The document discusses the tour operations cycle which includes 8 steps: planning, contracting, costing, quotations, reservations, field operations, accounting, and evaluation. Planning involves determining objectives and customer needs. Contracting involves negotiating rates from suppliers. Costing is determining costs of components. Quotations provide cost plus profit pricing. Reservations place advance requests. Field operations deliver services. Accounting collects payments. Evaluation assesses performance and customer satisfaction. The cycle aims to meet customer expectations through the entire process.
The document discusses the tour operations cycle which includes 8 steps: planning, contracting, costing, quotations, reservations, field operations, accounting, and evaluation. It provides details on each step, including the objectives of planning, how contracting involves negotiating supplier rates, how costing determines costs of tour components, how quotations are prepared for ad hoc tours, and how reservations are placed in advance for services. Field operations involve delivering services to travelers, accounting collects payments, and evaluation compares financial and customer satisfaction results.
This curriculum vitae summarizes Mohamed El Sayed El Kholy's professional experience and qualifications. He has over 20 years of experience in tourism and hospitality roles including positions as a Station Manager, Area Manager, Tourism Account Manager, and Assistant Front Office Manager. He is proficient in English, Arabic, and basic German and has extensive computer and customer service skills.
Business travel is essential to growing your business—whether for building your network, or having a face-to-face meeting with that dream client, a work trip can mean the difference between a good year and a great one.
John Xavier is seeking senior level assignments in travel operations, administration, facility management, and vendor management. He has over 11 years of experience in travel operations, client servicing, general administration, accommodation, vendor management, facility management, and event management. He is proficient in managing travel reservations, baggage services, ramp operations, customer services, and events. He is also experienced in foreign exchange, hotel bookings, ticketing, passports, visas, budgeting, and resource management. Currently he works as a resource person for administration and facilities/travel at Azim Premji University-Azim Premji Foundation.
This document outlines a training programme on strategic fleet and transport management. It covers defining concepts, principles of strategic fleet management, stakeholder analysis, risk management, internal control, and performance management as they relate to fleet management. It also describes introductory learning activities and the 4-step strategic fleet management process. Key topics include relating fleet management to organizational strategy and objectives, objectives of strategic fleet management, analyzing the business environment, formulating a fleet management strategy, and optimizing fleet performance through metrics and management. Learning activities involve applying concepts like SWOT analysis, the strategic management process, stakeholder analysis, risk management, and performance indicators to organizational fleet practices.
This document outlines a company's travel and expense policy. It covers general travel information such as booking travel through an online tool, air transportation including preferred carriers and booking in advance, ground transportation like taxis, lodging including contracted hotels and maximum rates, meals including business meal guidelines, and expense reimbursement. The policy is intended to ensure compliance, leverage discounts, and reimburse certain necessary expenses when traveling for business.
Business travel is undertaken for work purposes and includes corporate travel by employees and MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions) travel. Corporate travel involves employees traveling on behalf of a company, often booked through travel management companies, while MICE travelers purchase pre-arranged packages. Business travelers have different needs than leisure travelers as their travel is work-related and they require reliable, high quality services. Business travel is important for companies as it allows them to generate sales, maintain customers and partnerships, and improve innovation and human capital.
The document outlines a travel policy for employees. It discusses booking travel through an online tool or travel department to ensure compliance and leverage discounts. It provides details on air travel, including preferred carriers and booking in advance, as well as domestic flight classes. Ground transportation and lodging is also covered, including maximum nightly rates. Meal expenses must have a clear business purpose. The policy concludes with reimbursable expenses like laundry and internet access while traveling.
The document discusses the tour operations cycle which includes 8 steps: planning, contracting, costing, quotations, reservations, field operations, accounting, and evaluation. It provides details on each step, including the objectives of planning, how contracting involves negotiating supplier rates, how costing determines costs of tour components, how quotations are prepared for ad hoc tours, and how reservations are placed in advance for services. Field operations involve delivering services to travelers, accounting collects payments, and evaluation compares financial and customer satisfaction results.
This curriculum vitae summarizes Mohamed El Sayed El Kholy's professional experience and qualifications. He has over 20 years of experience in tourism and hospitality roles including positions as a Station Manager, Area Manager, Tourism Account Manager, and Assistant Front Office Manager. He is proficient in English, Arabic, and basic German and has extensive computer and customer service skills.
Business travel is essential to growing your business—whether for building your network, or having a face-to-face meeting with that dream client, a work trip can mean the difference between a good year and a great one.
John Xavier is seeking senior level assignments in travel operations, administration, facility management, and vendor management. He has over 11 years of experience in travel operations, client servicing, general administration, accommodation, vendor management, facility management, and event management. He is proficient in managing travel reservations, baggage services, ramp operations, customer services, and events. He is also experienced in foreign exchange, hotel bookings, ticketing, passports, visas, budgeting, and resource management. Currently he works as a resource person for administration and facilities/travel at Azim Premji University-Azim Premji Foundation.
This document outlines a training programme on strategic fleet and transport management. It covers defining concepts, principles of strategic fleet management, stakeholder analysis, risk management, internal control, and performance management as they relate to fleet management. It also describes introductory learning activities and the 4-step strategic fleet management process. Key topics include relating fleet management to organizational strategy and objectives, objectives of strategic fleet management, analyzing the business environment, formulating a fleet management strategy, and optimizing fleet performance through metrics and management. Learning activities involve applying concepts like SWOT analysis, the strategic management process, stakeholder analysis, risk management, and performance indicators to organizational fleet practices.
This document outlines a company's travel and expense policy. It covers general travel information such as booking travel through an online tool, air transportation including preferred carriers and booking in advance, ground transportation like taxis, lodging including contracted hotels and maximum rates, meals including business meal guidelines, and expense reimbursement. The policy is intended to ensure compliance, leverage discounts, and reimburse certain necessary expenses when traveling for business.
Business travel is undertaken for work purposes and includes corporate travel by employees and MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions) travel. Corporate travel involves employees traveling on behalf of a company, often booked through travel management companies, while MICE travelers purchase pre-arranged packages. Business travelers have different needs than leisure travelers as their travel is work-related and they require reliable, high quality services. Business travel is important for companies as it allows them to generate sales, maintain customers and partnerships, and improve innovation and human capital.
The document outlines a travel policy for employees. It discusses booking travel through an online tool or travel department to ensure compliance and leverage discounts. It provides details on air travel, including preferred carriers and booking in advance, as well as domestic flight classes. Ground transportation and lodging is also covered, including maximum nightly rates. Meal expenses must have a clear business purpose. The policy concludes with reimbursable expenses like laundry and internet access while traveling.
Compliance, governance-best practices for a CTDTravelportUS
This document provides guidance on compliance, governance, and best practices for a corporate travel department program. It emphasizes the travel manager's roles in ensuring compliance with laws and policies, controlling expenses, enhancing employee productivity, being a travel subject matter expert, and implementing strategic and operational controls. It also stresses the importance of business intelligence, compliance frameworks, strategic planning, performance metrics, technology investments, travel policy development, and leadership skills to effectively manage corporate travel programs.
Total Cost of Travel: More Trips, or Better Trips?Scott Gillespie
Explains why the current travel management paradigm is a dead end. Introduces the Total Cost of Travel concept, and explains how to apply this to better manage the travel category.
The document provides guidance on setting up a successful travel agency or tour operation business. It outlines key steps such as selecting an ideal location and office premises, acquiring necessary technology, hiring qualified staff, obtaining licenses and memberships, and establishing an organizational structure. Attention to these details is important for sustaining the business over time in an increasingly competitive industry.
Reservation Technology: Best Practices & Case StudiesBritt Brouse
This presentation outlines reservation technology tools that destination marketing organizations (DMOs) can use to enhance travel connectivity and drive visitation. It discusses the role of DMOs in reservations, showcases various reservation modules like booking engines and itinerary builders, and presents case studies of DMOs that have implemented these tools successfully. The presentation aims to demonstrate how reservation technology can help DMOs reduce costs, provide value to consumers, generate revenue, and optimize travel.
A travel policy is a company's rules and guidelines for employees to be followed while travelling. It also provides boarding and lodging as per HR travel policy.
For more information visit https://www.hrhelpboard.com/hr-policies/travel-policy.htm
The document outlines the strategic management process for organizations in the hospitality and tourism industry. It discusses five key phases: 1) Developing a strategic vision and mission, 2) Setting objectives, 3) Crafting a strategy to achieve the vision and objectives, 4) Implementing the strategy, and 5) Monitoring performance and making corrections if needed. The process emphasizes setting specific, measurable goals and monitoring the environment to evaluate strategies and make adjustments to better achieve the organization's strategic goals.
The document describes the core modules of a tours and travel management system, including CRM, tours and travel booking, hotel booking, transportation booking, passport and visa processing, custom tour planning, tour costing, accounting, and agent commission tracking. The key modules allow for lead capture and reporting, booking tours and hotels, automating related tasks, tracking documents and statuses, and billing customers and suppliers.
This document discusses marketing management in the aviation industry. It begins by defining marketing and marketing management, then defines marketing management in aviation. It explores the importance of marketing for airlines in areas like customer acquisition, brand reputation, and revenue generation. The document also covers key responsibilities of aviation marketers and the relationship between effective marketing and aviation success. Additionally, it examines market segmentation techniques used in aviation and explains the marketing mix model in the context of the aviation industry.
