SOC 204 Goldberg ch 3 and 4
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SOC 204 Goldberg ch 3 and 4
- 1. SOC 204 Drugs & Society Goldberg Chapter 3 Motivations for Drug Use
- 2. What do you think the most common reason for drug use is? 0% 50% 50% 0% 0% A. Curiosity B. Boredom C. Escape D. Social E. Rebellion
- 3. Motivations We all do things we know we shouldn’t do. Why? Characteristics of drugs can reinforce their use Altered states of consciousness Societal, community, and family factors play an important role in whether an individual tries a drug Drug factors play an important role in whether an individual continues to use a drug
- 4. Reasons for Drug Use Experimentation: Especially among young people, curiosity is a natural phenomenon that easily leads to experimentation Pleasure/Escape from Boredom: An individual who is bored will engage in something pleasurable to relieve the boredom Drugs used to increase pleasure or reduce boredom provide positive reinforcement Drugs taken to alleviate discomfort provide negative reinforcement
- 5. Reasons for Drug Use Peer Influence: Many young people use drugs to gain peer acceptance or approval Basic values, life goals, and aspirations still are influenced more by parents Spiritual Purposes: People have used drugs to communicate with something or someone greater than themselves Psychoactive plants have roles in many religious and spiritual practices
- 6. Reasons for Drug Use Self-Discovery: Drugs sometimes are used to fill a void in one’s life Social Interaction: Drugs are used to facilitate interactions with others Certain social groups determine how a drug is used Rebelliousness: Young people rebel against the conventions of society, including warnings about drugs
- 8. Risk Factors Community, parental, and peer attitudes and behaviors Antisocial/problem behaviors Poor school performance Perception that use is prevalent
- 9. Protective Factors Involvement in religious activities Commitment to school, involvement in extracurricular activities Perceived risk of drug use Parents as social support
- 13. Theories of Addiction U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Addiction is a “chronic, life-threatening condition that has roots in genetic susceptibility, social circumstance and personal behavior” No single theory adequately covers every aspect of drug addiction – elements of various theories provide insight into drug addiction
- 14. Personality Theory Delayed behavioral or emotional development may be a factor in substance abuse Personality characteristics associated with drug abuse: Low self-esteem Poor interpersonal skills Need for immediate gratification Defiant feelings toward authority Little tolerance for anxiety, frustration, and depression Impulsivity Risk taking Low regard for personal health
- 15. Personality traits associated with drug use do not include: A. Impulsivity B. Lack of intelligence C. Need for immediate gratification D. Defiance Im pulsivity Lack ofintelligence Need forim m ediate grati... Defiance 0% 0%0% 100%
- 16. Reinforcement Theory Reinforcers are stimuli or events that increase the likelihood of a particular behavior Primary reinforcers reduce physiological needs or are inherently pleasurable; examples are food, water, and sex Secondary reinforcers act as signals for the increased probability of obtaining primary reinforcers; example: money Drugs can be primary or secondary reinforcers
- 17. Reinforcers are: A. Things that reward us B. Things that are correlated with drug use C. Things that make a behavior more likely Thingsthatreward us Thingsthatare correlate... Thingsthatm ake a beha... 17% 83% 0%
- 18. Biological Theories Biological theory is a view of addiction holding that it is based on genetics and metabolic imbalances Genetic theory: a person is predisposed to drug addiction, including addiction to alcohol, by hereditary influence Metabolic imbalance: Narcotics help addicts stabilize the metabolic deficiency caused by absence of the drug
- 19. Biological theories consider these factors: A. The biology of the individual B. Genetics C. Metabolic imbalances D. All of the above Thebiology ofthe indivi... Genetics M etabolicim balancesAlloftheabove 0% 100% 0%0%
- 21. Social Theories Social theory is the hypothesis that drug use is determined by cultural and social influences Rewards of drug use may be derived from groups and others with whom we associate Drug abuse may arise from antisocial behavior Social theory does not explain drug addiction
- 22. Social theories: A. Attribute drug use to cultural and social influences B. Explain the phenomenon of addiction C. Discount the importance of family influence Attribute druguseto cu... Explain the phenom enon .. Discountthe im portance .. 83% 0% 17%
- 23. Media Influence The impact of the media on drug use is hard to determine Many forms of mass media feature drugs: Movies Advertisements Billboards Television Music Celebrities
- 24. Small Groups 1. Discuss what factors are most important in one’s decision to use or not use alcohol, tobacco, and/or illegal drugs. 2. Peers are cited frequently as an important influence on whether one uses drugs. At what age is the influence of peers most significant? Are males or females more affected by peer influence? 3. The depiction of alcohol use and smoking is prominent in movies, music videos, and television shows. Do you feel that alcohol use and smoking rates are affected by how alcohol and smoking are shown in videos? If yes, would you try to ban all alcohol and tobacco use in the media?
