Kentucky Politics -- Spring 2016

““I never met aI never met a
Kentuckian whoKentuckian who
wasnwasn’’t goingt going
home.home.””

Kentucky GubernatorialKentucky Gubernatorial
Politics: 1899-1979Politics: 1899-1979
(Or: How We Came To Be(Or: How We Came To Be
Only Slightly Better thanOnly Slightly Better than
Arkansas & Mississippi)Arkansas & Mississippi)

Major (Print) SourcesMajor (Print) Sources

Albert BenjaminAlbert Benjamin ““HappyHappy””
Chandler (1899-1991)Chandler (1899-1991)
 Two-term governor (1935,Two-term governor (1935, ’’55;55;
failedfailed ’’63,63, ’’67,67, ’’7171))
 U.S. senator (1939-45)U.S. senator (1939-45)
 Major League BaseballMajor League Baseball
Commissioner (1945-50)Commissioner (1945-50)
 Flirt with Dixiecrats in E of 1948Flirt with Dixiecrats in E of 1948
 DemocratDemocrat ““Favorite SonFavorite Son”” inin
E of 1956E of 1956
 UK trustee and board chairUK trustee and board chair

Characteristics of KentuckyCharacteristics of Kentucky
 Diverse GeographyDiverse Geography
 ““Two KentuckysTwo Kentuckys””

Diverse GeographyDiverse Geography
Appalachia to theAppalachia to the
Jackson PurchaseJackson Purchase

““Two KentuckysTwo Kentuckys””
Golden TriangleGolden Triangle
 AffluentAffluent
 Somewhat DiverseSomewhat Diverse
 Somewhat EducatedSomewhat Educated
 Power in Economics, NotPower in Economics, Not
PoliticsPolitics
 Produced Few GovernorsProduced Few Governors
(Augustus E. Wilson;(Augustus E. Wilson;
Lawrence Wetherby; John Y.Lawrence Wetherby; John Y.
Brown Jr.; Ernie Fletcher)Brown Jr.; Ernie Fletcher)
 New Louisville-Lexington Axis?New Louisville-Lexington Axis?

““Two KentuckysTwo Kentuckys””
The Rest of the StateThe Rest of the State
 More GovernorsMore Governors
 Eastern KentuckyEastern Kentucky
 Exploited; exported wealth – coal, timber & peopleExploited; exported wealth – coal, timber & people
 Southern KentuckySouthern Kentucky
 WhereWhere’’s that?s that?
 Few Political Leaders (Rep. Dr. Tim Lee Carter;Few Political Leaders (Rep. Dr. Tim Lee Carter;
Louie NunnLouie Nunn ““The CourageousThe Courageous”” & The Nunn Nickel)& The Nunn Nickel)
 Western KentuckyWestern Kentucky
 Southern TemperamentSouthern Temperament
 AgrarianAgrarian

The Glue that Held KentuckyThe Glue that Held Kentucky
Together in the 20th CenturyTogether in the 20th Century
 PoliticsPolitics
 The Courier-JournalThe Courier-Journal (KET)(KET)
 Big Blue (and sometimes UK;Big Blue (and sometimes UK;
governor as BOT chair; $50Kgovernor as BOT chair; $50K
trustees)trustees)

Characteristics of KentuckyCharacteristics of Kentucky’’ss
20th-Century Political Landscape20th-Century Political Landscape
 Suspicious of Institutional Education (Especially Rural)Suspicious of Institutional Education (Especially Rural)
 Belief in Their Own MythsBelief in Their Own Myths
 ““Little KingdomsLittle Kingdoms””
 Roads, Roads, RoadsRoads, Roads, Roads
 Heavy Influence of ReligionHeavy Influence of Religion
 SlaverySlavery’’s Stain (Absence of strong ethnic politics;s Stain (Absence of strong ethnic politics;
Kentucky Irish AmericanKentucky Irish American;; Louisville DefenderLouisville Defender))
 BasketballBasketball
 Antiquated and Burdensome Constitution; strongAntiquated and Burdensome Constitution; strong
executive, “immature” General Assemblyexecutive, “immature” General Assembly
 Poor Entrepreneurial Climate; Limited Creative ClassPoor Entrepreneurial Climate; Limited Creative Class
 Gubernatorial Election of 1899Gubernatorial Election of 1899

Characteristics of Political Landscape:Characteristics of Political Landscape:
Suspicion of InstitutionalSuspicion of Institutional
EducationEducation
 Perceived threat toPerceived threat to
native cultural values.native cultural values.
 No effort -- political orNo effort -- political or
philanthropic -- tophilanthropic -- to
found great state (orfound great state (or
private) universities.private) universities.

