The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Geographical range: Basins of the Indus River, ... Dates: c. 3300 – c. 1300 BCE Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent. The nuclear dates of the civilization appear to be about 2500–1700 bce, though the southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd millennium bce. TWITTER : A_R_Muhajir_90

1. INDUS PLAINSAND INDUS
VALLEY CIVILIZATION

2. FIG 1.1: SHOWING INDUS PLAINS

3. • Largest river of our country.
• Originated from northern slopes of Kailash Range in Tibet passing through the
Himalaya and enters in Pakistan's territory near Gilgit.
• In the upper region a number of streams join in it.
• Its eastern tributaries are Sutlaj, Bias, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum, while its western
tributaries include rivers Swat, Kunar, Panjkora, Kabul, Kurram, Tochi, Gomal, Bolan,
etc
• All the plain areas of our country have existed by the Sediment brought by River Indus
and its tributaries. The whole of the Indus Plain can be sub-divided into three parts for
detailed study:
The Upper Indus Plain
The Lower Indus Plain
The Indus Delta

4. FIG 1.2: SHOWING UPPER INDUS PLAINS

5. • From the point of junction eastern tributaries of river Indus is known as the upper Indus Plain,
which Includes the areas of Punjab Province.
• Has a height from 600 feet to 1000 feet. Which is comparatively higher.
• Although most of the plain area has existed by the alluvial soil brought by the rivers, but near
Sargodha, Chiniot and Sangal, some old dry hiss appear above the plain.
• These are known as [Kinara hills]. The five big rivers of Punjab drain this plain. The land that
lies between the two rivers if known as [DOAB].
• The area of Punjab plain can be divided into following Doabs:
Bari Doab
The Rachna Doab
The Chaj Doab
The Sindh Sagar Doab

6. FIG 1.3: SHOWING UPPER INDUS PLAINS

7. • Mithankot is known as junction of Indus river and its eastern
tributaries.
• Beyond Mithankot River Indus flows alone and carries not only its
own water, but also that of its eastern and western tributaries, while
flowing from the Province of Sindh, if becomes several miles wide
especially during the flood season.
• The river Indus flows very slowly and the silt carried by if is largely
deposited on its bed,
• Thereby raising it above the level of the sandy plain. The land on
either side is, therefore, protected by the construction of
embankments of bunds a number of difficulties has to be faced
during floods season.

8. FIG 1.4 : SHOWING INDUS DELTA

9. • The Indus delta begins nearThatta(Sindh) and the river Indus by
distributing itself into a number of branches joins with the water of
Arabian sea.
• The tidal Deltaic land covers an area.
• It is submerged during high tides , It has mangrove swamps.
• The old Deltaic land in the south are being reclaimed by the canals
of the Ghulam Muhammad barrage, still most of the areas of lower
plain are barren waste lands.

10. FIG 1.5 : SHOWING RELIEF FEATURES

11. • Vast expanse of fertile land
• Covering about 200,000 square miles (518,000 square km)
• With a gentle slope from the Himalayan piedmont in the north to the Arabian Sea in
the south.
• The average gradient of the slope is no more than 1 foot per mile (1 metre per 5 km).
• Except for the micro relief, the plain is featureless.
• Divided into two sections, the upper and lower Indus plains
• The upper Indus plain is drained by the Indus together with its tributaries
• The Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers, forming a developed system of
interfluves, known locally as doabs,, in Punjab province.

12. • In the lower plain the Indus River has a Nilotic character
• It forms a single large river with no significant tributaries.
• Flooding is a perennial problem, especially along the Indus, as a consequence of
heavy rains (usually in July and August).
• The Himalayan piedmont, or the sub-Shiwalik zone, is a narrow strip of land where
the rivers enter into the plain from their mountain stage, thereby giving each a
somewhat steeper gradient.
• The Indus basin soils are mostly thick alluvium deposited by rivers and are of recent
origin.
• Soils in the vicinity of river courses are the most recent and vary in texture from
sand to silt loam and silty clay loams.