- 25. SOC 204 Drugs & Society Goldberg Chapter 4 Drugs & the Law
- 26. Drugs & The Law Attempts have been made to regulate the use of mind-altering substances since settlers first arrived in the New World The first substance regulated was alcohol The temperance movement in the late 1700s advocated that people become more educated about the hazards of alcohol Click picture for video
- 27. Early Regulation Alcohol 1791: Congress passed an excise tax on whiskey Opium 1833: US treaty regulated international opium trade 1842: Tax on crude opium shipped to the US 1875: San Francisco prohibiting smoking in opium dens 1890: Only US citizens could manufacture or import opium Proprietary drugs (over-the-counter drugs) Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
- 28. Small Group Questions: Do drug laws affect whether people use drugs? Should drug laws be aimed at drug users, sellers, or traffickers? Should the role of government be to inform its citizens about drugs or to prevent its citizens from using drugs? Should a person be prevented from engaging in self- destructive behavior?
- 29. Pure Food & Drug Act 1906 Before 1906, patent medicines were largely unregulated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was created to assess drug hazards and prohibit sale of dangerous drugs Law required drug manufacturers to report adverse reactions to their products Law required that the amount or proportion of drugs in the medicine had to be listed on the label
- 30. The Pure Food & Drug Act was created to: A. Stop people from using opium B. Establish taxes on drugs C. Force people to get prescriptions for drugs D. Keep dangerous drugs off the market Stop peoplefrom using... Establish taxeson drugs Force peopleto getpresc... Keep dangerousdrugsoff... 0% 0%0%0%
- 31. Harrison Act 1914 The Harrison Act resulted from the need to limit opiate use Law governed the marketing and sale of narcotics, regulated nonmedical narcotic use, and made possession of narcotics without a prescription illegal Doctors and pharmacists had to keep records of the prescriptions they wrote To obtain drugs, an increasing number of people resorted to criminal activity
- 32. The Harrison Act: A. Established taxes on drugs B. Made opium illegal without a prescription C. Established jail time for drug offenses Established taxeson drugs M ade opium illegalw ith... Established jailtim e for... 0% 0%0%
- 33. Prohibition 1919-1933 Began with the Temperance Movement 19th Amendment passed in 1919 Speak-easies Bootlegging Increase in organized crime Repealed in 1933 by the 21st Amendment
- 34. Marijuana Tax Act 1937 Forbade the recreational use of marijuana, but not medicinal or industrial uses Anyone using marijuana was required to pay a tax – failure to comply meant a large fine or prison term for tax evasion AMA and others opposed marijuana legislation The Federal Bureau of Narcotics, established in 1932, later became the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
- 35. The marijuana tax act made all use of marijuana illegal. A. True B. False True False 0%0%
- 36. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 1938 Under 1906 guidelines, a drug manufacturer could not be prosecuted for fatalities due to toxic drugs 1938 Act required pharmaceutical companies to file applications with the federal government demonstrating that all new drugs were safe and properly labeled Manufacturers had to submit a “new drug application” to the FDA, giving the FDA more authority and responsibility
- 37. Limitations of the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Did not cover drugs that were previously marketed Drugs had to be proven safe, but not effective Government had little authority to enact penalties Manufacturers determined whether a drug would be sold as a prescription or over-the-counter Manufacturers conducted their own tests to determine a drug’s effectiveness
- 38. The Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act A. Established taxes on new drugs B. Ensured that drugs were proven effective C. Ensured that drugs were proven safe D. Enacted stiff penalties for false advertising Established taxeson new ... Ensured thatdrugsw ere... Ensured thatdrugsw ere... Enacted stiffpenaltiesfor... 0% 0%0%0%