Belief in KentuckyBelief in Kentucky’’s Mythss Myths
 Daniel Boone ImageDaniel Boone Image
 Rugged, proud, self-Rugged, proud, self-
dependentdependent
 Tug Fork FeudTug Fork Feud
 Resist cooperation andResist cooperation and
collective action (regionalcollective action (regional
healthcare, consolidatedhealthcare, consolidated
schools)schools)
 About a generationAbout a generation
behind the rest of thebehind the rest of the
U.S.U.S.

““120 Little Kingdoms120 Little Kingdoms””
 Many founded with graftMany founded with graft
corruption & briberycorruption & bribery
 County machines (MarieCounty machines (Marie
Turner of Breathitt County;Turner of Breathitt County;
EmersonEmerson ““DocDoc”” BeauchampBeauchamp
of Logan County)of Logan County)
 Provincialism & xenophobiaProvincialism & xenophobia
 Impeded conditions forImpeded conditions for
progress governmentprogress government
 Beckham & HenriettaBeckham & Henrietta
countiescounties

Roads, Roads, RoadsRoads, Roads, Roads
 Power of the HighwayPower of the Highway
Commissioner – Jobs,Commissioner – Jobs,
Jobs, JobsJobs, Jobs
 Often obscured importantOften obscured important
issues in campaignsissues in campaigns
(Kentucky Turnpike &(Kentucky Turnpike &
E ofE of ’’55)55)
 Isolated EasternIsolated Eastern
KentuckyKentucky
 Before 1960: 17,000 milesBefore 1960: 17,000 miles
of single- or two-lane roadof single- or two-lane road
in region – 9,000 of whichin region – 9,000 of which
were either gravel or mudwere either gravel or mud

Heavy Influence of ReligionHeavy Influence of Religion
 Preponderance ofPreponderance of
Christian churchesChristian churches
with evangelical andwith evangelical and
fundamentalistfundamentalist
leaningsleanings
 Mainline ChristianMainline Christian
churches and otherchurches and other
faiths had littlefaiths had little
influence outside ofinfluence outside of
thethe ““Golden TriangleGolden Triangle””

SlaverySlavery’’s Stains Stain
 More subtle thanMore subtle than
““Mississippi BurningMississippi Burning””
 Permeated education,Permeated education,
politics & societypolitics & society
 Kentucky IrishKentucky Irish
AmericanAmerican (1898-1968)(1898-1968)
 Louisville DefenderLouisville Defender
 Gov. Edwin MorrowGov. Edwin Morrow
 Kentucky CommissionKentucky Commission
on Human Rightson Human Rights

BasketballBasketball
 Present in everyPresent in every
county, city & towncounty, city & town
 Fed strong sense ofFed strong sense of
parochialismparochialism
 Camouflaged stateCamouflaged state’’ss
problemsproblems

Poor Entrepreneurial Climate;Poor Entrepreneurial Climate;
Limited Creative ClassLimited Creative Class

Constitution of 1891Constitution of 1891
 Previous: 1792; 1799; 1850Previous: 1792; 1799; 1850
 Suspicious of PowerSuspicious of Power
 Counties: 400 square milesCounties: 400 square miles
 Governor: Could not succeed himself (until 1992)Governor: Could not succeed himself (until 1992)
 Split Governor and Lieutenant Governor (until 1992)Split Governor and Lieutenant Governor (until 1992)
 Governor lost authority when out of state (until 1992)Governor lost authority when out of state (until 1992)
 Constitutional Offices (governor, lieutenant governor, attorneyConstitutional Offices (governor, lieutenant governor, attorney
general, state auditor, agriculture commission, state treasurer,general, state auditor, agriculture commission, state treasurer,
secretary of state, superintendent of public instruction)secretary of state, superintendent of public instruction)
 $5000 Salary Limit – 1949 Amendment to Keep Coach Rupp$5000 Salary Limit – 1949 Amendment to Keep Coach Rupp
 Judicial Help – salaries and 1989 education decision (KERA)Judicial Help – salaries and 1989 education decision (KERA)
 Oath of OfficeOath of Office

