Kedah Report Kedah House & Surau

METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED
DRAWINGS (ARC60305)
RUMAH SUNGAI ULAR, KULIM
&
SURAU HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN ABDULLAH
KEDAH STATE MUSEUM, LEBUHRAYA DARUL AMAN, KAMPUNG LUBOK PERINGGI, 05150
ALOR SETAR, KEDAH
JANUARY - MARCH 2017

DECLARATION OF SUBMISSION
RUMAH SUNGAI ULAR & SURAU HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN
ABDULLAH
We, Team Kedah Traditional House as a group, hereby declare that all content, information and works within this
report is of original sources and are appropriately referenced when necessary. Written permission has been granted by
any copyright holders therefore the copyright laws are not compromised.
This assessment is the record proof of our completion for this project and holds relevant information necessary to the
project. With this declaration, we affirm that this report of data and information carried out during the field trip to Kedah
State Museum from the date 20th January 2017 to 25th January 2017 is submitted for the module Methods of
Documentation and Measured Drawing (ARC60305/ARC1215) of the course Bachelor of Science (Honours) in
Architecture from Taylor’s University to obtain 5 credits for Practicum 1.
KEDAHSTATEMUSEUM,LEBUHRAYADARULAMAN,KAMPUNGLUBOKPERINGGI,05150ALORSETAR,KEDAH
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It is a group effort by:
Wilson Tan Wui Xiang 0321128 (Team Leader)
Angela Wee Kah Man 0322970
Chang Huey Yi 0322898
Cham Zheng Chee 0322317
Cicilia Solomon 0326877
Cindy Lee Zi Ying 0320435
Dana Kan Jia Torng 0323648
Hong Shi Lik 0322081
Iddin Hafizi Bin Ahzali 0325595
Ignatius Jee Shao Iang 0320069
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
February 2017
Taylor’s University
Supervised by:
Dr. Nor Hayati Hussain
Mr. Mohamed Rizal Mohamed
Melvyn Poh Ern Meng 0322653
Mohammad Daniel Bin Mazlan 0321409
Muhammad Faidh Bin Mohamad Nawawi 0323712
Muhammad Mirza Qayyum Bin Mohd Shariff 0324031
Ng Jer Vain 0326969
Ng Ji Yann 0323713
Ng Kwang Zhou 0322802
Ong Von Wan 0323364
Quinn Liew Min Yee 0324525
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ABSTRACT
Based on the module, Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings, we were tasked to collect data and
information of our given building regarding its culture, history, construction and architecture. In a group of 19 students,
we have measured, drawn, and researched on our buildings, the Traditional House and Traditional Surau. This report
includes the data collected throughout our 6 days of on-site fieldwork for both the Traditional House and Surau located
at Kedah State Museum. The two buildings are located in the premises of the museum as they were donations to the
museum by the owners of the respective buildings.
The Traditional House is known as Rumah Sungai Ular previously located in Kulim. The house was donated by owner
Encik Saman Bin Saad. It is currently closed to public and only used for research purposes. It showcases the typical
traditional house found in Kedah, from the details and layout of the building to the tools and furniture.
The Traditional Surau is known as Surau Haji Abdul Rahman Bin Abdullah, this building was originally a house before
the owner decided to teach the Al-Quran, thus transformed the house into a surau. After donating it to the museum, it
still functions as it is to the public.
Both buildings have similar style in construction and layout. They were both deconstructed on their previous site and
reconstructed in the premises of the museum.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The assignment could not have been made possible without the grace and guidance of our tutors and the hard work
and cooperation from our fellow teammates. Not to mention many others who have helped guide and contributed to the
completion of this assignment. So, as Team Kedah Traditional House, we would like to take this opportunity to formally
express our sincere gratitude to all that have supported and facilitated us both directly and indirectly.