This document provides a summary of Mervat Hassan Ahmed's professional experience and qualifications. She has over 27 years of experience in customer service and reservations for Singapore Airlines, having held roles from reservations officer to reservations manager. Her experience includes handling flight reservations, ticketing, customer inquiries, training new employees, and managing a reservations and ticketing team. She holds a Bachelor's degree in English and has received extensive training in customer service, ticketing, and reservations systems through Singapore Airlines.
Moving Your Contingent Workforce Program from Tactical to StrategicPeopleFluent
Contingent labor is an important and rapidly-growing segment of the modern workforce. The PeopleFluent® Vendor Management System (VMS) manages all non-employee labor and services procurement, providing you with true visibility into cost, compliance, risk, and efficiency. The vendor management system is a critical component of PeopleFluent's total talent solution.
Mohamed Farid is applying for a position in sales and marketing. He has 9 years of experience in real estate sales and property management. Most recently, he worked as a real estate manager and property consultant. Farid holds a B.A. in production management and is pursuing an international MBA. He is seeking to utilize his educational background, experience, and interpersonal skills to add value to a company.
Atul Kumar Sharma is seeking a challenging career in a professionally managed company. He has over 12 years of experience in the travel industry working with reservations, ticketing, fare construction and filing on various airline reservation systems. He is proficient in Amadeus, Sabre, Galileo and has extensive knowledge of fares, rules and applications. Sharma aims to contribute his expertise in pricing, reservations and dispute resolution to further develop his career.
This document provides an overview of the operations of a travel agency. It discusses the basic organizational structure, which includes departments like reservations, marketing, finance, human resources, and MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences and events). It outlines the key duties and roles of each department. It also explains the processes involved in planning, contracting, packaging, marketing, sales, operations, evaluation, and accounting. It provides an example income and expenditure statement for a travel agency and discusses how to handle a mistake in billing and ensure proper accounting controls. The document aims to give a comprehensive understanding of how a typical travel agency functions.
Introduction of Sub-grant & Subsidiary Sub-grantsAFAAS
This document summarizes a presentation on the introduction of sub-grants and subsidiary sub-grants by the African Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services (AFAAS). It discusses AFAAS's key activities guiding the sub-grant guidelines, progress made on sub-grants and challenges faced. The presentation outlines the institutional framework for channeling sub-grant funds and summarizes the sub-grant guidelines covering eligibility criteria, management, procedures, governance and reporting responsibilities. It concludes by emphasizing the need to finalize the guidelines, train country fora, and provide professional support to improve funds utilization.
Kabir Dutt is seeking a new position that allows him to utilize over 10 years of experience in the aviation industry, including roles as a Duty Manager, Sales & Marketing Manager, Senior Cabin Crew, and Team Leader. He has a bachelor's degree in business administration and certificates in production and inventory management. Kabir Dutt has strong leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills and experience managing teams and daily operations at airports.
Business Travel: How to prepare your business travel programme for post-COVID...Sonia Morjaria-Shann
What is the current state of business travel and the near future? What is a managed travel programme and why is it needed, especially for the post COVID-19 world? This presentation will answer these questions as well as inform you about what the ‘new normal’ of business travel will look like, what your travel priorities should be, and the recommended steps to take in order to update and revise your business travel programme to reflect the new world.
You can watch this webinar on-demand here https://bit.ly/3i1CIXM.
For more information about Egencia, the world's business travel solution, from Expedia Group, visit Egencia.com.
The meeting discussed transitioning from paper forms to an electronic Personnel Action Request (ePAR) system. Currently there are many paper forms used for personnel actions across institutions. The ePAR system will streamline processes by allowing electronic signatures, tracking of workflow, and reducing data entry errors. A pilot program is underway involving several departments. The goals are to improve efficiencies and reduce costs through the consolidated electronic system.
The document discusses implementing an electronic Personnel Action Request (ePAR) system to streamline hiring, termination, and employee change processes across UNT System institutions by replacing outdated paper forms with a single electronic form consisting of four sections to process all transactions more efficiently with electronic signatures and workflow approvals. The goals are to reduce costs, increase efficiencies, and enhance services provided to customers through the new ePAR system.
The document discusses tour operators and tour packages. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Tour operators develop and assemble tour packages by contracting with various travel suppliers and combining transportation, accommodations, and other services. Their main functions include conceptualizing tour packages, negotiating rates with suppliers, integrating travel components, and delivering the tour package. Tour operators generate sales and revenue through variable markups on contracted rates, negotiating favorable terms with suppliers, selling optional tours and extensions, and receiving commissions from souvenir shops for tour group movements.
The document discusses civil disobedience and its necessity in a free society. It argues that citizens have an obligation to break unjust laws according to Henry David Thoreau. Civil disobedience is an effective way to criticize the government without violence, as demonstrated by movements led by Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and factory workers. While some argue violence is needed, civil disobedience is remarkably effective and citizens engaging in it are exercising, not overextending, their constitutional rights.
Japanese Writing Paper Printable. Online assignment writing service.Lisa Riley
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper. 5) Request revisions if needed, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining writing help services from HelpWriting.net.
Compliance, governance-best practices for a CTDTravelportUS
This document provides guidance on compliance, governance, and best practices for a corporate travel department program. It emphasizes the travel manager's roles in ensuring compliance with laws and policies, controlling expenses, enhancing employee productivity, being a travel subject matter expert, and implementing strategic and operational controls. It also stresses the importance of business intelligence, compliance frameworks, strategic planning, performance metrics, technology investments, travel policy development, and leadership skills to effectively manage corporate travel programs.
Total Cost of Travel: More Trips, or Better Trips?Scott Gillespie
Explains why the current travel management paradigm is a dead end. Introduces the Total Cost of Travel concept, and explains how to apply this to better manage the travel category.
The document provides guidance on setting up a successful travel agency or tour operation business. It outlines key steps such as selecting an ideal location and office premises, acquiring necessary technology, hiring qualified staff, obtaining licenses and memberships, and establishing an organizational structure. Attention to these details is important for sustaining the business over time in an increasingly competitive industry.
Reservation Technology: Best Practices & Case StudiesBritt Brouse
This presentation outlines reservation technology tools that destination marketing organizations (DMOs) can use to enhance travel connectivity and drive visitation. It discusses the role of DMOs in reservations, showcases various reservation modules like booking engines and itinerary builders, and presents case studies of DMOs that have implemented these tools successfully. The presentation aims to demonstrate how reservation technology can help DMOs reduce costs, provide value to consumers, generate revenue, and optimize travel.
A travel policy is a company's rules and guidelines for employees to be followed while travelling. It also provides boarding and lodging as per HR travel policy.
For more information visit https://www.hrhelpboard.com/hr-policies/travel-policy.htm
The document outlines the strategic management process for organizations in the hospitality and tourism industry. It discusses five key phases: 1) Developing a strategic vision and mission, 2) Setting objectives, 3) Crafting a strategy to achieve the vision and objectives, 4) Implementing the strategy, and 5) Monitoring performance and making corrections if needed. The process emphasizes setting specific, measurable goals and monitoring the environment to evaluate strategies and make adjustments to better achieve the organization's strategic goals.
The document describes the core modules of a tours and travel management system, including CRM, tours and travel booking, hotel booking, transportation booking, passport and visa processing, custom tour planning, tour costing, accounting, and agent commission tracking. The key modules allow for lead capture and reporting, booking tours and hotels, automating related tasks, tracking documents and statuses, and billing customers and suppliers.
This document discusses marketing management in the aviation industry. It begins by defining marketing and marketing management, then defines marketing management in aviation. It explores the importance of marketing for airlines in areas like customer acquisition, brand reputation, and revenue generation. The document also covers key responsibilities of aviation marketers and the relationship between effective marketing and aviation success. Additionally, it examines market segmentation techniques used in aviation and explains the marketing mix model in the context of the aviation industry.
This document provides a summary of Mervat Hassan Ahmed's professional experience and qualifications. She has over 27 years of experience in customer service and reservations for Singapore Airlines, having held roles from reservations officer to reservations manager. Her experience includes handling flight reservations, ticketing, customer inquiries, training new employees, and managing a reservations and ticketing team. She holds a Bachelor's degree in English and has received extensive training in customer service, ticketing, and reservations systems through Singapore Airlines.
Moving Your Contingent Workforce Program from Tactical to StrategicPeopleFluent
Contingent labor is an important and rapidly-growing segment of the modern workforce. The PeopleFluent® Vendor Management System (VMS) manages all non-employee labor and services procurement, providing you with true visibility into cost, compliance, risk, and efficiency. The vendor management system is a critical component of PeopleFluent's total talent solution.
Mohamed Farid is applying for a position in sales and marketing. He has 9 years of experience in real estate sales and property management. Most recently, he worked as a real estate manager and property consultant. Farid holds a B.A. in production management and is pursuing an international MBA. He is seeking to utilize his educational background, experience, and interpersonal skills to add value to a company.
Atul Kumar Sharma is seeking a challenging career in a professionally managed company. He has over 12 years of experience in the travel industry working with reservations, ticketing, fare construction and filing on various airline reservation systems. He is proficient in Amadeus, Sabre, Galileo and has extensive knowledge of fares, rules and applications. Sharma aims to contribute his expertise in pricing, reservations and dispute resolution to further develop his career.