Governor vs. Immature LegislatureGovernor vs. Immature Legislature
 Governor: Single ticket, no ticket until 1992Governor: Single ticket, no ticket until 1992
 Governor: Appointed or blessed legislative leadership until 1980Governor: Appointed or blessed legislative leadership until 1980
Session (Gov. John Y. Brown Jr.)Session (Gov. John Y. Brown Jr.)
 General Assembly: No staff until 1948; Annex opened in 1950General Assembly: No staff until 1948; Annex opened in 1950
 General Assembly: Dominated by Democrats until late-1990sGeneral Assembly: Dominated by Democrats until late-1990s
 General Assembly: Met 60 days every two years until 1990sGeneral Assembly: Met 60 days every two years until 1990s
 General Assembly: 60 days in even years (budget sessions); 30General Assembly: 60 days in even years (budget sessions); 30
days in odd yearsdays in odd years
 Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center: 1992-2010Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center: 1992-2010
(www.klrprc.info)(www.klrprc.info)

Major Characteristics ofMajor Characteristics of
20th-Century Kentucky20th-Century Kentucky
(Gubernatorial) Politics(Gubernatorial) Politics
 STRONG governor; WEAK legislatureSTRONG governor; WEAK legislature
 ItIt’’s all local – state, not federal, matterss all local – state, not federal, matters
 Devoid of Ideas Because of Resistance toDevoid of Ideas Because of Resistance to
Progress on the State LevelProgress on the State Level
 Courthouse Machines & BossesCourthouse Machines & Bosses
 One Party, Two FactionsOne Party, Two Factions
 ““BoltingBolting””
 Major Interest Groups Until 1935Major Interest Groups Until 1935

Characteristics of Kentucky Politics:Characteristics of Kentucky Politics:
STRONG governor; WEAKSTRONG governor; WEAK
legislaturelegislature
 Governor:Governor: full-time job;full-time job;
wrote the budget; untilwrote the budget; until
recently (1992) could notrecently (1992) could not
run for re-electionrun for re-election
 Legislature:Legislature: part-timepart-time
((““immatureimmature””); two-year); two-year
budget; until recently, nobudget; until recently, no
staff (LRC, 1948); metstaff (LRC, 1948); met
everyevery otherother yearyear

ItIt’’s All Local – State, Not U.S.s All Local – State, Not U.S.
 Send your opponentSend your opponent
to Congress (Albento Congress (Alben
Barkley, Carl D.Barkley, Carl D.
Perkins, JohnPerkins, John
Sherman Cooper,Sherman Cooper,
Thruston Morton)Thruston Morton)
 The most localThe most local
elections attracted theelections attracted the
most votes (and themost votes (and the
most money)most money)

Devoid of Ideas (and Ideology)Devoid of Ideas (and Ideology)
 Few ideas with consequences –Few ideas with consequences –
e.g., Augustus Owsley Stanley,e.g., Augustus Owsley Stanley,
dog tags and the E ofdog tags and the E of ’’1515
 Personality-driven electionsPersonality-driven elections
((““HappyHappy”” Chandler as modern-Chandler as modern-
day Daniel Boone; Wallaceday Daniel Boone; Wallace
Wilkinson theWilkinson the ““self-made manself-made man”” ––
we like millionaires)we like millionaires)
 We hate government – unlessWe hate government – unless
we like it. (Examples: local vs.we like it. (Examples: local vs.
federal governments; building offederal governments; building of
“justice centers.”)“justice centers.”)

Courthouse Machines & BossesCourthouse Machines & Bosses
 All politics was local –All politics was local –
Courthouse machinesCourthouse machines
held the key (and theheld the key (and the
money and booze) tomoney and booze) to
most electionsmost elections
 Ballot-box stuffingBallot-box stuffing
 Schools:Schools: ““greed,greed,
inefficiency,inefficiency,
nepotismnepotism””

One Party, Two Factions (1935-79)One Party, Two Factions (1935-79)
 Chandler Faction vs.Chandler Faction vs.
Clements FactionClements Faction
 Chandler Faction vs.Chandler Faction vs.
Combs FactionCombs Faction
 1979: John Young1979: John Young
Brown Jr.Brown Jr.

