2. Anti-Manchu & Republican Movements in
China in the Nineteenth Century
• Self-Strengthening
Movement - studying
the ways of the West
• 100 Days of 1898 -
Emperor Kuangxi
• Boxer Rebellion in 1900
- Anti-Western
• 1905 - Exam system
abolished
• Sun Yatsen
• Drifting Provinces &
Rebellious Generals
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3. Chinese Emigration
• A process going back centuries,
spreading in large numbers first to
Southeast Asia
• Many kept their links with their
ancestral homes.
• There were lots of reasons to leave
China.
• The California Gold Rush (1849)
drew many Chinese.
• Widespread discrimination
• Chinatowns
• 1852 - Ratio of Chinese men to
women in USA was 1685 to 1.
• Chinese helped build the
Transcontinental Railroad.
• Chinese also emigrated to Mexico
and South America.
• 1882 - US Chinese Exclusion Act
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4. The Fall of the Manchus
• Weakened by Western
invasions
• Collapse of national
boundaries
• Loss of tax control
• Feuds among Manchu
provinces
• Corruption & bribery
• Armies kept for
political power, not for
fighting real wars
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5. Double Ten Rebellion -
Wuhan 1911
• The Qing “New Army”
based in Wuhan.
• Police discovered plot
to overthrow
government, some
army officers to be
charged
• Rather than face arrest,
the army rebelled
against the Qing.
• Rebellion spread across
the south of China.
• Emperor resigned.
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6. The Republic of China (ROC)
• Sun Yatsen, “George
Washington of China,”
returns from overseas
fundraising to become
President of China.
• Kuomintang Party
(KMT) leads the new
government
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7. “The Woman Problem”
• Men and later women
writers in China had
been writing about
women’s place in a
changing society.
• Liberal families stopped
foot-binding and sent
some daughters to
school.
• Ding Ling was a leader
in literature and early
Chinese feminism.
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8. General Yuan Shikai
• Dominates northern
China around Beijing
• Agrees to unify China if
he’s made president of
the ROC
• Crowns himself
emperor in 1916, dies
soon after
• Central power collapses
• Warlords across China
• Sun Yatsen in south
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10. The Great War (World War I)
1914 - 1918
• West preoccupied
• US banks lend money
to everyone.
• Versailles Peace Treaty -
Japan gets Germany’s
old territory in China
after the war.
• Japan gains power in
Manchuria.
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11. 1919 - May 4th Movement
• Allied peace treaties at
the end of World War
One maintained
Western power on
Chinese coast and gave
former German
territories to Japan.
• Beijing - Student
protests grows,
demanding reforms in
treaties and
government.
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12. Chinese Communist Party
(CCP)
• Founded in Shanghai in
1921
• Work to organize
factory workers in cities
• Mao Zedong among
founders - soon
working to organize
peasants
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13. First Chinese Civil War
1920s
• Especially between north and
south
• Alliance of Sun Yatsen’s
Kuomintang party & CCP
• Advised by Russians - willing
to help China, Russians have
own goals.
• Whampao Academy near
Canton - officer training,
Russian training
• Establishes capital at Nanjing
• Beijing renamed Peiping
• Sun Yatsen dies during
negotiations with northern
forces in Beijing.
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14. Chiang Kai-shek
• Chiang Kai-shek takes
control of Kuomintang after
Sun Yatsen’s death.
• Power based on leading
Whampao Academy
• Eliminates enemies, allies
with warlords, drives away
Russians, breaks with CCP
• Marries money - Soong
Family
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15. KMT versus CCP
• Chiang Kai-shek & Kuomintang
fight to destroy CCP
competitors.
• Kuomintang and gangster allies
destroy the Communists in
Shanghai in 1927
• CCP organizes more and more
in rural colonies (soviets).
• Kuomintang armies kill millions
of peasants to destroy CCP
support.
• Chiang Kai-shek sees CCP as
greater enemy than Japan.
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16. Japanese Expansion
• Japan takes more and
more power along the
coasts and rivers,
especially Manchuria.
• Mukden Incident
• Shanghai
• Install Pu Yi as Emperor
of Manchukuo in 1932
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18. The Long March
Legendary Journey of CCP
• CCP regions surrounded.
• Kuomintang forces CCP
forces to flee in 1934.
• 300 days from south through
Sichuan to Ye’nan in Shaanxi
province
• 6000 miles, 18 mountain
ranges, 24 major rivers, 10
warlords
• Crossing of the Dadu River -
20 men
• Helped peasants, didn’t take
food
• 200,000 departed, 30,000
reached the north
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20. Ye’nan Commune
• Other CCP groups
come to join them, dig
in.