This document provides an overview of the operations of a travel agency. It discusses the basic organizational structure, which includes departments like reservations, marketing, finance, human resources, and MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences and events). It outlines the key duties and roles of each department. It also explains the processes involved in planning, contracting, packaging, marketing, sales, operations, evaluation, and accounting. It provides an example income and expenditure statement for a travel agency and discusses how to handle a mistake in billing and ensure proper accounting controls. The document aims to give a comprehensive understanding of how a typical travel agency functions.
Introduction of Sub-grant & Subsidiary Sub-grantsAFAAS
This document summarizes a presentation on the introduction of sub-grants and subsidiary sub-grants by the African Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services (AFAAS). It discusses AFAAS's key activities guiding the sub-grant guidelines, progress made on sub-grants and challenges faced. The presentation outlines the institutional framework for channeling sub-grant funds and summarizes the sub-grant guidelines covering eligibility criteria, management, procedures, governance and reporting responsibilities. It concludes by emphasizing the need to finalize the guidelines, train country fora, and provide professional support to improve funds utilization.
Kabir Dutt is seeking a new position that allows him to utilize over 10 years of experience in the aviation industry, including roles as a Duty Manager, Sales & Marketing Manager, Senior Cabin Crew, and Team Leader. He has a bachelor's degree in business administration and certificates in production and inventory management. Kabir Dutt has strong leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills and experience managing teams and daily operations at airports.
Business Travel: How to prepare your business travel programme for post-COVID...Sonia Morjaria-Shann
What is the current state of business travel and the near future? What is a managed travel programme and why is it needed, especially for the post COVID-19 world? This presentation will answer these questions as well as inform you about what the ‘new normal’ of business travel will look like, what your travel priorities should be, and the recommended steps to take in order to update and revise your business travel programme to reflect the new world.
You can watch this webinar on-demand here https://bit.ly/3i1CIXM.
For more information about Egencia, the world's business travel solution, from Expedia Group, visit Egencia.com.
The meeting discussed transitioning from paper forms to an electronic Personnel Action Request (ePAR) system. Currently there are many paper forms used for personnel actions across institutions. The ePAR system will streamline processes by allowing electronic signatures, tracking of workflow, and reducing data entry errors. A pilot program is underway involving several departments. The goals are to improve efficiencies and reduce costs through the consolidated electronic system.
The document discusses implementing an electronic Personnel Action Request (ePAR) system to streamline hiring, termination, and employee change processes across UNT System institutions by replacing outdated paper forms with a single electronic form consisting of four sections to process all transactions more efficiently with electronic signatures and workflow approvals. The goals are to reduce costs, increase efficiencies, and enhance services provided to customers through the new ePAR system.
The document discusses tour operators and tour packages. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Tour operators develop and assemble tour packages by contracting with various travel suppliers and combining transportation, accommodations, and other services. Their main functions include conceptualizing tour packages, negotiating rates with suppliers, integrating travel components, and delivering the tour package. Tour operators generate sales and revenue through variable markups on contracted rates, negotiating favorable terms with suppliers, selling optional tours and extensions, and receiving commissions from souvenir shops for tour group movements.
The document discusses civil disobedience and its necessity in a free society. It argues that citizens have an obligation to break unjust laws according to Henry David Thoreau. Civil disobedience is an effective way to criticize the government without violence, as demonstrated by movements led by Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and factory workers. While some argue violence is needed, civil disobedience is remarkably effective and citizens engaging in it are exercising, not overextending, their constitutional rights.
Japanese Writing Paper Printable. Online assignment writing service.Lisa Riley
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper. 5) Request revisions if needed, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining writing help services from HelpWriting.net.
Write An Essay On My Mother Essay Writing English - YouTubeLisa Riley
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The document emphasizes that original, high-quality content will be provided, with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
Heart Writing Paper Writing Paper, Heart Printable, PapLisa Riley
The poem analyzes how the poet implies the concept of the absurdity of life through using unusual grammar structures to convey the trivial and insignificant nature of living. The conditions of the world described and the fear of and hatred for death lead the poet to conclude that all things have equal value, resulting in the meaninglessness of everything, including the world itself. The analysis examines how the poet explores existential themes of the purposelessness of human existence.
Raised Line Writing Paper. A4 Raised Line Handwriting PaperLisa Riley
This document discusses the historical aspects that should be considered when analyzing a building. It notes that buildings like the White House have histories involving slavery that are important to recognize. The document then discusses a specific building constructed within the last 10 years. It has many windows to take advantage of natural light, solar panels, and green roofs to help regulate temperature and collect water. Pillars link the office and lounge sides.
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The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction.
Research Paper Introduction - College Homework Help And Online Tutoring.Lisa Riley
The document provides instructions for getting homework help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Receive the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The process aims to match students with qualified writers to help complete assignments.
English Essay Topics For Grad. Online assignment writing service.Lisa Riley
This document discusses a proposed study on the resilience of the airline industry after terrorist attacks. It would analyze the relationship between various organizational factors (e.g. relationships, communication) and performance resilience using archival data analysis methods. Correlation analysis and ANOVA would be used to evaluate relationships between independent, moderating, and control variables with the dependent variable of performance resilience. The goal is to explore which factors influence an organization's ability to withstand external shocks like terrorism.
Psychology Essay Writing Service - Qualified WritingsLisa Riley
Locke believed that in the state of nature, prior to government, individuals had a natural right to take ownership of resources by mixing their labor with things provided by nature. However, individuals were only entitled to as much property as they could use before it spoiled, and were obligated to leave "enough and as good" for others. This view formed the basis for Locke's justification of private property as a natural right.
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This document discusses transvestism in Japanese culture. Transvestism, defined as dressing like the opposite sex, was commonly practiced in male homosexual relationships in Japan. Historically, male homosexuality was seen as a gender misalignment. Transvestism was shown through cross-dressing males appearing as females, which was done to please their male partner's heterosexual interests. This was typical in samurai relationships and among monk elites. Cross-dressing was accepted and encouraged through religious norms to fulfill the concept of being in a relationship with a woman. Transvestism was most common in the Edo period when influenced by Bushido.
Examples Of Science Pape. Online assignment writing service.Lisa Riley
The document discusses Beowulf as an epic hero based on the characteristics of heroes from Anglo-Saxon and Medieval literature. It notes that true heroes demonstrate bravery while standing up for what is fair and just, even when facing conflict, and are usually chivalrous and selfless. However, some heroes primarily desire power, fortune and status, focusing more on their own gains than helping others. The document will analyze whether Beowulf possesses these heroic traits as portrayed in the epic poem that bears his name.
This document discusses how teachers can act as catalysts for change in schools. It explains that catalyst teachers are always looking for ways to improve teaching and solve problems through new ideas and research. These visionary teachers work to implement new curriculums and growth mindsets. They are agents of improvement and help schools progress. However, new ideas do not always sit well with staff, so catalyst teachers must address challenges and overcome obstacles by including others and explaining goals. Overall, catalyst teachers inspire excellence through leadership, commitment to growth, and role modeling problem-solving.
Easy Essay Structure. How To Create A Powerful ArguLisa Riley
The document provides instructions for creating an account on HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
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Help With Research Paper Writing - I Need Help To WrLisa Riley
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content through a bidding system and revision process.
How To Write A Method In Science Report.pdfHow To Write A Method In Science R...Lisa Riley
The passage discusses airport security screening and how it has changed significantly since 9/11. It notes that Congress established the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to take over airport security screening from private contractors. Some argue increased security has been too costly and caused more harm than good, while others believe the changes were necessary to prevent future terrorist attacks on planes. The security processes have aimed to prevent dangerous items from being brought onboard flights.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, completing an order form with assignment details and deadline, and choosing a writer to complete the assignment based on their qualifications, order history, and feedback. The writer will submit the paper for review and payment, and revisions can be requested to ensure satisfaction.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete a request form providing instructions, sources, and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. It emphasizes the site's commitment to original, high-quality work and refunds for plagiarized content.
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The document summarizes E.M. Forster's novel A Room with a View. It discusses how the main character Lucy experiences newfound independence and personal growth during her trip to Florence, Italy. However, upon returning home to England, she feels confined by societal expectations again. In Florence, Lucy is free to be herself, while in England she feels the restrictions of her class. The trip allows Lucy to experience life without limitations and find her sense of self.
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The document discusses how Okonkwo from Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart exhibits traits of a classic Greek hero, as he is a proud and formidable man driven by a fear of weakness and a desire for personal glory, though these qualities ultimately lead to his downfall. It notes a sense of impending doom surrounds Okonkwo from the beginning, hinting that all will not end well for him.
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This document discusses a writing service that allows customers to request papers written for a fee of $6 per page. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form providing instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work. Writers complete papers after reviewing customers' instructions and sources.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. • After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the different strategies of the tour operations cycle;
• Understand the components of the planning process;
• Apply the procedures involved in contracting rates from the various
suppliers;
• Cost sightseeing tours, ad hoc and regular tours packages and
confidential tariffs;
• Explain what proposals and quotations are;
• Process reservations for domestic sea transportation companies,
restaurants and other establishments; and
• Accomplish a Booking Card for Tours.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
3. Tour operations is defined as the
preparation and implementation
of all activities within an itinerary,
within a given time frame, within
the estimated costs, in order to
meet the expectations of the
paying client.