““BoltingBolting””
 Tom Rhea in E ofTom Rhea in E of ’’3535
for King Swopefor King Swope
 Chandler in E ofChandler in E of ’’6767
for Louie Nunnfor Louie Nunn

Major Interest GroupsMajor Interest Groups
Until 1935Until 1935
 L&N RailroadL&N Railroad
 Jockey ClubJockey Club
 RacingRacing
 CoalCoal
 TextbooksTextbooks
 WhiskeyWhiskey

The Election of 1899The Election of 1899

The Election of 1899: BackdropThe Election of 1899: Backdrop
 Goebel Law: state Board ofGoebel Law: state Board of
Election Commissioners toElection Commissioners to
appoint three-memberappoint three-member
boardboard
 Populism in KentuckyPopulism in Kentucky
 L&N RailroadL&N Railroad
 Two vibrant parties, butTwo vibrant parties, but
fractionalized Democratsfractionalized Democrats
 Republican governorRepublican governor
(William O. Bradley)(William O. Bradley)

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899:
NomineesNominees
 DemocratsDemocrats: William Goebel &: William Goebel &
John Crepps Wyckliffe BeckhamJohn Crepps Wyckliffe Beckham
 ““Honest ElectionHonest Election”” DemocratsDemocrats::
John Young Brown (1891-95)John Young Brown (1891-95)
 PopulistsPopulists: John G. Blair: John G. Blair
 RepublicansRepublicans: William S. Taylor: William S. Taylor
(Attorney General)(Attorney General)

Republican PlayersRepublican Players
 Governor: William S. Taylor of ButlerGovernor: William S. Taylor of Butler
CountyCounty
 Lt. Governor: John Marshall of LouisvilleLt. Governor: John Marshall of Louisville
 Secretary of State: Caleb Powers ofSecretary of State: Caleb Powers of
Knox CountyKnox County

First ReturnsFirst Returns
 William S. Taylor – 193,714William S. Taylor – 193,714
 William Goebel – 191,331William Goebel – 191,331
 John Young Brown – 12,140John Young Brown – 12,140
 John G. Blair – 2,936John G. Blair – 2,936

The First ReactionThe First Reaction
 Democrats contested some results,Democrats contested some results,
throwing election over to Board ofthrowing election over to Board of
Election CommissionersElection Commissioners
 GOP sent armed Eastern KentuckiansGOP sent armed Eastern Kentuckians
into Frankfortinto Frankfort

December 14December 14
 Election Board ruled for Taylor,Election Board ruled for Taylor, butbut declareddeclared
it hadit had no powerno power in a governorin a governor’’s races race
 Democrats met in Frankfort to ask Goebel &Democrats met in Frankfort to ask Goebel &
Beckham to contest electionBeckham to contest election
 11-member committee chosen (governor: 1011-member committee chosen (governor: 10
Democrats, one Republican; lieutenantDemocrats, one Republican; lieutenant
governor: nine Democrats, two Republicans)governor: nine Democrats, two Republicans)

January 15, 1900: Hearings BeginJanuary 15, 1900: Hearings Begin
 Held in FrankfortHeld in Frankfort’’s Capital Hotels Capital Hotel
ballroomballroom
 GOP met in LouisvilleGOP met in Louisville’’s Galt House ands Galt House and
charged fraudcharged fraud
 L&N brought 1,000 armed mountainL&N brought 1,000 armed mountain
men into Frankfort; 300 remainedmen into Frankfort; 300 remained
 January 29: hearings concludeJanuary 29: hearings conclude

TheThe ““Old State CapitolOld State Capitol””

January 30, 1900January 30, 1900
 Goebel, Col. Jack Chinn and State WardenGoebel, Col. Jack Chinn and State Warden
Eph LillardEph Lillard
 Shots rang out from first-floor office of CalebShots rang out from first-floor office of Caleb
PowersPowers
 Legislators met in Frankfort City Hall andLegislators met in Frankfort City Hall and
declared Goebel & Beckham the winnersdeclared Goebel & Beckham the winners
 Taylor ordered General Assembly to meet inTaylor ordered General Assembly to meet in
London; Democrats refusedLondon; Democrats refused

The Scene of the CrimeThe Scene of the Crime

January 31, 1900January 31, 1900
 Democratic legislators turned back by troopsDemocratic legislators turned back by troops
at State Capitol; turned back again at Operaat State Capitol; turned back again at Opera
House, City Hall and CourthouseHouse, City Hall and Courthouse
 Secret meeting of 19 senators and 57Secret meeting of 19 senators and 57
representatives in Capitol Hotel; declaredrepresentatives in Capitol Hotel; declared
Goebel & Beckham winnersGoebel & Beckham winners
 Goebel & Beckham sworn in twiceGoebel & Beckham sworn in twice
 Taylor remained in governorTaylor remained in governor’’s chairs chair
 National media coverageNational media coverage