- 39. I think the legalization of marijuana was a good idea. A. Absolutely. B. No, I disagree, it was a bad idea. C. I’m not sure or have no opinion. Absolutely. No,Idisagree,itw asab.. I’m notsure orhaveno ... 0% 0%0%
- 40. Kefauver-Harris Amendments Serious birth defects caused by thalidomide resulted in implementation of stronger regulations regarding drug testing Kefauver-Harris Amendments, 1962, gave the FDA the authority to withdraw drugs from the marketplace Drug advertisements directed to physicians were required to include the drug’s side effects and its contraindicated uses Testing procedures required prior approval from the FDA
- 41. Kefauver-Harris Amendments 1972 Drug Efficacy Study: The FDA asked the National Research Council to conduct a study of new drugs Active ingredients were placed in one of three categories: Category I drugs: Determined to be safe, effective, and properly labeled Category II drugs: Not generally recognized as safe and effective, or recognized as mislabeled; must be removed from medications within six months Category III drugs: Data insufficient to determine general recognition of safety and effectiveness
- 42. Considering the Kefauver-Harris Amendments, all of the following are true EXCEPT: A. The FDA had the authority to remove unsafe drugs from the market B. Taxes on drug advertisements were enacted C. Advertisements must include side-effects D. Tests were required prior to a drug’s approval TheFDA had theauthorit... Taxeson drugadvertise... Advertisem entsm ustinc... Testsw ererequired prior.. 0% 0%0%0%
- 43. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (Controlled Substances Act), effectively replaced all previous laws dealing with narcotics and dangerous drugs Expanded community health centers and Public Health Service hospitals for drug abusers Established a commission on marijuana and drug abuse Divided drugs into five categories called schedules
- 44. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act replaced all previous legislation regarding dangerous drugs A. True B. False True False 0%0%
- 45. Schedule Criteria Examples I a. High potential for abuse b. No accepted medical use c. Lack of accepted safety Heroin, marijuana, MDMA (Ecstasy) II a. High potential for abuse b. Currently accepted medical use c. Abuse may lead to severe dependence Morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine III a. Potential for abuse less than I and II b. Currently accepted medical use c. Abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence Anabolic steroids, most barbiturates, Dronabinol (THC in pill form) IV a. Low potential for abuse relative to III b. Currently accepted medical use c. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to III Xanax, barbital, chloral hydrate, fenfluramine V a. Low potential for abuse relative to IV b. Currently accepted medical use c. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to IV Mixture with small amounts of codeine or opium
- 47. Anti–Drug Abuse Act of 1988 Legislation that emphasizes stringent punishment of the drug user, to reduce drug demand Punishment could be waived if the user completes a drug rehabilitation program Greatly increased federal prison population and led to a new Cabinet position, Director of National Drug Control Policy Under this law, drug users are punished more stringently than rapists or robbers
- 48. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act A. Emphasized strict punishment for drug infractions B. Allowed offenders to complete treatment rather than jail C. Created lighter sentences for drug offenses D. A & B E. All of the above Em phasized strictpunis... Allow ed offendersto co... Created lightersentences... A & B Alloftheabove 0% 0% 0%0%0%
- 49. Small Group Questions: 1. Should the sale of drug paraphernalia be illegal? 2. Should people using small amounts of illegal drugs for personal enjoyment receive harsh criminal penalties? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of decriminalizing or legalizing drugs? 4. What impact has drug enforcement had on drug use? 5. Should the vast amount of money spent on stopping drugs be used differently?