Definition of tour operations
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
4. Meeting the expectations of clients is
also termed as customer satisfactions.
Customer satisfaction, in this case, is
the delivery of services requested by
the buyer (traveler) form the
suppliers (seller), as arranged by the
middlemen (TMC/travel agent and
tour operator).
Definition of tour operations
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
5. What is requested and confirmed varies -
it may simply be a one-way transfer from
the airport to the place of lodging, or a
complex, 14-day itinerary to seven (7)
different destinations or locations in one
country or different countries, involving
hotels, resorts, airplane charters, rail
services, cruises, rental of motorized
outriggers, cars and tour guide services.
Definition of tour operations
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
6. The Tour Operations Cycle shown in the
next slide summarizes the different steps
in the preparation and operation of tour
packages. The eight (8) steps involved in
tour operations are: 1) Planning; 2)
Contracting; 3) Costing; 4) Quotations
and Tariffs; 5) Reservation; 6) Field
Operations; 7) Accounting; and 8)
Evaluation.
The Tour Operations Cycle
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
7. Planning is the process of determining the objective to be
achieved, whether these involve customer satisfaction,
destination and community endorsement, financial gain,
or organizational promotions. Customer satisfaction
concerns meeting the expectations of the clients.
Destination or community endorsement refers to the
marketing of a specific site or sight. Financial objectives
are for profit, or recovery of funds already invested.
Organizational promotion deals with the enhancement or
reinforcement of a corporate image. In the last stage of
the tour operation cycle the results are evaluated against
the objectives set in the stage.
1. Planning
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
8. Contracting is the process of negotiating and
collating from a set of identified suppliers
rates that are below those published. These
rates are known as contracted rates. A
published rate less commission due to
TMC/travel agent is not contracted rates. This
is an entitlement. Contracted rates are
discounted by as much as 30% to 50% off the
published rates. Contracting also includes the
negotiation of favorable terms and conditions.
2. Contracting
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
9. Costing is determining the costs of the
various components, activities, or services
included in the tour package, depending on
the number of travelers availing of the
package. After calculating the approximate
desirable profit from each component and
adding this to the cost, the result is a
Quotation which is cost + profit. Quotations
include prorated cost of concession.
3. Costing
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
10. Quotations are prepared for Ad Hoc Tour Packages.
These are prepared based on a required minimum
number of participants and in accordance with the
specific activities, inclusions and requirements of the
client. See Chapter XIII for additional information.
For regular tour packages and other services, quotations
are prepared and compiled in a rate sheet that is
commonly known as a Confidential Tariff. A Confidential
Tariff is a listing of products offered by the tour operator,
with corresponding prorated costs and concessions,
based on specific or projected number of participants.
4. Quotations
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
11. Reservations involve the process of
placing advanced requests for available
space or services at sometime in the
future and obtaining confirmation of
these. A confirmation is a written advice
by a supplier that reservation has been
accepted and will be honored, thus the
term confirmed reservations .
5. Reservations
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
12. Field Operations cover the actual
delivery of services, and all activities of
the travelers from the moment of arrival
to the time of departure. Once the
procedures of the office are completed,
the focus of attention shifts to the field.
How well the preparations in the office
have been done will definitely reflect on
and affect the operations in the field.
6. Field Operations
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
13. Accounting involves the
collection of payments due
from the clients, preferably
prior to the arrival and the
payment due to all
suppliers.
7. Accounting
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
14. Evaluation involves comparing the performance of the
organization with the actual results: (a) Financial results, through
gain or loss, and (b) Customer satisfaction by seeking
feedback from the clients. Thus a feedback mechanism must
provide comments and critics from the visitors regarding the
degree their expectations were met. Failure to meet the
expectations of the clients means failure of the package. It
must be remembered that the best endorsement is the word-
of-mouth testimonial. Nothing beats that. The success or
failure of destination or community promotions is measured
by the increase/decrease of visitor arrivals. And corporate
image is enhanced by the awareness and interest in the
company’s product and services.
8. Evaluation
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
15. OFFICE OPERATIONS FIELD OPERATIONS
(1) Planning. The objectives to be achieved, customer-focused,
destination-oriented, financial or corporate by the Tour
Operators.
(2) Contracting. Negotiating and collecting from identified
suppliers agreed rates and concessions available to Tour
Operators.
(3) Costing. Putting together the costs of the various activities
or services included in the itinerary, depending on the
number of projected travelers availing the tour package.
Also the construction of Confidential Tariff.
(4) Quotations. Determining the desired profits (plus cost and
prorated concessions) and preparation of proposals. Also,
the listing of prices in the Confidential Tariff.
(5) Reservations. Processing the advance requests for the space
or services with the suppliers.
(6) Passage (air, sea, land)
Transfers. Arrival, departure to
any other local within the
destination.
Tours. Sightseeing tour or
Packaged Tours.
Accommodation and Meals.
Cruises, Attractions, Activities &
Ancillary Services
(7) Accounting. Collecting of payments and payment to
suppliers.
(8) Evaluation. Assessment of the clients’ satisfaction in the
package or product.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Overview
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations
• Reservations
• Field Operations
• Accounting
• Evaluation
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
16. When planning the itinerary of the tour packages, the following
information will assist in developing a package that is customer-
focused.
1. Client profile. The market variables come into play here.
During prelims the various travel motivators and types of
travelers were discussed. The more information there is about
travelers, the better and more suitable the tour package is.
2. Destinations requested or proposed. The market variable is
matched with the destination characteristics in order to suit
the product to the market. A destination is requested in an ad
hoc package, while a destination is proposed in a regular tour
package.
Tour Planning
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
17. 3. Duration. The market variable plays an important role here,
as the duration will have to suit the client’s profile. For
example, senior citizens do not like to stay away from
home too long, while the young prefer to stay away from
the routine (school, work, for example) the longer.
4. Category of accommodations. The type of accommodations
depends primarily on the client’s budget and
social/economic status.
5. Meal plan. The number of meals to be included in the basic
package is usually based on what is convenient at the
destination, and is always aligned with the sightseeing
tours and activities included in the package.
Tour Planning
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
18. 6. Sightseeing or activities requested for suggested. Activities
requested are for ad hoc packages, while activities proposed
are the regular tour packages. These will depend on the
destination characteristics sites and sights, and activities.
7. Mode and class of transportation. This aspect is totally
dependent on the destination’s accessibility by the various
transportation modes and client’s budget and convenience.
8. Ancillary services. These services refer to needs outside the
usual and those extraordinary requirements, such as
wheelchairs or dietary requirements. When needed, these
items are always extra and will have to be included in the
costs.
Tour Planning
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
19. 9. Guide and/or tour escort services. When requested,
the costs of these are always prorated. Their
conclusion will always depend of the client’s
request. Example: a Japanese-speaking tour guide.
10. Number of Free-Of-Charge (FOC) allowed or required.
This aspect is always subject to the concession and
availability from the suppliers and the entitlement
based on number of participants. The present
industry practice is one FOC for every fifteen (15)
participants, maximum four (4).
Tour Planning
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
20. For the destination-oriented objectives, the objectives normally
evolve around any or all of the following characteristics: 1)
accessibility, the cost of accessibility and mobility to and within the
destination; 2) accommodations and other facilities, such as the
quantity and quality of beds for sale; the variety of food and
beverages outlets; and support industries, such as retail sale of
souvenir and handicraft items; 3) the degree of development of
basic infrastructure such as water, electricity, sewage, and drainage
and communications; 4) attractions, sights to view and admire or
activities to participate in and experience; and 5) hospitality
resources, the community’s attitude rewards visitors and language
facilities. All of these combined will enhance the desirability of the
destination to the travelers. Services attitudes and the quality of the
service staff also play a major role in determining the suitability of
the destination.
Tour Planning
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
21. The ultimate financial objective in tour planning is profit.
Adding markup to the actual costs is called pricing.
Pricing of the tourism product is an exact science since
the tour product is made up of various components
(suppliers). The amount of profit is therefore dependent
on the defined financial objectives. Remember however
that in the tourism industry a cheap holiday means a
cheap product. The price must reflect and be seen by the
buyer as truly reflective of the open-market value. If only
for this reason, the various sellers of the tourism product
most often agree to an equitable share of the costs and
profits.
Tour Planning
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
22. • Corporate goals or objectives involve the
enhancement of the company’s distinct image .
This is often considered to be perceived image of
the company in the market that aims: 1) attract
clients; 2) make it stand out among its competitors;
3) increase returns by building up communication
of the message; and 6) entice new staff members.
• When the answers to most of the questions above
are on hand, the contracting and costing process can
begin.
Tour Planning
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
23. • Contracting is the process of negotiating with
suppliers for the most favorable rates, terms
and concessions.
• When negotiating with suppliers, the tour
operator has one single objective: to get the
best available rate, with the most
concessions, at the most favorable terms and
conditions.
Contracting
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
24. • More often than not, suppliers will assess the
tour operator’s credibility, potential, track record
and credit worthiness before committing any
contracted rate. The tour operator, on the other
hand, will assess the supplier’s ability to provide
the services contracted reliably and within
specified standards.
• The following must be clearly spelled out in the
agreement for contracted rates:
Contracting
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
25. • In air travel, class – first, business, or economy – has to be specified, as well
as the carrier’s frequency and schedule. In some cases, contracting for air
travel consists of chartering aircraft of specified configuration and range.