National Media CoverageNational Media Coverage

February 3, 1900February 3, 1900
 GoebelGoebel’’s oysterss oysters
 GoebelGoebel’’s final words:s final words: ““BeBe
brave and true and loyal tobrave and true and loyal to
the great common peoplethe great common people..””
 Goebel DiesGoebel Dies

Goebel ImmortalizedGoebel Immortalized

 ““Those oysters wereThose oysters were
no damned good.no damned good.””
 ““Doc, that wasDoc, that was
a damn poor oyster.a damn poor oyster.””
February 3, 1900February 3, 1900
OverheardOverheard

Outcome &Outcome & DénouementDénouement
 March 10: Jefferson Circuit CourtMarch 10: Jefferson Circuit Court
judge rules in favor of Goebel &judge rules in favor of Goebel &
BeckhamBeckham
 April 6: Court of Appeals declaresApril 6: Court of Appeals declares
offices of governor and lieutenantoffices of governor and lieutenant
governor vacantgovernor vacant
 May 21: Supreme Court refusesMay 21: Supreme Court refuses
to overturn decisionto overturn decision
 Taylor abdicates to IndianaTaylor abdicates to Indiana
 Beckham sworn in, re-electedBeckham sworn in, re-elected

Who Done It?Who Done It?
 Caleb PowersCaleb Powers: convicted: convicted
three times; pardoned inthree times; pardoned in
1908; served in Congress1908; served in Congress
(1911-19); GOP folk hero(1911-19); GOP folk hero
(E.P.(E.P. ““TomTom”” Sawyer)Sawyer)
 Henry YoutseyHenry Youtsey: jailed;: jailed;
pardonedpardoned
 ““Big JimBig Jim”” HowardHoward: jailed;: jailed;
pardonedpardoned

ConsequencesConsequences
 KentuckyKentucky’’s image blackened in U.S. eyes (s image blackened in U.S. eyes (““HillbillyHillbilly
ImageImage””))
 Crippled state GOP – especially GOP mountainCrippled state GOP – especially GOP mountain
countiescounties
 Seeds of lingering bitterness plantedSeeds of lingering bitterness planted
 GOP:GOP: ““You stole the electionYou stole the election””
 Democrats:Democrats: ““You killed our governor.You killed our governor.””

Into The 20th CenturyInto The 20th Century

 1907-1931:1907-1931: Four DemocratsFour Democrats,, ThreeThree
RepublicansRepublicans Elected GovernorElected Governor
 E of 1915:E of 1915: ““Free Old Ring!Free Old Ring!”” –– EdwinEdwin
MorrowMorrow vs.vs. Augustus Owsley StanleyAugustus Owsley Stanley

December 8, 1931: Ruby LaffoonDecember 8, 1931: Ruby Laffoon
is sworn in as Kentuckyis sworn in as Kentucky’’s 43rd governor.s 43rd governor.

Into The 20thInto The 20th ““HappyHappy”” CenturyCentury
December 8, 1931: Lieutenant Governor AlbertDecember 8, 1931: Lieutenant Governor Albert
Benjamin "Happy" Chandler Sr. watches.Benjamin "Happy" Chandler Sr. watches.

A.B.A.B. ““HappyHappy”” ChandlerChandler
The DebutThe Debut
(Woodford County – 1935-39)(Woodford County – 1935-39)
 1931: Elected lieutenant governor1931: Elected lieutenant governor
(Backed by Boss Ben Johnson)(Backed by Boss Ben Johnson)
 Split with Laffoon over sales tax.Split with Laffoon over sales tax.
 1935:1935: ““Special SessionSpecial Session”” – primary– primary
over conventionsover conventions
 1935: Elected governor over Thomas1935: Elected governor over Thomas
Rhea (“Ruby, Rhea & Ruin”); originsRhea (“Ruby, Rhea & Ruin”); origins
of feud with Clementsof feud with Clements
 1939: Bolted to U.S. Senate1939: Bolted to U.S. Senate
 Accomplishments: free textbooks;Accomplishments: free textbooks;
teachersteachers’’ retirement system; old-ageretirement system; old-age
assistance program; New Deal helpassistance program; New Deal help