First and foremost, a very heartfelt appreciation to our module coordinator and tutor that have given us this opportunity
to work together and experience this assignment. To our module coordinator, Dr. Nor Hayati Hussain and all that aided
with the coordination of this module, we thank you for preparing this module for us to further develop our skills with
practice and experience. Our sincere gratitude to our tutor, Mr. Mohamed Rizal Mohamed for his guidance and
considerations throughout the duration of the assignment.
And extending our thanks, we wish the best to the owners of the buildings, Encik Saman Bin Saad and Dato’ Mursyid
Diraja Haji Abdul Rahman Bin Abdullah for granting us this opportunity to measure and experience the buildings. To the
director of the museum, for allowing us permission to research and document the buildings in so little notice and under
such rushed circumstances. To En Zulkifli, who provided us with the interview to get more insight and knowledge on the
respective buildings. And to all other staff members that provided us with any kind of gestures that eased our burden.
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
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49-55
TOPIC
Declaration of Submission
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Research
1.2 Aims and Objectives
1.3 Equipment and Methodology
1.4 Limitations
1.5 Significance of Study
Chapter 2: Culture & History
2.1 History and Culture of Malaysia
2.2 History of Malay Architecture
2.3 The Culture of Malay Architecture
2.4 History & the Culture of Kedah
2.5 History & the Culture of Alor Setar

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TABLEOFCONTENTS
TOPIC
Chapter 3: Architecture & Design
3.1 Site Context
3.2 Orientation of the Buildings
3.3 Design Concept
3.4 Spatial Organisation & Spatial Experience
3.5 Design Feature
3.6 Ornamentation & Details
3.7 Visual Experience
3.8 Comparison Analysis
Chapter 4: Building Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tools & Materials for Construction
4.3 Traditional System for Measurements
4.4 Building Material - Timber
4.5 Building Material - Atap Rumbia
4.6 Building Material - Iron Bar
4.7 Building Material - Concrete
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
TOPIC
Chapter 5: Building Constructions
5.1 Basic Construction and Structure of a Malay House
5.2 Foundation / Column Construction
5.3 Timber Floor System
5.4 Wall System
5.5 Roof Construction
5.6 Staircase Construction
5.7 Windows
5.8 Doors
Chapter 6: Defects and Dilapidations
6.1 Timber Defects
6.2 Column Defects
6.3 Woodcarving Defects
6.4 Window Defects
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
TOPIC
6.5 Roof Defects
6.6 Staircase Defects
Chapter 7: Conclusion
7.1 Reflections
7.2 References
7.3 Glossary
7.4 Appendices
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LISTOFFIGURES
CHAPTER 1
FIGURE
Figure 1.1 Bosch GLM 80 Professional Digital Laser Distance Meter (Bosch, 2017)
Figure 1.3 8-meter measuring tape (Stanley, 2017)
Figure 1.4 R 60 Professional Tool (Bosch, 2017)
Figure 1.5 Canon DSLR with Stand (Canon, 2017)
Figure 1.6 Ball of string (Dreamstime, 2017)
Figure 1.7 Foldable ladder (Pepperfry, 2017)
Figure 1.8 Extension ladder (Werner, 2017)
Figure 1.9 Platform Crane (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 1.10 Measuring with crane (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 1.11 Measuring with ladder (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 1.12 Measuring with measuring tape (Iddin, 2017)
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CHAPTER 2
FIGURE
Figure 2.1: The way of living of the past. (prepcue, 2017)
Figure 2.2: The strategic spot at Malacca brought success to Srivijaya. (konfrontasi, 2017)
Figure 2.3: Parameswara and his followers exploring the foreign land, which is named Malacca after that.
