PORTE = 0
TRISB = 0xFF
TRISC = 0
TRISD = 0xF0
'enable uart rx interrupt
RCIE_bit = 1
PEIE_bit = 1
GIE_bit = 1
portd.2=0

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Lcd_Init() ' Initialize Lcd
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR) ' Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF) ' Cursor off
Lcd_Out(1,4,"FINAL YEAR") ' Write text in first row
Lcd_Out(2,4,"PROJECT") ' Write text in second row
Delay_ms(2000)
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR) ' Clear display
Lcd_Out(1,1,"GPS GPS VEHICLE") ' Write text in first row
Lcd_Out(2,1,"TRACK & FUEL LOCK")
Delay_ms(2000)
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR)
Lcd_Out(1,6,"GPS") ' Write text in first row
Lcd_Out(2,4,"TESTING....")
UART1_init(9600) ' initialize USART module
Wait() ' wait for the GPS module to initialize it self
' negotiate baud rate
for i=0 to 10
send_atc(@atc0) ' send "AT" string until gps sets up its baud rade
Delay_ms(500) ' and gets it correctly
'if (get_response() = GPS_OK) then ' if gps says "OK" on our baud rate we got it
' break
' end if
'wend
next i
' disable command echo
'send_atc(@atc1)
'wait_response(GPS_OK)
' set text mode
for i=0 to 10
send_atc(@atm1)
Delay_ms(1000)
next i

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for i=0 to 10
send_atc(@atm2)
Delay_ms(1000)
next i
for i=0 to 10
send_atc(@atm3)
Delay_ms(500)
next i
Lcd_Out(1,1,"SYSTEM READY TO") ' Write text in first row
Lcd_Out(2,1,"RECEIVE DATA....")
while TRUE
IF PORTB.7=0 THEN
sendsms=2
Lcd_Out(1,1,"CAR LOCK OPEN ") ' Write text in first row
Lcd_Out(2,1,"MESSAGE SENT")
ELSE
sendsms=0
'GOTO CHECK1
END IF
if(sendsms=2) then
UART1_Write_Text("AT+CMGF=1")
UART1_Write(13)
UART1_Write(10)
Delay_ms(2000)
UART1_Write_Text("AT+CMGS=")
UART1_Write(0x22)
UART1_Write_Text("+919458564328")
Delay_ms(100)
UART1_Write(0x22)
UART1_Write(13)
UART1_Write(10)

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Delay_ms(1000)
UART1_Write_Text("CAR")
UART1_Write_Text(" LOCK")
UART1_Write_Text(" OPEN")
UART1_Write_Text(gps)
UART1_Write(0x0D)
UART1_Write(26)
UART1_Write(0x0D)
sendsms = 0
END IF
parse_type = RELAY_OK
send_atc(@atm2) ' Read SMS message on location 1
if (get_response() = RELAY_OK) then ' If we have OK response
relay = Get_Relay_Number() ' Get relay number
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR)
Lcd_Out(1,1,"MESSAGE RECEIVED")
DELAY_MS(1000)
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR)
if(relay = 1) then ' If relay number is less or equal 8
if PORTD.2=0 then
PORTD.2=1 ' Toggle relay on PORTD
Lcd_Out(1,1,"IGNITION LOCK ")
sendsms=2
if(sendsms=2) then
UART1_Write_Text("AT+CMGF=1")
UART1_Write(13)
UART1_Write(10)
Delay_ms(2000)
UART1_Write_Text("AT+CMGS=")
UART1_Write(0x22)
UART1_Write_Text("+919458564328")

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Delay_ms(100)
UART1_Write(0x22)
UART1_Write(13)
UART1_Write(10)
Delay_ms(1000)
UART1_Write_Text("IGNITION")
UART1_Write_Text(" LOCKED")
UART1_Write_Text(gps)
UART1_Write(0x0D)
UART1_Write(26)
UART1_Write(0x0D)
sendsms = 0
END IF
else
PORTD.2=0
Lcd_Out(1,1,"FUEL ON ")
end if
END IF
while TRUE ' Make sure that we deleted messages
parse_type = GPS_OK
send_atc(@atm3) ' Delete all messages
if (get_response() = GPS_OK) then ' If messages are deleted
break ' break from while
end if
wait()
wend
end if
wait()
wend
end.

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12. REFERENCES
1. Kunal Maurya , Mandeep Singh, Neelu Jain, “Real Time Vehicle Tracking System using
GSM and GPS Technology- An Anti-theft Tracking System,” International Journal of
Electronics and Computer Science Engineering. ISSN 2277-1956/V1N3-1103-1107
2. Chen, H., Chiang, Y. Chang, F., H. Wang, H. (2010). Toward Real-Time Precise Point
Positioning: Differential GPS Based on IGS Ultra Rapid Product,SICE Annual Conference,
The Grand Hotel, Taipei, Taiwan August 18-21.
3. Asaad M. J. Al-Hindawi, Ibraheem Talib, “Experimentally Evaluation of GPS/GSM Based
System Design”, Journal of Electronic Systems Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012
4. Chen Peijiang, Jiang Xuehua, “Design and Implementation of Remote monitoring system
based on GSM,” vol.42, pp.167-175. 2008.
5. V.Ramya, B. Palaniappan, K. Karthick, “Embedded Controller for Vehicle In-Front Obstacle
Detection and Cabin Safety Alert System”, International Journal of Computer Science &
Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 4, No 2, April 2012.
6. Vikram Kulkarni & Viswaprakash Babu, “embedded smart car security system on face
detection’, special issue of IJCCT, ISSN(Online):2231-0371, ISSN(Print):0975-
7449,volume-3, issue-1
7. Kai-Tai Song, Chih-Chieh Yang, of National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, “Front
Vehicle Tracking Using Scene Analysis”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference
on Mechatronics & Automation 2005.
8. Albert Alexe, R.Ezhilarasie, “Cloud Computing Based Vehicle Tracking Information
Systems”, ISSN: 2229 - 4333 ( Print) | ISSN: 0976 - 8491 (Online ) IJCST Vol. 2, Iss ue 1,
March 2011
9. R.Ramani, S.Selvaraju, S.Valarmathy, R.Thangam B.Rajasekaran, “water-level monitor for
bore well and water tank based on GSM”, International Journal of engineering science and
technology (IJEST), ISSN: 0975-5462, volume4-N0:10, october2012