• For land transportation, equipment may be contracted form either tourist
transportation companies or commuter bus companies. The former have a
more comfortable configuration and are equipped with a public address
system, sometimes with the TV-VCD for long trips. Drivers are service-
oriented and familiar with the sightseeing routes and sites. The latter are
geared to service commuter passengers. In both cases the type and capacity
of equipment to be contracted is essential.
• Contracted rates for land transportation equipment may obtained on a per-
hour, per-trip, per-sectors basis, and either on a per-person or per-equipment
type and size basis, subject to the commuter bus company or tourist
transport operator’s franchise, insurance, driver’s training and the like.
Class and/or Type of Service /
Category and/or Type of Room
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
26. • In cases of sea travel, the class of passage – with or
without private facilities, for example – and with or
without meals must be indicated.
• In the lodging industry, the room category is matched
with a contracted room rates. Negotiations may extend
to other business and leisure facilities available at the
hotel, resort and similar accommodations
establishment.
• For suppliers of entertainment and administrators of
tourist attractions, negotiated rates are the entrance fees
to special shows and/or full use of a special venue.
Class and/or Type of Service /
Category and/or Type of Room
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
27. • Contracted rates must indicate whether fees, taxes, and any other
charges are included. The commonly used term for a rate that
includes all charges is net inclusive. Contracted rates that do not
include these charges are commonly referred to as plus-plus (Net
++ , the first plus being the taxes due, and the second plus
being the service charge. These are normally a percentage of the
base rate.
• When chartering equipment from transportation companies, the
insurance fees are normally included. However, in some instances,
this fee appears separately. The same applies to toll fees. Rates for
passage on a per-person, pre-sector basis always include the
insurance fees. Terminal fees or taxes, however, are reflected
separately. The insurance fees and corresponding coverage are more
comprehensive for tourist vehicle than other commercial vehicles.
Taxes, Insurance Fees, Service
Charge
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
28. • It is very important to note here that violating the
conditions of an insurance policy, such as loading
more passengers than those allowed by the
insurance policy, or operating sectors and areas
not covered by the policy, renders the insurance
coverage null and void.
• Cover charges in restaurants and discos are
inclusive of tax. Minimum-charge policies of some
disco houses and pubs are subjected to tax and in
most cases, service charge.
Taxes, Insurance Fees, Service
Charge
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
29. • Suppliers normally grant concessions to tour operators. Tour
operators, in turn, pass these on to their clients. Transportation
companies would normally grant a free ticket for a specified
number of full-paying tickets issued if these are traveling together
on the same sectors, flight and date. Concessions when chartering
transportation equipment may extend to one-hour free use for
every five full hours of use.
• In the lodging industry concessions range from one (1) free bed
for every fifteen (15) paying beds, up to maximum four (4) beds,
to free welcome drink or breakfast included in room rate. As a
rule of thumb, free meals are not granted as concessions.
• Each supplier will grant concessions in accordance to the
perceived potential or actual track record of the tour operator.
Applicable Concessions
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
30. Suppliers of services and products must indicate the
validity of the contracted rates, both in terms of time –
year-round with peak/lean or high/low seasons – and
markets. Some suppliers have different rates for different
markets. As a rule of thumb, rates are valid either form 01
January through 31 December or 01 April through 31
March of the following year. For some European
operators, the season may be from 01 October through to
30 September of the following year. The peculiarities of
the destination determine the peak/lean season. The
following are always considered peak seasons on the
Philippines: Christmas-New Year, Chinese New Year and
Validity of Contracted Rates
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
31. • Suppliers have their respective reservations policies and procedures. These
must be and are usually clearly spelled out in the contract agreement. The
conditions to keep in mind are: option dates (to cancel, to provide rooming
list, to issue tickets), cancellation penalties, amendment policies, cutoff
period, deposit payments and revisions.
• An option date is a date preset by the supplier, by which time the tour
operator must firm up or cancel a confirmed reservation.
• The supplier levies cancellation penalties when confirmed reservations are
cancelled.
• Amendments refer to a change of dates for a specific reservation. Some
suppliers consider amendments as cancellations and levy penalties
accordingly.
Booking and Reservation
Procedures and Conditions
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
32. Some suppliers grant tour operators free sale
facilities. Free sales means that a number of seats,
beds, rooms and the like are allocated to a particular
tour operator to sell within a period of time leading
to a cutoff date. Upon reaching the cutoff date, the
unsold seats, beds, rooms and the like automatically
revert to the control of the supplier. The tour operator
may no longer sell these after the cutoff date. Unlike
an option date/time that is given at the time of
booking, the cutoff date is preset when the
negotiations for allocations are undertaken.
Cutoff Period
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
33. • Most suppliers will acquire a deposit payment to confirm
reservations. If no credit facilities exist between the supplier
and the operator, the contract agreement must specify this,
including the refund policy and conditions in case of non-
utilization of confirmed reservations, subject to cutoff period
agreements.
• Revisions refer to changes in number of seats, beds, rooms
reserved or changes in passenger’s names. Unlike
amendments that refer to change of date(s) for the delivery
of a particular product or service, revisions maintain the
basic date(s) but the number of participants and their
respective names are changed.
Deposit Payments
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
34. The contract agreement specifies the form
of payment (e.g. cash, company check,
bank draft) and currency. It also specifies
when the payment is due e.g. upon
check-out and if credit lines are
extended, the amount and time limit to
pay up is spelled out (e.g. P100,000 or
thirty days, whichever comes first.)
Form of Payment / Credit Line
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Rooms
• Tax & Other
Charges
• Concessions
• Validity
• Procedure and
Condition
• Cut-off
• Deposit
• Form of Payment
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
35. • Costing refers to the process of determining
the actual cost of a tour package by detailing
the various components of the package, and
attaching a specific cost represented by the
contracted rate to each, according to the
costing methods detailed in this section.
• Costing can be done for a specific sightseeing
tours, Ad Hoc or Regular tour packages and
for Confidential Tariff.
Costing
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
36. A tour package is best illustrated in an itinerary.
An itinerary is a schedule of activities and destinations arranged in a
chronological order. There are three (3) types of itineraries, namely:
• Skeletal. Skeletal itinerary is a proposed and preliminary schedule of
activities.
• Technical. A technical itinerary specifies the details, like the scheduled
transportation, arrival and departure schedules, duration of sightseeing,
land travel time, type of accommodation.
• Descriptive. The descriptive itinerary provides a narrative of the planned
activities and destinations visited. It is produced primarily for marketing
purposes.
Costing Ad Hoc or Regular Tour
Package
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
37. Sample of Skeletal Itinerary
If quoted separately, this package would be
a Land arrangements Tour Package only.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
38. Sample of a Technical Itinerary
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
39. • The sample technical itinerary in the previous slide is for an
Ad Hoc Inbound group tour from Hong Kong. This 5-day/4-
night Manila/Cebu Package is on full-board basis, inclusive
of roundtrip transfers and sightseeing tours of Manila,
Pagsanjan Falls with Lunch and boat ride, and a Mactan
Island Tour with Lunch.
• The domestic airfare Manila/Cebu may be priced separately.
As this component may also be made part of the
international airfare, and include in the passengers’ air
ticket, Hong Kong/Manila/Cebu/Hong Kong. If the domestic
airfare is combined with the international airfare, then the
package would be an Inclusive Tour Package, sold by the
Hong Kong travel agency.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
40. The costs of the components of a tour
package can be either fixed or variable.
• Fixed costs do not change and remain
constant regardless of the number of
participants.
• Variable costs, on the other hand, depend
on the number of projected or proposed
participants.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
41. The costs of all tour packages hare always on a per-person basis.
Transportation is the cost by air, sea, or land, to and from a point of origin
to a destination, or destinations and back to the point of origin.
• Transportation costs by scheduled air, or land transportation companies
are always based on a per-person fare and therefore remain constant
regardless of the number. However, the suppliers of transportation
services often extend special reduced fares for group tours.
Concessions such as one Free-of-Charge (FOC) for a minimum number
of full fares are also granted.
• If however, a group tour charters transportation equipment, be it an
aircraft, seacraft, or land vehicle, the total cost of the craft/vehicle is
divided by a predetermined number of passengers, not exceeding its
allowed capacity and within its breakeven load factor – 50% to 60% - that
will use such craft/vehicle. This formula is termed prorated cost .
Transportation
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
42. Transfers refer to the cost of transportation to and from a
destination’s getaway such airport, pier or bus station to the place
of lodging, and vice versa. Transfers may also be provided from one
location to another within the destination.
• Transfer costs are almost always prorated. However, if the transfer
is by a regular airport shuttle services the cost is fixed per-person,
just like the scheduled transportation service. The fixed baggage-
handling fee paid to porters at the pier or airport may or may not
be included in the cost of transfers. These are fixed per bag. In
certain locations in the Philippines, motorized tricycles or bancas
deliver transfer services. In these instances, the costs of the tricycle
or banca are prorated by a predetermined number of passengers
not exceeding its allowed capacity.
Transfers
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
43. Sightseeing tours combine the total costs of transportation within the destination to sight
and sites of interests, tour guide’s services, entrance fees, cost of entertainment or activities
and, sometimes, the cost of snacks and meals.
