Basic Operation of matrices

1. 4.4 Matrices: Basic Operations

2. Addition and Subtraction of matrices
 To add or subtract matrices, they must be of the same order,
mxn. To add matrices of the same order, add their
corresponding entries. To subtract matrices of the same order,
subtract their corresponding entries. The general rule is as
follows using mathematical notation:
ij ij
ij ij
A B a b
A B a b
 
  
 
 
  
 

3. An example:
 1. Add the matrices
 First, note that each matrix
has dimensions of 3X3, so
we are able to perform the
addition. The result is shown
at right:
 Solution: Adding
corresponding entries we
have
4 3 1 1 2 3
0 5 2 6 7 9
5 6 0 0 4 8
 
   
   
  
   
   
 
    3 1 4
6 2 7
5 10 8

 
 

 
 

 

4. Subtraction of matrices
 Now, we will subtract
the same two matrices
 Subtract corresponding
entries as follows:
4 3 1 1 2 3
0 5 2 6 7 9
5 6 0 0 4 8
 
   
   
  
   
   
 
   
4 ( 1) 3 2 1 3
0 6 5 ( 7) 2 9
5 0 6 ( 4) 0 8
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
5 5 2
6 12 11
5 2 8
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
=

5. Scalar Multiplication
 The scalar product of a number k and a
matrix A is the matrix denoted by kA,
obtained by multiplying each entry of A by
the number k . The number k is called a
scalar. In mathematical notation,
ij
A
k ka
 
  

6. Example of scalar multiplication
 Find (-1)A where
 A =
 Solution:
 (-1)A=
 -1
1 2 3
6 7 9
0 4 8

 
 

 
 

 
1 2 3
6 7 9
0 4 8

 
 

 
 

 
1 2 3 1 2 3
( 1) 6 7 9 6 7 9
0 4 8 0 4 8
  
   
   
     
   
   
 
   

7. E.g. 3—Solving a Matrix Equation
 Solve the matrix equation
2X – A = B
for the unknown matrix X, where:
2 3 4 1
5 1 1 3
A B

   
 
   

   

8. E.g. 3—Solving a Matrix Equation
 We use the properties of matrices to
solve for X.
2X – A = B
2X = B + A
X = ½(B + A)

9. E.g. 3—Solving a Matrix Equation
 Thus,
4 1 2 3
1
2 1 3 5 1
6 2
1
2 4 4
3 1
2 2
X
 

   
 
 
   

   
 
 
  

 
 
  


10. Matrix product
 The method of
multiplication of
matrices is not as
intuitive and may seem
strange, although this
method is extremely
useful in many
mathematical
applications.
 Matrix multiplication
was introduced by an
English mathematician
named Arthur Cayley
 (1821-1895) . We will
see shortly how matrix
multiplication can be
used to solve systems
of linear equations.

11. Arthur Cayley (1821-1895)
 Introduced matrix multiplication

12. Product of a Row Matrix and a Column
Matrix
 In order to understand the general procedure of matrix
multiplication, we will introduce the concept of the product of a
row matrix by a column matrix. A row matrix consists of a single
row of numbers while a column matrix consists of a single
column of numbers. If the number of columns of a row matrix
equals the number of rows of a column matrix, the product of a
row matrix and column matrix is defined. Otherwise, the product
is not defined. For example, a row matrix consists of 1 row of 4
numbers so this matrix has four columns. It has dimensions
 1 X 4. This matrix can be multiplied by a column matrix
consisting of 4 numbers in a single column (this matrix has
dimensions 4X1.

13. Multiplication of Matrices
 First, the product AB (or A · B) of two
matrices A and B is defined only when:
– The number of columns in A is equal to
the number of rows in B.

14. Multiplication of Matrices
 This means that, if we write their
dimensions side by side, the two inner
numbers must match:
 Columns in A Rows in B
Matrices A B
Dimensions m x n n x k

15. Multiplication of Matrices
 If the dimensions of A and B match
in this fashion, then the product AB
is a matrix of dimension m x k.
– Before describing the procedure for obtaining
the elements of AB, we define the inner product
of a row of A and a column of B.

