The document explains the rules for forming comparatives and superlatives in English. Comparatives are formed using -er and compare two items, while superlatives are formed using -est and compare more than two items. The rules depend on whether the adjective has one or two syllables and what letters it ends in. Examples are given for regular formations as well as irregular formations. The uses of comparatives and superlatives in sentences are also demonstrated.

1. Comparatives and superlatives

2. Comparatives and Superlatives are special forms of adjectives. They are used to compare two or more things. Generally, comparatives are formed using -er and superlatives are formed using -est . This presentation will explain the rules for forming regular comparatives and superlatives, and also show some basic ways of using them. Big - Bigger - Biggest

3. Forming regular comparatives and superlatives How these forms are created depends on how many syllables there are in the adjective. Syllables are like "sound beats". For instance, "sing" contains one syllable, but "singing" contains two -- sing and ing . Here are the rules: Only one syllable, ending in E. Examples: wide, fine, cute Add –R for comparatives: wider, finer, cuter Add –ST for superlatives : w idest, finest, cutest

4. Only one syllable, with one vowel and one consonant at the end. Examples: hot, big, fat -For comparatives: Double the consonant, and add -ER : hotter, bigger, fatter - For superlatives : Double the consonant, and add -EST : hottest, biggest, fattest Only one syllable, with more than one vowel or more than one consonant at the end. Examples: l ight, neat, fast For comparatives : Add -ER: lighter, neater, faster - For superlatives : Add -EST: lightest, neatest, fastest

5. Two syllables, ending in Y. Examples: happy, silly, lonely -For comparatives: Change Y to I, then add -ER: happier, sillier, lonelier -For superlatives: Change Y to I, then add -EST: happiest, silliest, loneliest Two syllables or more, not ending in Y. Examples: modern, interesting, beautiful -For comparatives: Use MORE before the adjective: more modern, more interesting, more beautiful -For superlatives: Use MOST before the adjective: most modern, most interesting, most beautiful

6. Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with THAN, or you can use a conjunction like BUT. Examples: John is taller than Sam. John is tall, but Sam is taller. Superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlative sentences usually use THE, because there is only one superlative. Examples: Mary is the tallest in the class. George is tall, and Jim is taller, but Mary the tallest.

7. 1 What is the comparative of "hot"? a)Hoter b)Hotter c)Hotest d)hottest 2 What is the comparative of "lively"? a) livelyer b) more livelyer c) livelier d) more livelier

8. 3 What is the superlative of "ugly"? a) uglier b) uggliest c) uglyest d) ugliest 4 What is the comparative of "destructive"? a) destructiver b) more destructive c) destructivier d) more destructiver

9. Look at the picture and make sentences using COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVES. Try these adjectives: 1. Joe is________ than Ed. (short) 2. Al is the_________ . (short) 3. Ed is the_________ . (thin) 4. Joe is_________ than Al. (thin) 5. Al has the___________ clothes. (colourful) 6. Al is__________ than Joe. (heavy) 7. Ed is the________ . (light) 8. Joe is ________than Ed. (happy) 9. Ed is the__________ . (mysterious) 10. Joe is ___________than Ed. (energetic)

10. Pair work: Make comparisons between South-American countries with the following adjectives: big long narrow developed populated poor wealthy beautiful modern