The document summarizes 5 sources that discuss police use of force and how it impacts police-community relations. The sources describe how the legal definition of excessive force is determined, statistics on excessive force over time and its relationship to public trust in police, and guidelines for citizens if they experience excessive force during an arrest. Maintaining documentation of injuries and witnesses can help citizens make claims of excessive police force. Police are allowed to use some force to make arrests but must ensure it remains reasonable and within legal boundaries to avoid undermining public confidence.

1. POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATION 2
How does Police Use of Deadly Force Impact Police-
Community Relation?
Student’s Name
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
National Institute of Justice. (2012). Police Use of Force
The article analyzes the use of excessive force by the police.
The law enforcement officers are legally mandated to apply
some degree of force to enforce arrest of hostile law breakers.
However, the use of extreme force is not allowed. Should
casualties occur during forceful law enforcement, then the
injured suspects must be taken to hospital for medical care and
their next of kin contacted. In the article, some underlying
factors that initiate the use of extreme force by police are: level
of technology involved, police-public relationship & image, the
jurisdiction of these officers and the code of conduct governing
the police force.

2. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Use of Force.
The article postulates the frequencies of excessive force used by
the police in the United States annually. It defines force as the
amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an
unwilling subject. The statistics prove that the rate of use of
excessive force is dwindling with time. This can be based on
better relations between the police force and the general public.
The opinion extracts show that public confidence in the police
is escalating with time.
Wihbey, J. (2014). Excessive or reasonable force by police?
Research on law enforcement and racial conflict in the wake of
Ferguson.
In the article, the author divides the public into groups (whites
& black) and assesses the use of excessive police force on each
segment. Statistics point that the crime rate was prevalent
among the blacks than the whites resulting into excessive use of
police forced exerted upon the blacks. Police are allowed to use
a certain degree of force when subduing an individual during
arrest under certain scenarios, but the law protects the citizens
from the officers who cross the line and become extremely
forceful. However, the figures of excessive police force are
deteriorating due to the restoration of public confidence in the
police force. The police hotlines numbers have served as
restoration links to connect the public and the police force in
terms of reporting crime and lodging complaints.
LawInfo. What to do if Police Use Excessive Force?
The article is written to provide guidelines to the public on
police force safety behavioral conduct when under excessive
force arrest. It engages in civic education by enlightening the
public about the sequence of events from the time of crime,
surrendering to police arrest and police detention. It affirms
that even though the police are usually protected from suits, the
offended citizen can sue them for use of excessive force leading
to injury or death. Typically excessive force claims are brought
under Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act of 1871, popularly
called Section 1983 of the federal laws. The court will look at

3. the details about the severity of the crime and whether you
posed a threat to the police or fellow citizens. Tips provided to
sustain claims of excessive police force are: good personal
memory on the chronology of events during the arrest,
photography of physical injuries, preservation of torn clothing
and witnesses who were present as at the time of arrest using
excessive force.
Wallentine K. (2007). How to ensure the use of force is
“reasonable and necessary” and avoid claims of excessive force.
The publication provides diverse definitions of excessive force
and details the boundaries within which it must be contained.
The clauses of the Constitution relating to the use of excessive
police force are quoted. It provides examples for scenarios in
which the police force have the nod to apply excessive force.
References
National Institute of Justice. (2012). Police Use of
Force.Retrieved on February 17, 2015 from
http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/officer-safety/use-
of-force/pages/welcome.aspx
Bureau of Justice Statistics. Use of Force.Retrieved on February
17, 2015 fromhttp://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=703
Wihbey, J. (2014). Excessive or reasonable force by police?
Research on law enforcement and racial conflict in the wake of
Ferguson.Retrieved on February 17, 2015
fromhttp://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-
justice/police-reasonable-force-brutality-race-research-review-
statistics#
LawInfo. What to do if Police Use Excessive Force? Retrieved
on February 17, 2015
fromhttp://resources.lawinfo.com/personal-injury/police-
misconduct/what-to-do-if-police-use-excessive-force.html
Wallentine K. (2007). Retrieved on February 17, 2015
from:How to ensure the use of force is “reasonable and
necessary” and avoid claims of excessive
force.http://www.policeone.com/legal/articles/1271618-How-to-
ensure-use-of-force-is-reasonable-and-necessary-and-avoid-

4. claims-of-excessive-force/