This slide presentation cover the events regarding the Period of Constitutional Authoritarianism in the Philippines : The Marcos Regime & the New Society.
*I do not own any of the photos included in the presentation*
2. MARTIAL LAW
“…in its comprehensive
sense, includes all laws
that have reference to &
administered by the
military forces of the State.
They include the military
laws enacted by the law-
making body for the
government of the armed
forces and the rules
governing the conduct of
military forces in times of
war & in place under
military occupation.”
3. MARTIAL LAW
“However, in its strict
sense, it is the law
which has application
when the military arm
does not supersede civil
authority but is called
upon to aid it in the
execution of its vital
functions.”
-Accdg. to the Constitution
4. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
”…is used to bring a prisoner
or other detainee before the
court to determine if the
person's imprisonment or
detention is lawful.”
“A habeas petition proceeds as
a civil action against the State
agent (usually a warden) who
holds the defendant in custody.
It can also be used to examine
any extradition processes
used, amount of bail, and
the jurisdiction of the court.”
5. A. The Political Milieu in 1972 (Prelude)
• Communist Party of the Philippines (Jose Maria Sison)
December 1968
• 1969 Elections
• Battle of Mendiola / The First Quarter Storm
• Moro National Liberation Front
• Terror Bombing Incidents & Other Crimes
• The Ambush of Juan Ponce Enrile (09-22-1972)
12. Terror Bombing Incidents
• Joe’s Department Store on Carriedo Street, Manila
• The constitutional site @ Q.C.
• The Manila Water Works and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA)
• City Hall building of Manila
17. B. The New Social Order
• Declaration of Martial Rule (Proc. No. 1081) 09-21-1972
• Martial Law Features (P-L-E-D-G-E-S)
• Foreign Relations during the Marcos Era
20. Martial Law Features (P.L.E.D.G.E.S)
P – Peace & Order
L – Land Reform
E – Economic Development
D – Development of Moral Values
G – Government Reforms
E – Educational Reforms
S – Social Services
21. On Peace and Order
• The suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus
• The arrest of anti-Marcos individuals
• Strict media censorship
• Rallies & demonstrations, public meetings & assemblies, labor
strikes are prohibited
• Curfew
• Travel Ban
• The surrender of firearms and other explosives
22. On Land Reform
Presidential Decree No. 27
Emancipation of Tenants from
the Bondage of the Soil,
Transferring to Them the
Ownership of the Land They
Till and Providing the
Instruments and Mechanism
Thereof.
23. On Economic Development
• National Economic & Development Authority (NEDA)
• Bolster & develop the Phil. geothermal plant in Tiwi, Albay, Mt.
Makiling & Mt. Banahaw in Laguna
• Discovery of oil in the west coast off Palawan (Nido-Cadiao
Malintoc oilfields)
• Construction of the 1st nuclear plant in the Phil. (Morong,
Bataan)
• Infrastructure projects (water ports, airports, bridges, dams,
irrigation, communication facilities & school buildings
27. On Government Reforms
• Reorganization Plan
• Restructuring and creating new departments
• Metro Manila Commission
• The Elections to the Interim Batasang Pambansa
• The Local Elections of 1980
• The Barangay as the Basic Political Unit
28. On Educational Reforms
• Technological and vocational courses
• Educational Decree No. 6-A (10-Year Educational Program)
29. On Social Services
• Ministry of Social Services and Development
• Philippine Medical Care Commission
• Social Security System (SSS)
• Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)
• Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan: Ikaw, Bangko, Industria at
Gobyerno (PAG-IBIG)
30. On Philippine Tourism
• P.D. No. 189 (Department of Tourism)
• Balikbayan Program
• Miss Universe Beauty Pageant in