- 50. Drug Paraphernalia Drug paraphernalia: Items that are aids to using drugs (cigarette-rolling papers, water pipes, razors, clay pipes, roach clips, spoons, mirrors, and other products) Prosecuting individuals for possessing drug paraphernalia is viewed as a deterrent for drug use
- 51. The War on Drugs In 1988, Congress proclaimed that the US would be drug- free by 1995 The monetary expense and human resources employed to combat illicit drug use are enormous – yet, the number of Americans who have used illegal drugs has increased The government’s assault on illicit drugs has resulted in social tension, ill health, violent crime, compromised civil liberties, and international conflict
- 52. The War on Drugs has been largely successful A. True B. False True False 0%0% http://ezproxy.wwcc.edu :2048/login?url=http://d igital.films.com/PortalPl aylists.aspx?aid=7539&x tid=50127
- 53. Are you for or against legalization of drugs? (all currently illicit drugs) A. For legalization B. Against legalization C. For legalization, but only for some drugs Forlegalization Againstlegalization Forlegalization,butonly... 0% 0%0%
- 54. Arguments Against Legalization Some argue that decriminalization would increase drug use, addiction, and drug-related deaths Drug-related crimes might fall, but the number of addicts would rise Legalization would result in more dysfunctional addicts who would be unable to support their lifestyles and drug use through legitimate means
- 55. Arguments For Legalization Legal regulation of drugs would protect drug takers and save money Billions of dollars spent on drug enforcement might be put to use more effectively if the money were directed toward education and treatment programs
- 57. Drug Enforcement Drug enforcement is designed to stem the flow of drugs coming into the US and to punish the user To stop drugs at their source, the State Department works with a number of foreign governments DEA agents help block drugs from leaving other countries, eradicate crops, and find and dismantle illegal laboratories
- 58. Problems with Enforcement Farmers make more money from coca or opium crops than from legal crops On a global scale, less than 10% of illegal crops are consistently eradicated Interdiction is especially difficult because of numerous points of entry
- 59. Prevention Harm reduction Interventions that respond to needs of drug users and the community to reduce harm caused by illicit drug use Includes providing sterile syringes to reduce spread of HIV infection, education, and increased treatment Treats drug abuse as a public health problem, not a criminal problem
- 60. Prevention Normalization Term used by the Dutch for the practice of not prosecuting users of soft drugs such as marijuana Using some drugs is not illegal, but drug traffic is illegal Treatment assists physical and social well-being of addicts rather than try to stop their addiction Result: Netherlands has less drug use than the US and other European countries
- 61. Racism and Drug Enforcement Questionable search warrants in inner-city communities People of color are stopped and searched more often than others on the basis of “drug courier” profiles Despite comparable drug usage, Blacks are incarcerated at a higher rate than Whites Penalties for crack cocaine, used more by poor, are greater than those for powder cocaine, used more by middle class
- 62. Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Starting in 1984, Congress enacted mandatory minimum penalties specifically focusing on drugs and violent crimes It has been shown that mandatory minimum drug sentences have not acted as deterrents to further crime Mandatory minimum drug sentences give no latitude to judges to determine appropriate punishments Treatment is 15 times more effective for reducing serious crime than mandatory minimum sentencing
Notes de l'éditeur
- Motives for Drug Use 1. Personal and social variables such as identifying with a deviant subculture increase the likelihood of drug use. 2. Rebellious behavior can serve as a way to demand attention or to make a particular impression. 3. Drug use may be reinforced by the effects of the drug. 4. Drug users are often seeking an altered state of consciousness. 5. Societal, community, and family factors play an important role in determining whether a person tries a drug, but the individual’s experiences with a drug become more important with increasing use.
- We all do things that we know, logically, we should not do Eating too much Driving too fast Drinking too much Identification with a deviant subculture is a key factor Fads and cultural trends influence what drugs are used Characteristics of drugs can reinforce their use Altered states of consciousness Societal, community, and family factors play an important role in whether an individual tries a drug Drug factors play an important role in whether an individual continues to use a drug Motives for Drug Use 1. Personal and social variables such as identifying with a deviant subculture increase the likelihood of drug use. 2. Rebellious behavior can serve as a way to demand attention or to make a particular impression. 3. Drug use may be reinforced by the effects of the drug. 4. Drug users are often seeking an altered state of consciousness. 5. Societal, community, and family factors play an important role in determining whether a person tries a drug, but the individual’s experiences with a drug become more important with increasing use.