13. FIG 1.6 : SHOWING RELIEF FEATURES

14. • The upper Indus plain is drained by the Indus together with its tributaries,
the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, forming a developed
system of interfluves, known locally as doabs, in Punjab province (Persian
panj āb, “five waters,” in reference to the five rivers).
• In the lower plain the Indus River has a Nilotic character; i.e., it forms a
single large river with no significant tributaries.
• The plain narrows to form a corridor near Mithankot, where the Sulaiman
Range comes close to the plain and the Indus merges with its last major
tributary, the Panjnad River (which is itself merely the confluence of the five
Punjab rivers).
• Flooding is a perennial problem, especially along the Indus, as a
consequence of heavy rains (usually in July and August).

15. FIG 1.7 : SHOWING RELIEF FEATURES

16. • It was very hot, so people spent a lot of time outside, Mostly had small homes, also used as workshops.
Not much space to relax.
• Richer families had courtyards. Children plays with toys or with pets.
• People not having a courtyard have a flat roof.
• Most Indus cities had a central well where people could get clean water.
• Archaeologists know what Indus people ate by examining teeth and bones of skeletons.
• Children in the Indus Valley seem to have loved toys. Archaeologists have found lots of clay toys, such
as model carts and animals.
• Children in the Indus Valley seem to have loved toys.

17. • Traders did not use money, probably exchanged goods. might swap two sacks.
• Occupation were :
Craft worker., Trader, Farmer, Builder
• Archaeologists discovered flat pieces of stone with writing carved into them.
• If you pressed the seal into soft clay, it left a copy of itself on the clay. When the clay dried hard.
• Lots of seals have pictures of animals on them, including elephants, rhinoceros, tigers and fish-eating
crocodiles.

19. • The Indus valley civilization was an ancient civilization.
• Major cities were Harappa and Mohan-jo-daro.
• Earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent.
• Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there
appeared the first signs of urbanization.
• Many houses had wells and bathrooms as well as an elaborate underground
drainage system.
• Conditions of the citizens were comparable to those in Samaria and superior to
the contemporary Babylonians and Egyptians.

20. • Various researches linked to Neolithic site of Mehrgarh.
• Mehrgarh lies on the “Kachi Plain” of Baluchistan.
• Centre of transformation from H.G to farming & herding.
• Settlement has been found in South India which is contemporary with the
Early Indus valley Civilization.
• These sites were characterized as Neolithic sites by Bruce Foot at sin
Karnataka. Trade links with Arabian Sea coast.
• Ash mounds were found, giving the evidence that cattle were herded there.
However, Mehrgarh dates back to 7000 BC and as early as 5000 BC.

22. • It was very hot, so people spent a lot of time outside, Mostly had small homes, also used as
workshops. Not much space to relax.
• Richer families had courtyards. Children plays with toys or with pets.
• People not having a courtyard have a flat roof.
• Most Indus cities had a central well where people could get clean water.
• Archaeologists know what Indus people ate by examining teeth and bones of skeletons.
• Children in the Indus Valley seem to have loved toys. Archaeologists have found lots of clay toys,
such as model carts and animals.
• Children in the Indus Valley seem to have loved toys.

24. • Traders did not use money, probably exchangedgoods.
might swap two sacks.
• Occupationwere:
Craft worker., Trader, Farmer, Builder
• Archaeologists discoveredflat pieces of stone
With writing carvedinto them.
• If you pressedthe seal into soft clay, it left a
copy of itselfon the clay.Whenthe claydried
hard.
• Lots of sealshavepictures of animalson them, including elephants,rhinoceros, tigers andfish-eating
crocodiles.

25. • Town planning includes:
• Large cities divided into two parts:
• Streets:
• Building materials
• Material used: burnt bricks, sun-dried bricks
• Drainage system
• Great granary
• Great bath
• Urbancities : Remarkable town planning, and excellent system of
drainage and sanitation

26. • No one really knows what happened to the indus valley civilization but listed below are some popular theories and
conclusions of how their ways and attitudes towards life may have affected their downfall.
• Several reason could be:
• Invading aryans
• Famine
• Shifting river courses
• Climate change
• Ecological degradation
• Decrease in trade with mesopotamia
• Tectonic uplift
• Faded away rather than extinguished completely