16. Inner Product
 If is a row of A, and
 if is a column of B,
their inner product is the number
a1b1 + a2b2 +··· +anbn
 
L
1 2 n
a a a
 
 
 
 
 
 
M
1
2
n
b
b
b

17. Inner Product
 For example, taking the inner product
of [2 –1 0 4] and gives:
2 · 5 + (–1) · 4 + 0 · (–3) + 4 · ½ = 8
1
2
5
4
3
 
 
 
 

 
 

18. Row by column multiplication
 1X4 row matrix multiplied by a
4X1 column matrix: Notice the
manner in which corresponding
entries of each matrix are
multiplied:

19. Revenue of a car dealer
 A car dealer sells four model types: A,B,C,D.
On a given week, this dealer sold 10 cars of
model A, 5 of model B, 8 of model C and 3
of model D. The selling prices of each
automobile are respectively $12,500,
$11,800, $15,900 and $25,300. Represent
the data using matrices and use matrix
multiplication to find the total revenue.

20. Solution using matrix multiplication
 We represent the number of each model sold using a row matrix (4X1) and we
use a 1X4 column matrix to represent the sales price of each model. When a
4X1 matrix is multiplied by a 1X4 matrix, the result is a 1X1 matrix of a single
number.
     
12,500
11,800
10 5 8 3 10(12,500) 5(11,800) 8(15,900) 3(25,300) 387,100
15,900
25,300
 
 
      
 
 
 

21. Matrix Product
 If A is an m x p matrix and B is a p x n matrix, the
matrix product of A and B denoted by AB is an m x
n matrix whose element in the ith row and jth
column is the real number obtained from the product
of the Ith row of A and the jth column of B. If the
number of columns of A does not equal the number
of rows of B, the matrix product AB is not defined.

22. Multiplying a 2X4 matrix by a 4X3
matrix to obtain a 4X2
 The following is an illustration of the product of a 2 x 4 matrix with a 4 x
3 . First, the number of columns of the matrix on the left equals the
number of rows of the matrix on the right so matrix multiplication is
defined. A row by column multiplication is performed three times to
obtain the first row of the product:
 70 80 90.

23. Final result
1+2*4+3*7+4*10 1*2+2*5+3*8+4*11 1*3+2*6+3*9+4*12
5*1+6*4+7*7+8*10

24. Find multiplication?

25. Undefined matrix multiplication
Why is this matrix multiplication not defined? The answer is that
the left matrix has three columns but the matrix on the right has
only two rows. To multiply the second row [4 5 6] by the third
column, 3 there is no number to pair with 6 to multiply.
7

26. More examples:
Given A = B=
Find AB if it is defined:
3 1 1
2 0 3

 
 
 
1 6
3 5
2 4
 
 

 
 

 
1 6
3 5
2 4
 
 

 
 

 
3 1 1
2 0 3

 
 
 

27. Solution:
2 0 3
3 1 1
 
 
 

 Since A is a 2 x 3 matrix and B is a
3 x 2 matrix, AB will be a 2 x 2
matrix.
 1. Multiply first row of A by first
column of B :
 3(1) + 1(3) +(-1)(-2)=8
 2. First row of A times second
column of B:
 3(6)+1(-5)+ (-1)(4)= 9
 3. Proceeding as above the final
result is
6
5
4
1
3
2
 
 
 
 
 


4
9
8
4 2
 
 

 

28. E.g. 4—Multiplying Matrices
 Let
Calculate, if possible, the products
AB and BA.
1 3 1 5 2
and
1 0 0 4 7
A B

   
 
   

   
A=2*2 B=2*3

29. E.g. 4—Multiplying Matrices
 Since A has dimension 2 x 2 and B has
dimension 2 x 3, the product AB is
defined and has dimension 2 x 3.
– We can thus write:
– The question marks must be filled in using
the rule defining the product of two matrices.
1 3 1 5 2 ? ? ?
1 0 0 4 7 ? ? ?
AB

     
 
     

     

30. E.g. 4—Multiplying Matrices
 If we define C = AB = [cij], the entry c11 is
the inner product of the first row of A and
the first column of B:
– Similarly, we calculate the remaining entries
of the product as follows.
1 3 1 5 2
1 ( 1) 3 0 1
1 0 0 4 7

   
     
   

   

31. E.g. 4—Multiplying Matrices
Entry
Inner
Product of
Value
Product
Matrix
c12
1 · 5 + 3 · 4
= 17
c13
1 · 2 + 3 · 7
= 23
1 3 1 5 2
1 0 0 4 7