- Risk and Protective Factors 1. Risk factors are correlated with higher rates of drug use. 2. Risk factors for drug use include having friends who use drugs, engaging in fighting or stealing, perceiving that substance use is prevalent at school, knowing adults who use drugs, and having a positive attitude towards drugs. 3. The kids most likely to use marijuana frequently live in a rough neighborhood, have little parental monitoring, steal and get into fights, may not be involved in religious activities, and do poorly in school. 4. Protective factors are correlated with lower rates of drug use. 5. Protective factors for drug use include perceiving strong sanctions against drug use at school, having supportive parents, being committed to school, being involved in religious activities, and participating in two or more extracurricular activities. 6. Overall, studies of risk and protective factors suggest that adolescents who are more likely to smoke cigarettes, drink heavily, and smoke marijuana are also more likely to engage in other deviant behaviors, such as stealing, fighting, and early sexual behaviors.
- What do “addicts” look like? What drug do they take or what behavior do they engage in (alcohol, cigarettes, illicit drugs, food, sex, gambling, shopping, computer time)? How much time do they spend on their habit? How much of a drug do they take? How do you decide on the definition of dependence? Three basic processes Tolerance Physical dependence Psychological dependence Diminished effect on the body after repeated use of the same drug The body develops ways to compensate for the chemical imbalance caused by the drug Regular drug users may build up tolerance to the extent that their dosage would kill a novice user Physical dependence is defined by the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome Tolerance typically precedes physical dependence If drug use is stopped suddenly, withdrawal symptoms occur, ranging from mild to severe Physical dependence means the body has adapted to the drug’s presence Psychological or behavioral dependence High frequency of drug use Craving for the drug Tendency to relapse after stopping use Behavior is reinforced by the consequences Over time, this becomes the biggest reason users report they continue to use Early medical model = true addiction involves physical dependence; key is treatment of withdrawal symptoms Positive reinforcement model = drugs can reinforce behavior without physical dependence Psychological dependence is increasingly viewed as the driving force behind repeated drug use This refutes the sometimes common belief that drugs that aren’t as strongly physically addicting are less dangerous Some drugs are more likely than others to lead to dependence Method of use, as well as other factors, influences risk of dependence The “war on drugs” reflects the perspective that drugs are themselves evil Is dependence due to biochemical or physiological actions in the brain? Still no way to scan the brain and know if a person has/had developed dependence Genetic physiological or biochemical markers have been sought as well, but none has proven reliable No way to know if the drug or the drug use changes a person’s personality Many other factors affect personality Sensation-seeking = a personality characteristic statistically associated with early substance use and abuse Alcohol dependence often exists within a dysfunctional family Evidence suggests that dysfunctional relationships play a role in dependence, but they aren’t the only factor Founders of AA characterized alcohol dependence as a disease Others argue that dependence doesn’t have all the characteristics of a disease There are ways to test and treat the effects of alcoholism but not the disease itself There is some disagreement over how to define disease as well Dependence is related to dysfunctions of: Biology Personality Social interactions
- Figure 3.4 A Medical College of Virginia study involving 949 female twin pairs found genetic factors to be more influential than environmental factors in smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Likewise, a St. Louis University study of 3,356 male twin pairs found genetic factors to be more influential for dependence on nicotine and alcohol.