Earle C. ClementsEarle C. Clements
The Man from MorgantownThe Man from Morgantown
(Union County – 1947-50)(Union County – 1947-50)
 Split with Chandler over Rhea in 1935 –Split with Chandler over Rhea in 1935 –
““Clementine & WetherbineClementine & Wetherbine””
 1950: Won U.S. Senate seat (succeeded1950: Won U.S. Senate seat (succeeded
by Lawrence Wetherby)by Lawrence Wetherby)
 Accomplishments: modernized Kentucky;Accomplishments: modernized Kentucky;
state parks; roads (second to Texas);state parks; roads (second to Texas);
Kentucky Fair & Exposition Center; LRCKentucky Fair & Exposition Center; LRC
established; state police created; raisedestablished; state police created; raised
state employeesstate employees’’ salaries (UK impact)salaries (UK impact)
 Lost Senate seat inLost Senate seat in ’’56 to Thruston56 to Thruston
MortonMorton

““HappyHappy”” ChandlerChandler
The EncoreThe Encore
(1955-59)(1955-59)
 1955: Defeated Judge Bert T.1955: Defeated Judge Bert T.
Combs with charisma and byCombs with charisma and by
running againstrunning against ““taxerstaxers”” andand
the Kentucky Turnpikethe Kentucky Turnpike
 $100 million bond for roads$100 million bond for roads
 UK Medical CenterUK Medical Center
 Enforced desegregated stateEnforced desegregated state
schoolsschools
 Three more run:Three more run: ’’63,63, ’’67,67, ’’7171

Bert T. CombsBert T. Combs
The Little JudgeThe Little Judge
(Floyd County – 1959-63)(Floyd County – 1959-63)
 1959: defeated Harry Lee1959: defeated Harry Lee
Waterfield in primaryWaterfield in primary
 ““KentuckyKentucky’’s Camelots Camelot””
 Accomplishments: 3% salesAccomplishments: 3% sales
tax for veteranstax for veterans’’ bonus,bonus,
roads, education, parks,roads, education, parks,
social services; state meritsocial services; state merit
system; community collegesystem; community college
system; desegregated publicsystem; desegregated public
placesplaces

John Young Brown Jr.John Young Brown Jr.
(Fayette County – 1979-83)(Fayette County – 1979-83)
 End of a political eraEnd of a political era
 March 27, 1979: BeginningMarch 27, 1979: Beginning
of first modern mediaof first modern media
campaign in Kentuckycampaign in Kentucky
politicspolitics
 Defeated the establishmentDefeated the establishment
(George Atkins, Carroll(George Atkins, Carroll
Hubbard Jr., Terry McBrayer,Hubbard Jr., Terry McBrayer,
Harvey Sloane, ThelmaHarvey Sloane, Thelma
Stovall) with 29%; hit the ballStovall) with 29%; hit the ball
out of the infieldout of the infield

Read More About ItRead More About It
Campbell, Tracy.Campbell, Tracy. Short of the Glory: The Fall and Redemption of Edward F. PrichardShort of the Glory: The Fall and Redemption of Edward F. Prichard..
(1998)(1998)
Chandler, Albert B.Chandler, Albert B. Heroes, Plain Folks and Skunks: The Life and Times of HappyHeroes, Plain Folks and Skunks: The Life and Times of Happy
ChandlerChandler. (1989). (1989)
Clark, Thomas D.Clark, Thomas D. A History of KentuckyA History of Kentucky. (1992 edition). (1992 edition)
Harrison, Lowell and Klotter, James.Harrison, Lowell and Klotter, James. A New History of KentuckyA New History of Kentucky. (1997). (1997)
Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center (1992-2008):Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center (1992-2008): www.kltprc.infowww.kltprc.info
Kleber, John (editor).Kleber, John (editor). The Kentucky EncyclopediaThe Kentucky Encyclopedia. (1992). (1992)
Pearce, John Ed.Pearce, John Ed. Divide and Dissent: Kentucky PoliticsDivide and Dissent: Kentucky Politics, 1930-1963. (1991), 1930-1963. (1991)
Schenkkan, Robert.Schenkkan, Robert. The Kentucky CycleThe Kentucky Cycle. (1991). (1991)
Tifft, Susan and Jones, Alex.Tifft, Susan and Jones, Alex. The Patriarch: The Rise and Fall of the BinghamThe Patriarch: The Rise and Fall of the Bingham
DynastyDynasty. (1991). (1991)

Kentucky Politics -- Spring 2016

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

En vedette

En vedette (18)

Similaire à Kentucky Politics -- Spring 2016

Similaire à Kentucky Politics -- Spring 2016 (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Kentucky Politics -- Spring 2016