2. Evolution
• Organisms come to exist by
the Transfer of Genetic
Material, within a
surrounding cell, from one or
more parents.
• Descent may occur through
a Simple clonal reproduction,
complex sexual reproduction
3. Lineage
• Results from “Descent
(Origin) through Time”
• A set of organisms
interconnected through time
and space by the transfer of
genetic material from parents
to offspring.
4. Modification
• A component of Evolution
• Refers to a change in Genetic
Material that is transferred from
parent/s to offspring.
• Such Genetic Material of the
offspring is different from the
parent/s.
• Occurred through Mutation and
Genetic Recombination
5. What is Descent with modification?
• This refers to the passing on of
traits from parent organism to
their offspring. (Heredity-gene)
• Genes (basic unit of heredity)
- Blueprints for making an
organism and hold information
about its every conceivable
aspect.
6. How does heredity and Evolution works?
The passing on of genes is not
always exact, thus the parts of blueprints
may be copied incorrectly in the case of
organisms that undergo sexual
reproduction.
3 Basic concepts
Genetic mutation
Individual (or natural) selection
Evolution of the population (species as
a whole)
7. Population and Species
• Population
- The General Units of Evolution
• Species
- Groups of Populations that are related
to one another by various criteria and
have evolutionarily diverged from such
other groups.
- A group of individuals of the same
species that is usually
geographically delimited.
9. History of Evolution
• Plato
- “The observable
world is no more
than a shadowy
reflection of
underlying “ideals”
that are true and
eternal for all
time.”
10. Scala of Naturae
• Formed by Aristotle from Plato’s ideal.
• Represents a link in the progressions from
the least, to the most perfect structures of
creatures.
- An ordering of living organisms/ creature.
11. Charles Darwin
•
• Described as a man
who defied his own
social and religious
background, not only
by espousing a radical
concept, but by
becoming the
instrument that made
it acceptable to many
of his compatriots.
12. The origin of Species
•
- Darwin used the phrase descent with
modification instead of using the origin
of species.
o All living organisms are related to each
other.
o Over evolutionary time, the descendants
of the common ancestors have
accumulated diverse modification.
o Descent with modification has led to the
rich diversity of life.
13. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
• Proposed the Continuity of Species
- Variations among organisms
originate because of response to
the needs of the environment
- The ability to respond in a
particular direction accounts for the
adaptation of new features.
(Physiologically and Morphologically)
16. Divergent Evolution
• the evolutionary
pattern in which
two species
gradually become
increasingly
different.
• often occurs when
closely related
species diversify to
new habitats
• Large Scale:
Responsible for the
creation of the
current diversity of
life on earth from
the first living cells.
• Small Scale:
Responsible for the
evolution of two
species from a
common ancestor.
17. Convergent Evolution
• Takes place when species of different
ancestry begin to share analogous traits
because of a shared environment or other
selection pressure.
18. Parallel Evolution
• Occurs when two species evolve
independently of each other,
maintaining the same level of
similarity.
• Between unrelated species that do
not occupy the same or similar
niches in each habitat.
Heredity and Evolutions were once mention by Charles Darwin, according to him, all species descended from the only a few life forms that had been modified over time, that is why the Descent with modification came out.
Let's look on the key terms use in the lesson the Descent with Modification and Evolutionary Thoughts.
Evolution- Life first originated in 3.8 billion years ago.
Clonal- through a self duplication, or replication.
Conceivable aspects like growth, development, behavior, appearance , physiology, and reproduction.
By natural selection descent with modification explains the adaptation of organism and unity and diversity of life.
The genes of one parent are combines with the genes of another parent organism, that is why children are not exact carbon copies of either any of their parents.
Diverged- there is movement of specie from different directions in a common population.
Delimited- there is a legal population where group of species may live on
From these cladogram, we can trace the first organism to evolve in earth.
Gametangium (plural – Gametangia) is a specialized structure in which gametes are formed in algae, ferns, fungi and plants.
Gametangia (singular, gametangium) are organs observed on multicellular haploid gametophytes
In the gametangia, precursor cells give rise to gametes by mitosis.
With the development of evolutionary thoughts, many people assume that the theory put forth by Darwin in Origin of species is the final say on evolutionary theory, however, biologist know that the theory of evolution evolved overtime.