• Sightseeing tours are mini-packages that include transportation, tour guide services,
entrance fees, cost of entertainment activities, and sometimes snacks and meals.
• Transportation costs within a destination to sites and sights of interest are normally
prorated by a normally prorated by a predetermined number of participants not exceeding
its allowed capacity and within its breakeven load factor of at least 50% to 60%.
• Sightseeing tours by a scheduled transportation service is not advisable. Scheduled
sightseeing tours are referred to as seat-in-coach sightseeing. This type of sightseeing
tours will be explained in the Confidential Tariff section of this Chapter.
• The tour guide cost is calculated by adding up the sum total of the tour guide’s fees plus
the cost of transportation, board and lodging on a single-room basis. The sum total is
prorated by a predetermined number of participants. The rule of thumb when calculating
the cost of the tour guide is one guide per vehicle.
Sightseeing
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
44. Sample Tour Guide Fees Schedule
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
45. • Entrance fees are always fixed. As a rule of thumb, no
free concessions are given for entrance fees.
• Cost for entertainment activities may be fixed or
variable. For example, the rental fees for a picnic hut at
a picnic camp will normally be prorated, while the
entrance fee to the picnic camp is fixed. A boat rental
may be fixed per person or prorated by the numbers of
riders.
• When meals and snacks are included in the package,
these are always fixed and always include the FOC and
the tour guide.
Activities
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
46. Accommodations refer to the cost of the lodging, depending on the number
of persons occupying a room, and the costs of meals served within the
lodging establishments.
• When the hotel accommodations are included in the tour package, the
rule is that two persons share a room. Hotel costs are always fixed. For
room costs, the rule of thumb is to prorate the cost of the room by the
number of persons occupying it.
• The room being shared may either be a twin room with two beds, or a
double room with one matrimonial bed.
• If the Twin/Double room rate at La Corona Hotel is US$ 48.00, the per-
person rate for a share-twin or half-twin is US$ 24.00
US$ 48.00 divided by two guests = US$ 24.00
Accommodations
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
47. • If three guests wish to share one room, there is a triple reduction
representing the cost of a double or twin room plus an extra bed, divided
by three (3) guests. If the extra bed cost at La Corona Hotel is US$ 42.00
the single room supplement is US$ 18.00
US$ 42.00 minus US$ 24.00 = US$ 18.00
• If three guests wish to share one room, there is a triple reduction
representing the cost of a double or twin room plus an extra bed, divided
by three (3) guests. If the extra bed cost at La Corona Hotel is US$ 12.00,
the triple reduction rate is US$ 4.00.
Twin rate US$ 48.00 plus extra bed US$ 12.00 = US$
60.00 divided by three guests = US$20.00 minus half-
twin rate of US$ 24.00 =US$ 4.00.
Accommodation
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
48. • Some tour operators quote a one-third rate instead of a triple
reduction. In this case the one-third triple rate is US$ 20.00.
Twin rate US$ 48.00 plus extra bed US$ 12.00 =
US$ 60.00 divided by three guests = US$20.00.
• If four guests wish to share one room, the one/fourth quad
rate would be the cost of a double or twin room plus two
extra beds, divided by four (4) guests. If the extra-bed cost at
La Corona Hotel is US$ 12.00, the quad rate is US$ 18.00.
Twin rate US$ 48.-00 plus two extra bed US$
24.00 = US$ 72.00 divided by four guests =
US$18.00.
Accommodation
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
49. • Therefore, the more persons occupying a room
the less is paid per person.
• Meals in accommodation establishments are
always based on fixed costs.
• As a rule of thumb, meals taken outside the
place of lodging are normally less expensive.
However the additional transportation cost to
and from the restaurant may result in a higher
cost than the same meal served at the place of
lodging.
Accommodation
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
50. Tour Escort refers to the costs incurred in the accommodations, meals and
some transportation components of the individual who travels with the clients
from the point of origin and back.
• This cost does not normally include the per diem or salary paid by the
employer. The Tour Escorts transportation, accommodations, meals, are
always prorated by the pre-determined number of participants. However,
suppliers’ concessions are always applied to the Tour Escort.
• Please note that while the tour guide costs are calculated by adding up the
sum total of the tour guide’s fees plus the cost of transportation, board and
lodging on a single-room basis, the tour escort’s costs are reduced by
applying all possible concessions.
• Having gained an understanding on how to cost and Ad Hoc Tour Package,
the application of these rules will now be shown in the next pages. Note,
however, that the basic materials needed are the pre-contracted rates.
Tour Escort
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
51. Sample Hotel and Resort Rate
Sheet
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
52. A word of caution: foreign exchange
rates fluctuate according to the
economic conditions of origin and
destination countries. It is always
advisable to allow a small
percentage for exchange rate
fluctuations when converting foreign
currency into Philippine Pesos.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
53. Sample Land Transportation Rate
Sheet in Philippine Pesos
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
54. Sample Meal Rate Sheet in US
Dollar
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
55. Sample Costing for an Ad Hoc
Group
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
56. Sample Costing for an Ad Hoc
Group
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
57. Sample Costing for an Ad Hoc
Group
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
58. Sample Costing for an Ad Hoc
Group
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
59. Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
60. 1. Service or Component. All the services and components are individually specified
in chronological order, on a day-to-day basis.
2. Cost. This column indicates the net unit cost of each service or component.
3. Passengers’ ”rackets. This section provides the number of persons per bracket to be
used in prorating the costs. Bracket numbers normally follow the configuration of
the equipment being used. Note, however, that the choice of equipment to be used
is always subject to the passengers’ comfort. For example, a group of sixty-four (64)
can easily be accommodated in a bus of forty-five (45) seats and a minibus of
twenty-nine (29) seats. For a short trip, like an arrival transfer, this configuration
should be acceptable. Note: For a longer trip, like a full-day city and countryside
tour, two 40-seat buses, is a better choice. Consider also the feeling of passengers in
a small bus. Some might complain about not having equal-sized vehicles as in the
first example. The automatic concession of one 1 FOC as represented by the +
sign in columns 4, 5 and 6.
4. In order not to re-cost in case of a shortfall, this bracket is based on the proposed
number of participants, less twenty (20%) percent.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
61. 5. This bracket indicates the proposed number of participants and is
always the basis for brackets 4 and 6.
6. In order not to re-cost in case of an increase in number of participants,
this bracket is based on the proposed number of participants plus
twenty (20%) percent.
7. FOC. The Free-of-Charge column details all cost not given
complimentary by the suppliers.
8. Guide. The Tour Guide column details all cost involved for the tour
guide.
9. S/S means Single Supplement. This column shows the total due for
individuals opting for single-occupancy rooms.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
62. 10. T/R means Triple Reduction. This column shows the total
reduction due to each individual opting to occupy a triple
room with friends or relatives.
11. Sub-Total of Cost. This row adds up all the costs involved,
per person, for each FOC and for each tour guide.
12. Prorate FOC. The total costs of the FOC/s is/are divided by
the number in column 4, 5 and 6. Be sure to allocate one (1)
FOC for every fifteen (15) participants.
13. Prorate Guide. The total costs of the tour guide/s is/are
divided by the number in column 4, 5 and 6. Be sure to
allocate one (1) tour guide for every vehicle.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
63. 14. Total Cost. This row shows the total per-person cost based
on the numbers indicated in columns 4, 5 and 6.
15. Markup/Margin. In this row, add the desired percentage of
markup/margin or profit.
16. Net due to Operator. This row represents the net amount
due to the tour operator.
17. “gent’s Commission. Should a commission be included,
this row shows the commission allocated retailers.
18. Gross Selling. This row shows the gross selling price of the
package.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Overview
• Skeletal
• Technical
• Descriptive
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
64. • A Tariff, Confidential Tariff or Rate Sheet is a list of
services and products, with corresponding prices, of
a tour operator. This is distributed to travel agents
and foreign operators.
• The Confidential Tariff or Rate Sheet must not be
confused with the tour operator’s brochure. The
brochure is the tour operator’s marketing tool that
features the services and products in such manner
that will entice the reader to purchase and avail of
the services and products offered. The Rate Sheet is
the sales tool.
Costing a Confidential Tariff
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
65. • Rarely is the brochure combined with the tariff. Although these two must
be distributed together, the brochure would normally show no prices. The
prices are shown in the Confidential Tariff or Rate Sheet. Having a
brochure with the prices will shorten the life span of the brochure. Most of
the operator’s contracted rates are valid for only a twelve-month period in
most cases. “ tour operator’s brochure, on the other hand, should be used
for at least two years since these are more expensive to plan, produce and
paint.
• When costing a tariff, the golden rule is to negotiate for the best available
contracted rate from the suppliers. ”y the best available we mean the
most competitive rate without sacrificing the quality of the supplier’s
product. Some suppliers, like the accommodations establishments, may
give a low, low rate for their room, but reduce the amenities of the rooms,
such as providing only one towel, instead of two, and no shampoo.
Transportation companies may commit low rental price for a 2000 model
vehicle instead of a 2006 model.
Costing a Confidential Tariff
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
66. • Other factors to consider when negotiating rates with
accommodations establishments are the validity, the concessions
and allocations. Validity of the contracted rate is important. It is
more advantageous for the tour operator to have a longer validity,
regardless of the season. In the Philippines the high or peak
season is Christmas/New Year and Holy Week, and the low /lean
season is during the rainy months.