- An estimated $25 billion is spent on advertising tobacco, alcohol, and prescription drugs One study of alcohol marketing worldwide showed that young people are influenced by marketing Advertisements for cigarettes play on many themes, particularly independence After cigarette ads were prohibited from television in 1971, the void was filled with advertisements for smokeless tobacco
- Current laws trace back to two pieces of legislation from the early 1900s Racist fears about deviant behavior, including drug misuse, played a role in the development of drug regulation Laws were developed to regulate undesirable behaviors Fraud in patent medicines that were sold directly to the public False therapeutic claims Habit-forming drug content In the early 1900s, Collier’s magazine ran a series of articles attacking patent medicines— “Great American Fraud” Opium and the Chinese U.S. was involved in international drug trade Opium smoking brought to U.S. by Chinese workers Laws passed against the importation, manufacture, and use of opium– racism involved? Cocaine Present in many patent medicines (and, yes, Coca-Cola!) Viewed as a cause of increasing crime Racist connections
- Required accurate labeling and listing of ingredients Later amended to require safety testing and testing for effectiveness A law that required those who “produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or give away” certain drugs to register and pay a special tax Later expanded to include other federal controlled-substance regulations The Pure Food and Drugs Act (1906) U.S. Department of Agriculture Goal: drugs are pure and honestly labeled Harrison Act (1914) U.S. Treasury Department Goal: taxation of drugs to restrict commerce in opioids and cocaine to authorized physicians, pharmacists, and legitimate manufacturers
- 1. Purity The contents of the product must be accurately listed on the label FDA encouraged voluntary cooperation and compliance 1912 Sherley Amendment outlawed “false and fraudulent” therapeutic claims on labels Safety Originally—no legal requirement that medications be safe 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act required pre-market testing for toxicity Companies required to submit a New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA FDA became a gatekeeper and expanded greatly Directions must be included Adequate instructions for consumer OR Drug can be used only with physician prescription 3. Effectiveness 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments Pre-approval required before human testing Advertising for prescription drugs must include information about adverse reactions Every new drug must be demonstrated to be effective for the illnesses mentioned on label
- http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/cu/cu8.html
- http://www.history.com/topics/prohibition
- TIMELINE: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/dope/etc/cron.html
- DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS Regulated more like food than drugs Labels must be accurate Products can’t make unsubstantiated direct claims Products can make general health claims Products can be marketed without first proving safety Early enforcement 18th Amendment Physicians and pharmacists arrested; growth of illegal drug trade Stiffer penalties Jones-Miller Act Prohibition on importation of opium for heroin Prison vs. rehabilitation Punishment seemed not to be working “Narcotic farms” Bureau of Narcotics (Treasury Department) “Drug Czar” Marijuana Tax Act Mandatory minimum sentences (1951) 1956 Narcotic Drug Control Act toughened penalties Drug Abuse Control Act Amendments of 1965 Added new classes of drugs Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 Replaced or updated all previous laws Drugs controlled by the Act are under federal jurisdiction In some cases, state and federal laws conflict Prevention and treatment funding increased Direct control of drugs, not control through taxation, is the goal Enforcement separated from scientific and medical decisions Possession and selling penalties Omnibus Drug Act Drug precursors Drug paraphernalia Office of National Drug Control Policy established
- Preclinical research and development IND submitted to the FDA Clinical research and development Phase One—low doses, 20-80 healthy volunteers Phase Two—few hundred patients who could benefit Phase Three—typically 1,000-5,000 patients Permission to market May require 10+ years and costs $1+billion Only 31 new drugs approved by FDA in 2008 Orphan Drug Act—tax and other financial incentives Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1988—regulation of free samples, etc. 1997 FDA Modernization Act—guidelines for postmarketing reporting, distribution of information on off-label uses
- http://www.pharmacytimes.com/print.php
- https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/100/hr5210#summary
- Budget International programs Other federal agencies Other costs Cost of prison population Crimes committed to purchase drugs Corruption in law enforcement Conflicting international policy goals Loss of individual freedom Drug use has not been eliminated About 10-15 percent of illegal drug supply is seized each year When supplies are restricted, prices go up Higher prices and increased difficulty in obtaining drugs may deter some would-be users Difference in penalties from state to state Federal law overrides state law Significant growth in number of Americans in prison In 2007 the number rose to 5.06 prisoners per thousand and in 2008 it dropped slightly to 5.04 per thousand.