(kttahun5sksl, 2017)
Figure 2.4: Portuguese was defeated by the force of Johor and Dutch. (holidaymapq, 2017)
Figure 2.5: Francis Light colonized Penang and his contribution has made Penang one of the strategic locations for
trading purposes. (surakit, 2017)
Figure 2.6: Rubber estate was one of the rising industry during the colonization of British. (Iumwmalaysianstudies,
2017)
Figure 2.7: Japanese entered Malaya with great power. They’ve shown cruelty and were constantly spreading
propaganda. (mahaguru, 2017)
Figure 2.8: Tunku Abdul Rahman, the first Prime Minister during Malaysia’s Independence Day. (merpatiputih88,
2017)
Figure 2.9: The major racial argument and violence. (pinterest, 2017)
Figure 2.10: The iconic Twin Tower located at Kuala Lumpur. (inspireholidays, 2017)
Figure 2.11: Malaysia, a country filled with multicultural individuals that lived in peace and harmony. (emaze, 2017)
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CHAPTER 2
FIGURE
Figure 2.12: The warriors of the country, that protected the land shall always be remembered, with the build of
National Monument. (oxfordpoetryelection, 2017)
Figure 2.13: The absence of boundaries around houses, openness and intimacy were still retained.
(srikanditunteja,2017)
Figure 2.14: The friendly environment, that allows people to visit one another freely. (remembersingapore, 2017)
Figure 2.15: A basic shelter to complement the simple living without neglecting the consideration of the
environmental factors.(sda-architect,2017)
Figure 2.16: A conventional traditional Malay house is mainly supported using the post-and-beam system, which
can be seen clearly. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.17: The map above shows the Peninsular Malaysia and the definite location of each
states.(ngsoongwenn, 2017)
Figure 2.18 & 2.19: The basic design of a traditional malay house. (pinterest,2017) (flickriver, 2017)
Figure 2.20: Hardwood that are commonly used to build the house is cengal
wood.(manchestertimbermerchants, 2017)
Figure 2.21: Nipa palm leaves used to create atap roof. (dreamstime, 2017)
Figure 2.22 & 2.23: Examples of Rumah Dangau/Teratak. (pecidasase,2017)
Figure 2.24: Carvings and ornamentation that are incorporated in traditional Malay houses. (pinterest, 2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 2.25: Carvings that are used to decorate the house are usually inspired the natural environment. Flora
patterns are one of the commonly used patterns.(jadhomes, 2017)
Figure 2.26: The overall view of the Surau. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.27: The South Elevation of the Surau. The cylindrical shaped object is called the Beduk. It was used
during the prayers. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.28: The East Elevation of the house. The entrance was the staircase that leads the path towards the
Anjung.(Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.29: The Rumah Ibu, which is also the space where family members rest. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.30 & 2.31: The surrounding environment of the traditional Malay houses are filled with vegetation.
(theodora, 2017) (cheeseburgerbuddha, 2017)
Figure 2.32: The well serves as an essential feature to the lives of the people, serving water for their daily
usage. (123rf, 2017)
Figure 2.33: The joist that contributes to the support of the floorboards and the weight of the building. (Quinn,
2017)
Figure 2.34: The layer of atap leaves are tied up together and used to attached with the roof. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.35: The steep roof with the rafters at the back of it supporting the whole roof structure. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.36: The base of the columns are made up of concrete, with timber post to support and elevate the floor
level. (Quinn, 2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 2.37: The staircase that leads to front and back entrances of the house. The form of the house that
responds to the climate conditions is also shown. (eficienciaenergtica, 2017)
Figure 2.38: The clay water vessel (Tempayan) (kaskus, 2017)
Figure 2.39: The water gourd (Gayong) (northerndipper, 2017)
Figure 2.40: The division of space in a traditional Malay House.(archfullstop, 2017)
Figure 2.41: The possibilities and flexibility of expanding the traditional Malay house. (shirleysia-dissertation,
2017)
Figure 2.42: The indication of the staircase leading to the Anjung (Covered Porch). (rumahkereda, 2017)
Figure 2.43: The Serambi fits as a welcoming space for visitors. (keywordsking, 2017)
Figure 2.44: The Rumah Ibu is where the privacy of the family members are retained. (adesibank, 2017)
Figure 2.45: The stairway to acces the roof attic.(rumahwarisanrabiahmatklebangbesar, 2017)
Figure 2.46: The roof attic.(ujie, 2017)
Figure 2.47: The kitchen (kosmo, 2017)
Figure 2.48: The Pelantar (An open platform) (mycuteshoppe, 2017)
Figure 2.49: An extension at the kitchen area. (mycuteshoppe, 2017)
Figure 2.50: An ample space under the house to store items. (Quinn,2017)
Figure 2.51: An example of a sugar cane clamp stored under the house, utilizing the empty spaces as a
storage. (Quinn, 2017)
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CHAPTER 2
FIGURE
Figure 2.52 : Kedah state flag. (libra1002, 2017)
Figure 2.53 : Maps of Kedah. (instant2travel, 2017).