• Consider and negotiate for concessions whenever possible. A most
common concession of accommodations establishments is a drink.
A breakfast included in the room rate is also a common
concession. For group rates, the rule of thumb is one free bed for
every fifteen (15) full-paying beds. Depending on the
establishment’s policy, the maximum number of beds is normally
four (4).
Costing a Confidential Tariff
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
67. • Having allocations with the accommodations establishments is a
big plus. Allocating ensure availability of rooms year-round and
regardless of season. Hotels and resorts are not keen to grant
allocations as there is no assurance that these will be sold.
However, having a reasonable cutoff date, a specific date when the
allocated room(s) must be used, to release the rooms might
convince the supplier to grant a number of allocated rooms to a
tour operator.
• For transportation companies and supplier other than
accommodations establishments, the golden rule: negotiate for
the best available contracted rate applies as well. The key word is
reduction , that is, what discounts the tour operator can avail of.
Discounts, in this case, apply to published rates, i.e. rates available
to that general public.
Costing a Confidential Tariff
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
68. A Confidential Tariff or Rate Sheet is normally divided into four (4)
categories of services products, namely: Transfer Service, Sightseeing
Tours, Hotel/Resort Accommodations and Meals, and Tour Packages.
• Transfer is a service that involves transporting the clients from
point A to point B within the destination and with no sightseeing
or entertainment en route. The general use of the term involves
meeting and assisting clients at the gateway (airport/pier/bus
station) and moving them to the lodging establishments, or vice
versa. Aside from the transportation component, an
arrival/departure transfer also involves the services of a Tour
Coordinator/Airport Rep. A private transfer would also include
the services of a tour guide. Transfers can also be used between
the lodging establishment and a restaurant, and vice versa, but
this may be part of a Dinner Package.
Confidential Tariff
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
69. • Sightseeing tours are min-packages that entail
transportation to the sites and sight of
interest in the locality, the services of a tour
guide to provide pertinent commentaries,
and walking visits or tours and/or
entertainment. Sometimes sightseeing tours
include participatory activities such as
shooting the rapids in Pagsanjan.
Confidential Tariff
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
70. • Accommodations and Meals are a listing of
accommodations establishments with the applicable
room rates, in Twin/Double, Single-occupancy
room, Triple room, Extra Bed, plus the prices of
meals, such as Breakfast (Continental, Filipino,
American and the like) Lunch and Dinner. Meal
prices are based on the table d’ hotel or regular set-
plate or set menu, which normally consists of soup,
salad, main dish and dessert.
Confidential Tariff
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
71. • Tour packages would consist of transfers, sightseeing tour (if any),
accommodations and meals, and transportation costs. The four (4)
categories of tour packages, discussed in detail in Chapter VII, are
summarized as follows:
• Ground Arrangements. Include transfers and sightseeing tours only.
• Land Arrangements. Include hotel accommodations (with or without
hotels meals), transfers and sightseeing tours.
• Inclusive Tour Packages. Include transportation to and from the
destination, hotel accommodations (with or without meals), transfers
and sightseeing tours.
• Inclusive Escorted Tour Packages are inclusive packages plus the services of
a Tour Escort. A Tour Escort manages the tour movements from the point
of origin to the destination(s) and back.
Confidential Tariff
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
72. • The tour operator on the basis of what the
target market wants determines the above-
mentioned products and services.
• The special Ad Hoc packages for specific
markets were taken up in the previous
section of this chapter.
• A basic rule to remember when costing a
tariff is: The lower the cost, the higher the
margin.
Confidential Tariff
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
73. Sample Mark-up Scale
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
74. The sample costing for confidential tariffs in
the following pages are in the Philippine
Pesos, rounded off to the nearest zero, and
based on the sample rate sheets in the
previous figures.
Sample Costing for Confidential
Tariffs
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
75. Try this! (Sample Costing for
Transfer Service)
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
76. Answer
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
77. 1. Number of passenger brackets varies from tour operator to tour operator.
Normally, brackets follow the configuration of the equipment being used.
2. The + sign after each passenger figure represents the free-of-charge (FOC)
concession granted to the client. In this sample, no FOC are included as the
FOC cost is minimal.
3. Transportation costs are prorated, i.e. divided by the number in the passenger
bracket.
4. Tour Guide costs are optional, depending on the tour operator’s policy. “s a
rule, tour guide services are required for private transfers.
5. Tour Coordinator’s costs are based on 1-2 hours as a minimum, depending on
utilization. Some tour operators base this cost on the average daily wage.
6. Markup percentages vary from tour operator depending on the company’s
overheads and desired profits. However the bottomline price must be
competitive.
Explanatory notes
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
78. Try this! (Sample Costing for the
Hotel/Resort Room and Meal Rates)
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
79. Answer
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
80. Try this! (Sample Full Day
Sightseeing Tour)
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
81. Answer
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
82. 1. Number of passenger brackets varies from tour operator to tour operator. Normally,
brackets follow the configuration of the equipment being used.
2. The + sign after each passenger figure represents the free-of-charge (FOC) concession
granted to clients.
3. Transportation costs are prorated, i.e. divided by the number in the passenger bracket.
4. For bracket 24 + 1 a full-size bus is used for costing. A minibus could also be used
instead.
5. The tour Guide Fee is US$ 40.00 at PhP50.00/US$. The Tour Guide costs include Lunch,
although Lunch is normally a concession granted by the supplier.
6. FOC cost is multiplied by two in bracket 30 + 2 and by three in bracket 45 + 3. This cost
includes the boat ride.
7. Markup percentages vary from tour operator to tour operator depending on the
company’s overheads and desired profits. However the bottomline price must be
competitive.
Explanatory notes
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
83. Try this! (2-days/1-night Tour
Package)
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
84. Answer
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
85. 1. Number of passenger brackets varies from tour operator to tour operator. Normally,
brackets follow the configuration of the equipment being used.
2. The + sign each passenger figure represents the free-of-charge (FOC) concession
granted to the client.
3. Transportation costs are prorated i.e. divided by the number in the passenger bracket.
4. For bracket 24 + 1 a full-size bus is used due for the sake of passengers’ comfort since it is
assume the trip is quite long.
5. The Tour Guide Fee is US$ 160.00 at PhP50.00/US$. This is based on two (2) full days at
US$ 40.00 each, plus evening services on Day 1, at US$ 30.00, and a rest-over-night
(RON) fee of a US$ 50.00. Tour Guide costs also includes all meals while away.
6. FOC is multiplied by two in bracket 30 + 2, and it is based on two (2) FOCs sharing one
room.
7. Markup percentages is fixed at 20% regardless of cost, however the bottomline price
must be competitive.
Explanatory notes
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
86. It may occasionally happen that an odd-
numbered tour group leaves a person who
has purchased a tour package on a share-
twin basis, with nobody to share a room
with or a pair sharing room of the opposite
gender not married or related. These cases
results in Involuntary Single . The tour
operator will pay a single supplement due
for the involuntary single-occupancy
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
87. When costing products and services inclusive of
commission for retailers, the basic formula is to
divide the net tariff rate by .9 if the desired
commission is ten (10%) percent. If the desired
commission is fifteen (15%) percent, divide the net
tariff rate (not the total cost) by .85. If the desired
commission is twenty (20%) percent, divide the net
tariff rate, which includes the tour operator’s
markup, by .8 in order to get the desired commission
level.
Wholesale Prices and Commission
Levels
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
88. • Transfer Service. The net to operator cost
shown below for transfer services has a
twenty-five (25%) percent markup, as
shown in the next slide, which is
derived by multiplying the total cost by
25%. To determine a ten-percent
commission structure, divide the net to
operator cost by .9, as shown in the next
slide:
Transfer Service
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
89. Sample Commission Calculation
for Transfer Service
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
90. • Full Day Sightseeing Tour. The total cost
shown in the next slide for a full day
sightseeing tour has the cost of the FOC
concession and Tour Guide prorated by
the number of the participants in the
bracket. The resulting total, which is the
net to operator rate, is then divided by .9
to calculate a commission of ten (10%)
percent for retailers, as shown below:
Full Day Sightseeing Tour
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
91. Sample Commission Calculation
for Full Day Sightseeing Tour
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
92. • 2-day/1-night Tour Package. The total cost
shown below for a 2-Day/1-Night Tour
Package, has the cost of the FOC concession
and Tour Guide prorated by the number of
participants in the bracket. The markup is a
straight twenty (20%) percent as shown in the
next slide for all bracket of participants. The
resulting total is then divided by .9 to
calculate commission of ten (10%) percent for
retailers, as shown below:
2-day/1-night Tour Package
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
93. Try this!
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
94. Answer
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
95. • Ad Hoc Costing Sheet. The total cost shown below for the
Hong Kong Merchant’s bank Group in Fig. 8-7, an Ad Hoc
request and costing, has the FOC concession and Guide costs
prorated by the number of participants in the bracket. The
markup is a straight ten (10%) percent for all bracket of
participants with no commission due whatsoever.
• It is up to the Hong Kong retail travel agent to add a markup
on the amount due. This is normally done after combining
the land arrangements with an airfare to produce an
inclusive escorted tour package.