• Kuomintang blockade
them.
• CCP calls for a truce to
drive out foreigners,
especially Japan.
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21. Zhou Enlai & Zhu De
• Zhou had studied
Communism in France
before World War I. He
was a member of the
Party before Mao and
was an early
competitor.
• Zhu was a former farm
boy and PE teacher. He
organized the Red
Army.
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22. Xi’an Incident
1936
• Generals take Chiang
Kai-shek prisoner and
force negotiations with
CCP.
• Plans made to fight
Japanese forces in
China - United Front
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23. Second Sino-Japanese War
1937 - 1945
• Marco Polo Bridge
Incident
• Massive Japanese
Invasion - “Trading
land for time”
• Take over Manchuria,
northern China, coastal
cities
• Rape of Nanjing, new
capital at Chongqing in
Sichuan
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25. World War Two
The Pacific War (1941 - 1945)
• Japanese attack Hong Kong
at the same time as Pearl
Harbor
• Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere
• USA begins supplying
Kuomintang China
• Flying Tigers
• Burma Road, then The
Hump
• CCP units infiltrate behind
Japanese lines, work with
peasants.
• Kuomintang armies mostly
don’t fight, saving resources
to fight CCP.
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27. Second Civil War
• Kuomintang/CCP alliance
collapses after war.
• Russians move to take over
Manchuria, eventually
removing most of its
factories.
• USA tries to negotiate peace.
• CCP defeats Kuomintang in
1949.
• Kuomintang flees to Taiwan
to maintain Republic of
China - less than 1% of
China.
• ROC controls Chinese seat at
United Nations.
28. People’s Republic of China
(PRC)
• CCP forces enter Beijing in
1948.
• Big Issues: land reform,
women’s rights, health &
education
• USA and its allies refuse to
recognize it and stick with
ROC.
• China forms alliances with
India and many poor
nations, especially in Africa.
• Mao Zedong - philosopher,
primary leader
• Zhou Enlai - best diplomat,
practical leader
• Zhu De - army commander
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30. Korean War
1950 - 1953
• Leftover dispute
between Russia and
USA
• As allied forces near the
Chinese border, Red
Army forces pour into
battle.
• Negotiations end war,
viewed as a victory by
China over landlord
nations
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31. Tibet
• 1951 - China takes over
Tibet.
• Han Chinese moved to
Tibet.
• The Dalai Lama flees
Tibet in 1959.
• Most Tibetan temples
and monasteries
destroyed in Cultural
Revolution.
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32. Communist Reforms in China
• Many reform movements
became power struggles
among CCP leaders.
• 1953 - Anti-Rightist
Campaign - identify and
reform old enemies
• 1956 - Hundred Flowers -
trick?
• 1958 - Great Leap Forward -
catch up with western
industry, bad planning &
natural disasters
• 1960 - Split with Russia
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33. Nuclear Power
• 1964 - China detonates
its first atomic bomb.
• Based on Russian
technology
• Mao threatens to use
nuclear weapons
against any enemies,
including now Russia.
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34. Great People’s Cultural
Revolution 1966 - 1976
• Mao returns to power,
ruling until his death
• Cult of Mao
• China turns upside
down again and again.
• Even Zhou Enlai and
Zhu De were in danger
of imprisonment.
• Educational system
stopped functioning.
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36. Space Power
• 1970 - China launches
its first rocket into
space.
• Mostly used to launch
satellites and to
demonstrate power
• Manned space flight in
2003.
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37. China Begins to Open
• 1971 - US Ping pong
team goes to China, its
first official US visitors
in two decades.
• 1972 - President Nixon
visits China and opens
trade.
• 1974 - Terracotta Army
discovery
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38. 1975 / 1976
• 1975 - Chiang Kai-shek
dies in Taiwan.
• 1976 - Earthquakes &
Floods
• Zhou dies
• Zhu dies
• Mao dies
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39. Deng Xiaoping
• Deng Xiaoping comes to
power
• Weakens cult of Mao
• Opens China economically
but not politically
• One-Child Policy
• 1979 - President Carter
recognizes PRC instead of
ROC.
• Deng Xiaoping visits USA.
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40. China’s Growing Economy
• Small markets and
businesses spread
and grow.
• Growing many times
faster than markets
in USA, Europe, and
Japan
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41. Tiananmen Square
1989
• Calls for reforms and
freedoms grow across China.
• Death of an old high official
lead to gatherings and then
protests in Beijing.
• University students lead
protests.
• Negotiations and
confrontations continue.
• Pro-reform leaders lose
arguments and are sacked.
• Deng sends the army to clear
the protests.
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42. China continues to grow,
develop, and modernize.
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