Figure 2.54 : Pedu Lake of Kedah. (flickr, 2017)
Figure 2.55 : Graph of Kedah climate throughout the year. (en.climate-data.org, 2017)
Figure 2.56 : Picture show paddy field of Kedah. (prezi, 2017)
Figure 2.57 : Traditional Malay House around Malaysia.(prezi, 2017)
Figure 2.58 : Traditional trading in Malaysia. (pinterest, 2017)
Figure 2.59 : Picture shown is Gagak Sura. (ipedr, 2017)
Figure 2.60 : Picture shown flora craving on wood. (pinterest, 2017)
Figure 2.61 : Picture shown calligraphy craving. (prophetpbuh, 2017)
Figure 2.62 : Picture shown geomertry style craving. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.63 : Picture shown cosmos theme on the wood craving. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.64 : View of Alor Setar city. (anotherbrickinwall, 2017)
Figure 2.65 : Climate of Alor Setar during the day. (tripmondo, 2017)
Figure 2.66 : Table shown table of ethnic group in Kedah. (pinterest, 2017)
Figure 2.67 : Picture shown was Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah. (kungfukindom, 2017)
Figure 2.68 : Picture shown is Tradtional Silat. (members, 2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 2.69 : Ornament of Traditional Malay House. (pinterest, 2017)
Figure 2.70 : Common Malay House in Kedah. (ilusidanfantasi, 2017)
Figure 2.71 : Picture shown traditional Malay House roofing. (aldeeny, 2017)
Figure 2.72 : Picture shown traditional support construction of roof. (prezi, 2017)
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CHAPTER 3
FIGURE
Figure 3.1: Aerial view of the site surrounding. The site is facing to Darul Aiman Highway, sitting by the banks of
Kedah River. (GoogleMap, 2017)
Figure 3.2: Aerial view of the site surrounding. The site is facing to Darul Aiman Highway, sitting by the banks
of Kedah River. (GoogleMap, 2017)
Figure 3.3: The aerial view of the stadium. (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.4: Entrance view of the stadium.(Google, 2017)
Figure 3.5: The elevation of Leong Say Tong. (Google , 2017)
Figure 3.6 : The entrance view of the temple. (GoogleMap, 2017)
Figure 3.7: Interior of the temple. (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.8: MBAS swimming pool. (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.9: Kedah State Museum is a 3 storey high building. (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.10 : Front facade of PSMCK (GoogleMap, 2017)
Figure 3.11: Palm trees behind Kedah house. (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.12 : Mango tree at the site compound. (Ng, 2017)
Figure 3.13 : Banana trees beside the Kedah house. (Ng, 2017)
Figure 3.14 : Banana trees beside the Kedah house. (Ng, 2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 3.15 : Kampong’s orientation. ( Google, 2017)
Figure 3.16 : Kampong’s organic layout. ( Google, 2017)
Figure 3.17 : An example of a kampong communal activity being held. (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.18 : Aerial view of the Qa’bah ( Google, 2017)
Figure 3.19 : Location of Mecca (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.20 : Surau in Kampong. (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.21 : Surau Haji Abdul Rahman. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.22 (Top) : Aerial View of the site (Google map, 2017)
Figure 3.23 (Bottom) : View of the buildings from parking lot (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.24 : Pureness of Materials ( Quinn, 2017 )
Figure 3.25 : Vernacular Architecture ( Quinn, 2017 )
Figure 3.26 : Thermal Diagram.( Google, 2017 )
Figure 3.27 : Roof Details on Sheltering.( Iddin, 2017 )
Figure 3.28 : Air Circulation through the house (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.29 (Top) : Ventilation Ornamental Gaps (Google map, 2017)
Figure 3.30 (Bottom) : Ventilation on the Window (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.31 : Ventilation Ornament 1 (Quinn, 2017)
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CHAPTER 3
FIGURE
Figure 3.34 : Example floor plan of Malay house from Negeri Sembilan (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.35 Floor plan of Kedah traditional house. (Measured Drawing Team Kedah Traditional House, 2017)
Figure 3.36 : Stairs leading up to the anjung. (Ng, 2017)
Figure 3.37 : Serambi Gantung. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.38 : The dim lighting in the room are achieved by lesser window and openings. (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.39 (Top) : Kitchen (Iddin,2017)