Manila
• Thrilla in Manila (Mohammad Ali vs Joe
Fraiser)
31. The Government & the Labor Market
• Labor Code (May 1, 1974)
• Overseas Employment Development Board
• National Seaman Board
• 11 regional skills training centres (National Manpower And
Youth Council)
32. A Policy for our Muslim Brothers
• The use of local Muslim dialect in
elementary schools
• Scholarships to colleges & universities
• Development of Mindanao
• Golden Mosque in Quiapo, Manila
• Islamic Studies Institute (UP)
• Islamic Affairs Ministry
• Tripoli Agreement (Autonomous region
on the Muslim Mindanao)
33. Foreign Relation during the Marcos Era
• Assured the safety of the U.S. military bases (Subic Naval Base
& Clark Air Base)
• ASEAN + Opened diplomatic relations with 14 more countries
(Yugoslavia & Romania)
• On 1975, opened diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic
of China
• On 1976, with Minister Romulo, opened relations with U.S.S.R
• Exchanged ambassadors with 54 countries and had consulates in
23 countries
34. C. The Lifting of Martial Law
• Amnesty International & local church organizations
• 8,000 cases of salvaging (a local term for summary executions) &
kidnapping combined
• 50,000 individuals arrested on mere suspicion of subversion
• P.D. 1784 (01-15-1981)
• Proclamation No. 2045 (01-17-1981)
• Writ of Habeas Corpus still suspended
35. D. The Apex of the Marcos Regime
• The Visit of Pope John Paul II in the Philippines
• The election of Ronald Reagan
• Amendment proposals to the 1973 Constitution by the Batasang
Pambansa (National Assembly)
• Proclamation No. 2077 (04-17-1981)
• P.D. No. 1053 (failure to vote = imprisonment)
• Ferdinand Marcos Re-elected for 6 years
• The White House-Malacaňang Bond
38. E. The Beginning of the End
• Economic Crisis
• Large Budgetary Deficits
• External Debt Accumulations
• Foreign Loans
• Cumulative Capital Flights
• Issue of CORRUPTION
39.
40. F. The Ninoy Assasination
• 1983 – rumours of a demised Marcos sparked
• Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. as Marcial Bonifacio
• August 21, 1983 – China Airlines Flight 811 – Arrival of Aquino
• Blamed Ronaldo Galman
• Justice Corazon Agrava – Investigation of the double murder
(Nov 3, 1983 – Aug 20, 1984)
48. G. The Fall of the Marcos Regime
• United Nationalist Democratic Organization + CPP
• Aquilino Pimentel’s Partido Demokratikong Pilipino (PDP) +
Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN)
• Increasing anti-government oppositions, protests,
demonstrations, rallies emerged (Corazon Aquino)
• Oct 23, 1984 – Justice Agrava’s & Fact-Finding Board’s report re:
Aquino-Galman murder case
• Tanodbayan (Ombudsman)
• Feb 22, 1985 – Court Proceedings re: The Crime of the Century
56. H. The Snap Presidential Election
• Pressure on the Marcos regime
• Salvador Laurel
• KBL – Manila Hotel – Announced Arturo Tolentino as running
mate of Marcos
• Dec 2, 1985 – Pamaran Court’s final verdict on Aquino-Galman
case
• Cabinet Bill No. 7 (Snap Election on Feb 7, 1986)
• Dec 3, 1985 – Corazon Aquino’s call for candidacy
59. I. The Opposition Unites
• Aquino-Laurel vs Marcos-
Tolentino
• The campaign period
• Defections on Marcos camp
• NAMFREL & COMELEC
• Tallying of votes – Incidents &
Issues
• Feb 20, 1986 – Marcos-Laurel
proclaimed as snap election
winners
71. J. The EDSA People’s Power Revolt
(February 22-25, 1986)
• Juan Ponce Enrile & Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos’ resignation at Camp
Aguinaldo (Feb 22. 1986)
• Coup d’etat – Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) – Col,
Gregorio Honassan
• The Radio Veritas broadcast re: protect the mutineers (EDSA) –
Jaime Cardinal Sin
• Marcos’ call for Gen. Prospero Olivas & Col. Alfredo S. Lim
• Feb 25, 1986 – C. Aquino’s oath-taking @ Club Filipino,
Mandaluyong
• The Marcoses’ escape to Guam –> Hawaii (1989 death of Marcos)
