Particulate Matter Adjacent to Cattle Deep-Bedded Monoslope Facilities
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Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67704 Confined cattle facilities are an increasingly common housing system in the Northern Great Plains region. Many of these facilities add organic bedding material to the pens once or twice per week. Particulate matter concentrations and emissions from these facilities have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to quantify particulate matter concentration adjacent to a deep-bedded monoslope facility housing cattle and to compare the concentrations during normal operation and a bedding event.
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Particulate Matter Adjacent to Cattle Deep-Bedded Monoslope Facilities
- 1. Particulate matter adjacent to cattle deep-bedded monoslope facilities Mindy J. Spiehs April 4, 2013 Waste to Worth Denver, CO
- 2. Project Overview • Project is part of USDA AFRI Air Quality Grant – South Dakota State University – Iowa State University – Livestock Poultry and Environmental Learning Center – USDA ARS • Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE • Cotton Production and Processing Research Unit, Lubbock, TX
- 5. Bedding and manure management • Producers manage bedding/manure two ways: – Allow a bedded pack to accumulate in center or pen – Scrape and haul all bedding and manure weekly • Manure may be stored under roof in manure bay or in outdoor pile until land applied • Fresh bedding added to pack 1 – 2 times per week
- 6. Purpose of Air Quality Grant • Gather baseline emission data from beef confinement barns • Evaluate 2 manure handling systems Weekly Scrape and Haul South Dakota Sites Bedpack Iowa Sites
- 7. Monitoring Weather • On-site weather station measured – Wind direction – Wind speed – Ambient air temperature – Relative humidity
- 8. Monitoring the Barns • Two barns in South Dakota and two barns in Iowa were monitored – Two mobile instrument trailers were rotated between the barns – Continuous gas measurements were taken from each barn for one month each season for two years • Two air inlets on the south side of the barn and six air inlets on the north side of the barn continuously collected air samples to analyze for – Ammonia – Hydrogen sulfide – Methane – Carbon dioxide – Nitrous oxide • Particulate matter was monitored periodically
- 9. Monitoring Particulate Matter • South Dakota Sites – Measured using Minivols – Collected baseline emission data • Iowa Site – Measured using Lo-Vol Particulate Air Samplers – Collected baseline emission data – Evaluated particulate matter concentration relative to management events
- 10. Objective • Compare particulate matter concentration adjacent to a deep-bedded monoslope facility during normal operation and a bedding event.
- 11. Sampling procedure • Lo-Vol Particulate Samplers – Three placed 4.6 m (15 ft) from the north side of the building – Three placed 4.6 m (15 ft) from the south side of the building – 36.6 m (120 ft) between the samplers on each side • Average sampler flow rate was 16.7 L/min.
- 13. Sampling procedure • Each sampler contained pre-weighed filters • At the end of the sampling period, filters were collected and sent to USDA ARS Cotton Production and Processing Research Unit, Lubbock, TX to determine total suspended particles (TSP). • Samples were collected over two five-day periods – April 28 – May 5, 2011 – June 24 – July 1, 2011 • Each sample period included three 24-hr collections during normal operation and two 3-hr collections during a bedding event
- 14. Statistical Analysis • Data were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED to determine differences between sampling events (Bedding vs. Normal Operation) and sampling periods (April – May vs. June – July) • No event by sampling period interaction was detected (P = 0.1794) • No significant difference between sampling periods was detected (P = 0.1807)
- 15. Results
- 16. Bedding Event Prevailing South wind Bedding Event Prevailing North wind
- 17. Bedding Event Slight south wind Bedding Event Wind changed direction during sampling
- 18. Average Concentrations • Average 24-hr TSP concentration on days of normal operation was 58.6 ± 3.9 µg/m3 • Average 3-hr particulate matter concentration during a bedding event was 702.2 ± 266.1 µg/m3 • TSP significantly higher during bedding events compared to normal operations (P = 0.0040)
- 19. Conclusions • In general, particulate matter concentrations adjacent to the deep-bedded monoslope facility were lower than previously reported for open lot feedlots. • Concentrations of TSP were higher during the 3-hr bedding event than during normal operation but quickly return to baseline levels following bedding event.
- 20. Thank You!
Notes de l'éditeur
- The primary monoslope air quality project is funded by a USDA AFRI Air Quality Grant that includes researchers from South Dakota State University, Iowa State University, the Livestock Poultry and Environmental Learning Center, and the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Clay Center, NE. The project that will be discussed today is a sub-project of the overall grant and included ARS researchers from the USDA Cotton Production and Processing Research Unit in Lubbock, TX, who study particulate matter associated with cotton ginning.
- Currently CERCLA reports use a single value for ammonia and hydrogen sulfide based on summertime measurements from open feedlots in four states (some Southern). This probably is not reflective of deep-bedded barns. Beef cattle barns were not included in the original NAEMS project so accurate emission data is not available for beef cattle confinement barns. Manure handling systems include: weekly total scrape (no deep pack) vs deep-pack/clean around edges weekly
- Monitoring was continuous every other month over 2 years to get at seasonal trends and changes in the animal growth cycle. There were be two pens monitored per barn. PM 10 is what can get into esophagus. PM 2.5 is what can settle at the bottom of the lungs.
- To monitor particulate matter, Minivols were used periodically at both South Dakota barn sites to collect baseline emission data. We did not have sufficient equipment to monitor the Iowa sites using Minivols. But we did want to gather some baseline data from the bedpack barns and to evaluate particulate matter concentration relative to management events such as bedding. That lead to this sub-project in collaboration with our colleagues at the ARS Cotton Production and Processing Research Unit in Lubbock, TX.
- This consists of three Lo-Vol units placed at the front and3 Lo-Vol units placed back of the barn. Air was drawn into the unit and dust captured on a pre-weighed filtered paper within the unit. These filters are then weighed back and calculated to determine the level of PM 10 and PM 2.5
- Shown on this data slide are the TSP concentrations for each of the six sampling locations during the April 28 – May 5 sampling period. Samplers located on the north side of the barn are shown in blue and those located on the south side of the barn are shown in red. Average concentration over the 24 hour normal operation period are shown on April 28, May 4, and May 5 th . Three hour bedding events are shown on April 29 and May 2. The concentration of TSP during the 3 hr bedding event are clearly higher than during hours of normal operation. The average windspeed on April 29 th was 6.49 m/s. On May 2, average wind speed through the barn was 7.01 m/s.
- This is a chart of the TSP concentrations during the June 24 – July 1 sampling event. Bedding events occurred on June 24 and June 28. Twenty-four hour samples during hours of normal operation occurred on June 29, June 30, and July 1 st . As with the previous sampling period, we see significantly higher TSP concentrations during the bedding events compared to the hours of normal operation. On June 24 th , there was a slight south wind at only about 1.9 m/s moving through the barn. June 28 th was an interesting sampling day. The wind happened to changed direction during the 3 hour sampling period. On interesting thing to note about the bedding events, is that these elevated concentrations of TSP are very short-lived. Observe the June 29 th sampling period, less than 24 hours after bedding has been added to the barn, there is very little TSP emitted from the barns.
- Typical openlot feedlot particulate matter is 410 ug/m3.