   
   

   
1 17

 
 
 
1 3 1 5 2
1 0 0 4 7

   
   

   
1 17 23

 
 
 

32. E.g. 4—Multiplying Matrices
Entry
Inner
Product of
Value
Product
Matrix
c21
(–1) · (–1)
+ 0 · 0 = 1
c22
(–1) · 5
+ 0 · 4 = –5
c23
(–1) · 2
+ 0 · 7 = –2
1 3 1 5 2
1 0 0 4 7

   
   

   
1 3 1 5 2
1 0 0 4 7

   
   

   
1 3 1 5 2
1 0 0 4 7

   
   

   
1 17 23
1

 
 
 
1 17 23
1 5

 
 

 
1 17 23
1 5 2

 
 
 
 

33. E.g. 4—Multiplying Matrices
 Thus, we have:
– However, the product BA is not defined—because the
dimensions of B and A are 2 x 3 and 2 x 2.
– The inner two numbers are not the same.
– So, the rows and columns won’t match up
when we try to calculate the product.
1 17 23
1 5 2
AB

 
  
 
 

34. Is Matrix Multiplication Commutative?
 Now we will attempt to multiply the
matrices in reverse order:
 BA =
 Now we are multiplying a 3 x 2
matrix by a 2 x 3 matrix. This matrix
multiplication is defined but the
result will be a 3 x 3 matrix. Since
AB does not equal BA, matrix
multiplication is not commutative.
 BA=
1 6
3 5
2 4
 
 

 
 

 
3 1 1
2 0 3

 
 
 
15 1 17
1 3 18
2 2 14
 
 
 
 
 

 

35. Practical application
 Suppose you a business owner and sell clothing. The following
represents the number of items sold and the cost for each item:
Use matrix operations to determine the total revenue over the
two days:
 Monday: 3 T-shirts at $10 each, 4 hats at $15 each, and 1 pair
of shorts at $20.
Tuesday: 4 T-shirts at $10 each, 2 hats at $15 each, and 3 pairs
of shorts at $20.

36. Solution of practical application
 Represent the information using two matrices: The product of
the two matrices give the total revenue:
 Then your total revenue for the two days is =[110 130]
Price Quantity=Revenue
 
3 4
10 15 20 4 2
1 3
 
 
 
 
 
Unit price of each
item:
Qty sold of each
item on Monday
Qty sold of each item
on Tuesday

37.  Properties of
Matrix Multiplication

38. Properties of Matrix Multiplication
 Although matrix multiplication is not
commutative, it does obey the
Associative and Distributive Properties.

39. Properties of Matrix Multiplication
 Let A, B, and C be matrices for
which the following products are
defined.
– Then,
A(BC) = (AB)C Associative
Property
A(B + C) = AB + AC
(B + C)A = BA + CA
Distributive
Property

40. E.g. 4—Multiplying Matrices

1 3 1 5 2
and
1 0 0 4 7
A B

   
 
   

   

41. Properties of Matrix Multiplication
 The next example shows that,
even when both AB and BA are
defined, they aren’t necessarily
equal.
– This result proves that matrix multiplication
is not commutative.

42. E.g. 5—Matrix Multiplication Is Not
Commutative
 Let
 Calculate the products AB and BA.
– Since both matrices A and B have dimension 2 x
2, both products AB and BA are defined, and
each product is also a 2 x 2 matrix.
5 7 1 2
and
3 0 9 1
A B
   
 
   
 
   

43. E.g. 5—Matrix Multiplication Is Not
Commutative
5 7 1 2
3 0 9 1
5 1 7 9 5 2 7 ( 1)
( 3) 1 0 9 ( 3) 2 0 ( 1)
68 3
3 6
AB
   
    
 
   
      
 
  
        
 
 
  
 
 

44. E.g. 5—Matrix Multiplication Is Not
Commutative
This shows that, in general, AB ≠ BA.
– In fact, in this example, AB and BA don’t even
have an entry in common.
1 2 5 7
9 1 3 0
1 5 2 ( 3) 1 7 2 0
9 5 ( 1) ( 3) 9 7 ( 1) 0
1 7
48 63
BA
   
    
 
   
      
 
  
        
 

 
  
 