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
96. Ad Hoc Costing Sheet
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
97. • A Quotation is the sum total price of services
requested or proposed. A Firm Quotation is the sum
total price of services requested, reserved and
reconfirmed.
• The Proposal is a formal quotation indicating the
category of accommodations, meal plan, included
transfers and tours, number of complimentary
concessions, booking terms and payment
conditions. It is normally made up of a cover letter
indicating the foregoing, with an attached technical
and/or descriptive itinerary.
QUOTATIONS & PROPOSALS
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
98. • Once the client has accepted the proposal in writing, the
processing of required reservations may commence.
• As explained during midterms, The Travel Management
Cycle, reservations are advanced requests for available space
or services at sometime in the future. A confirmation is a
written advice by a supplier that a reservation has been
accepted and will be honored, thus the term confirmed
reservations .
• When placing reservations with suppliers, the information
relayed through the different methods is basically the same,
however the most important aspect is to ensure that the
reservations are received, accepted and confirmed.
Reservations
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
99. • To affect reservation for tours, follow the methodologies detailed
as explained during the midterm period. Note that the Field
Operations Supervisor always makes the reservations for the land
transportation required for transfer services and the sightseeing
tour within a destination and for the services of a tour guide.
• Please also note that in the tourism industry, a person of 12 years
old and above is considered a full-fare adult. A child fare of fifty
(50%) percent is usually applied to an individual between ages 2
to 11 years of age, while infants up to 23 months old pay ten (10%)
percent or no fare at all.
• Also, Philippine law requires transportation companies to grant a
twenty (20%) percent discount to bona fide senior citizen aged 60
years and above.
Reservations
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
100. When making manual reservation with interisland shipping
companies above the following information:
1. Passenger/s Name and Numbers. Provide the number of
passengers (adults/children with corresponding ages) with
complete name(s), family name first, followed by the title
(Mr./Mrs./Ms./Mstr.) and first name initial. In cases of group
reservations, the name of the group or code followed by the
breakdown of accommodations is sufficient.
2. Date of Departure. Refers to the scheduled sailing date of the
vessel.
3. Embarkation/Debarkation Points. These are the origin port and
Manual Reservation: Lodging
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
101. 4. Breakdown of Accommodations. Specify the types and corresponding number of
accommodations being reserved. For example: Business-class accommodations in two (2)
cubicles for four passengers and three cubicles for six passengers, total twenty-six (26)
berths. Another example: Economy berths for sixteen (16) passengers.
a) Note: A suite room is located in the upper decks of the vessel with a large porthole (window); it
has a large bedroom, lounge, and private facilities with bath tub.
b) A stateroom is like a suite room, but with a smaller bedroom, and private facilities with showers
only.
c) A cabin is a bedroom with private facilities and no lounge. It may have a porthole (outside cabin)
or no porthole (inside cabin).
d) Business-class accommodations are in cubicles of four, six, or eight berths. Facilities are shared.
e) Tourist class accommodations are in upper/lower bunks, dorm-type, in airconditioned, indoor
areas of the vessel. Facilities are shared.
f) Economy class accommodations are similar to tourist class but situated in the open-deck areas of
the vessel.
g) These configurations vary from vessel to vessel, but as a general rule these may be described as
such.
Manual Reservation: Lodging
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
102. Once the reservation has been received,
request for its status and ticketing option.
Reconfirm the number of meals included in
the fare. Regular fares normally do not include
meals. Ask for the name of vessel, departure
pier and time, and the arrival pier at the
destination and the scheduled date and time of
arrival.
Manual Reservation: Lodging
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
103. When placing manual reservations with restaurants and other
food and beverage establishments, provide the following
information:
1. Passenger(s) Names and Number. Provide the number of
guests and a Lead name or the name of the tour escort.
2. Date of Event/Function. Specify the date the reservation is
requested and the estimated time of guests’ arrival.
3. Number of Tables. Specify the number of tables and their
respective configurations that is how many seats per table,
and preferred location in the hall. For example: two (2)
tables of six (6) seats each, for twelve (12) near the stage.
Manual Reservation: Restaurant
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
104. 4. Type of Service Requested. Indicate the type of service
requested, like set menu, a la carte, buffet service with or
without drinks, approved brand of alcoholic drinks, and
the like.
5. Form of Payment. Advise the restaurant on how payment
will be made if there are no credit arrangements.
6. Tour Guide’s Name. Provide the full name of your contact
person, either the tour guide or the tour leader or escort.
Once the reservation is accepted, double check the show
time.
Manual Reservation: Restaurant
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
105. • While most of the time the foregoing information is initially
provided by the telephone, it is prudent to follow up or make
sure to send the above information in black-and-white by the
letter to firm up the reservations.
• Nowadays email and faxed booking orders with an authorized
signature are accepted at reservation documentation.
• However for the transactions that involve substantial amount
of money, such as reservations for tour groups in
accommodations establishments, Reservation Requests or
Bookings Orders are sent to the supplier as discussed during
the midterm period, followed by the rooming list when
available.
Manual Reservation: Restaurant
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
106. Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
107. The Booking card for Tours is the
working form of the Tour Operations
Department. It is a complete record
of all requirements of the passenger
and provides a history of actions
taken, confirmation, option dates,
and relevant information.
The Booking Card for Tours
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
108. To properly fill out and accomplish this form, read the
following guidelines:
1. DATE. Write the date the card is issued.
2. REFERENCE NUMBER. Write the assigned reference
number/code for this transaction. Some organizations do
not write anything in this box unless a deposit payment
has been made.
3. N“ME s . Write passengers’ family name, followed by a
slash, then first name and title. Write age of children, if any.
Male children are addressed as Master or Mstr.
The Booking Card for Tours
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
109. 4. FORM OR P“YMENT. Write cash or card for walk-in
clients or invoice for with credit facilities.
5. “GENT’S N“ME, F“X No. & N“ME OF CONT“CT
PERSON. Assume a name of a travel agent or outbound
tour operator in the country of origin.
6. PHONE NUMBER, FAX No. & EMAIL ADDRESS. Write
the agent’s phone number, fax number and email address.
7. INTERNATIONAL ARRIVAL/DEPARTURE
INFORMATION. Write the arrival and departure
information, such as date, flight number or name of vessel
and ETA/ETD.
The Booking Card for Tours
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
110. 8. HOTEL/RESORT ACCOMMODATIONS. This is a list of accommodation
requirements, including number of rooms and the dates of the meals to be
provided.
a) City. Name the city or place where the hotel/resort is located.
b) Arr. Arrival date, check-in date.
c) Dep: Departure date, check-out date.
d) Name of the Hotel/Resort Name. Write the address, phone, fax and email address at
the back.
e) Status/By. Write the Confirmed or waitlisted and the name of hotel/resort reservations
staff who provided the status of the reservation.
f) Write the room type & the number of rooms required, for example, single, twin, or
double.
g) Write the meals to be provided with the corresponding dates.
The Booking Card for Tours
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
111. 9. DOMESTIC FLIGHT/SHIP/BUS INFORMATION. Write the schedule of flights/vessel name or the bus
number and company for travel within the Philippines.
a) DATE. Date of travel: normally alpha-numeric day and month in three letters. Example: 01 JUL
b) FROM. Write point of origin.
c) TO. Destination point (and so on and so forth). Last box is last destination point.
d) FLIGHT NUMBER/NAME OF VESSEL/BUS COMPANY & NUMBER. Write three-letter airline code
and flight number and booking class; vessel name and accommodation type; bus body or plate
number.
e) ETD. This is the estimated time of departure from the origin point.
f) ETA. This is the estimated time of arrival at destination point.
g) STATUS/By. Write status as per airline/ship or bus company reservations staff or CRS monitor.
h) PNR. Write Passenger’s Number Record as per airline reservations staff or CRS monitor if applicable.
i) OPTION. This is the date and time when the ticket/s must be issued to avoid cancellation.
The Booking Card for Tours
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
112. 10. TRANSFERS & SIGHTSEEING TOURS. A summary of transfers and
sightseeing tours requested.
a) CITY. Write name of city where tour is requested.
b) DATE. Write the date the transfer or tour is to be provided.
c) TRFs. Specify if one-way transfer (ARR or DEP) or roundtrip (RT) transfers
are to be provided.
d) SIGHTSEEING TOURS. Write name of tour or tour title.
e) HOURS. Write the number of tour hours.
f) AM-PM. Write if in the morning (AM) or in the afternoon (PM) or full day
(FD).
g) STATUS/By. Write the status and the name of person who confirmed the
The Booking Card for Tours
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation
113. 11. BOOKING ORDERS or RESERVATIONS REQUESTS ISSUED
BY: Write the name of the person who prepared the Booking
Orders or Reservations Requests.
12. TOUR VOUCHERS ISSUED BY. Write the name of the person
who issued the Tour Vouchers or Exchange Orders.
13. PREPARED BY. Write the name of the person who prepared the
Booking Card for Tours.
The Quotations and Reservations staff of the Tour Operations
Department of a TMC/Travel Agency always prepares the Booking
Card for Tours. Some organizations designate these individuals as
Staff Assistant-Reservations or Staff Assistant-Quotations. Others
designate them simply as Staff Assistant-Tours.
The Booking Card for Tours
Tour Operators Cycle
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Tour
Operator
• Tour Operators Cycle
• Planning
• Contracting
• Costing
• Quotations and Tariffs
• Reservation