Figure 3.40 (Below) :Cooking utensil. (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.41 : East Side of the house (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.42 : East Side of the house (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.43 : West Side of the house (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.44 : South Side of the house (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.45 : North Side of the house (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.46 : Gable Screen ornament (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.47 : Roof Ornamental Detail(Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.48 : Foundation of the House (Quinn, 2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 3.49 : Horizontal Wall (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.50 : Timber Wall Placing (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.51 : Windows at Traditional House (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.52 : Staircase from South Side of the House (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.53 : Bedroom Space and ambience (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.54 : Transom Window Details (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.55 : The wall lights in the house. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.56 : Examples of Furniture inside the house (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.57 : Example of Mosque Plan (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.58 : Muslim Daily Life Diagram (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.59 : East Side of Surau (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.60 : West Side of Surau (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.61 : South Side of Surau (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.62 : North Side of Surau (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.63 : Ventilation Carving detail (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.64 : Surau Interior Details (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.65 : The door knob on one of the doors in Surau. (Quinn, 2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 3.66 : Openings in the living area of the Surau. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.67 : Two shutters window in Kedah House. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.68 : Tebar layar on the roof. (Iddin,2017)
Figure 3.69 : The ornaments on the roof. (Iddin,2017)
Figure 3.70: The sunbeam motif on the gable screen. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.71 : Floral carvings on the staircase. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.72 : Floral carvings at the wall panel. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.73 : Ventilation Carving on the wall (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.74 : Window’s Ventilation (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.75 : Window’s Ventilation (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.76 : Deer head wall decoration in Kedah House. (Ng, 2017)
Figure 3.77 : Surau’s Roof (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.78 : House’s Roof (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.79 : Gable Screen Decoration (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.80 : Ornamental Ventilation (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.81 : Light Illusion in house (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.82 : Light Penetration details (Quinn, 2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 3.83 : Ceiling’s joist (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 3.84 : Flooring’s Joist (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.85 : Vernacular Architecture Details (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.86 : Surau Window’s view (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.87 : The design of Malay House varies from states to states in Peninsular Malaysia. (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.88 : Indoor view of the roof. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 3.89 : Typical Kedah Traditional House (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.90 : View of a Negeri Sembilan house type (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.91 : View of a Perak house type (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.92 : View of a Kelantan house type (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.93 : Example layout of Malay house in Malacca (Google, 2017)
Figure 3.94 : Example layout of Perak Malay House (Google, 2017)
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CHAPTER 4
FIGURE
Figure 4.1 & Figure 4.2 : Ancient people chop down trees and transport the tress to site from forest
(Noenkcahyana,2012)
Figure 4.3 & Figure 4.4 : These buildings were not using any nails for construction but now a days, it stars to
corrode, therefore people used nails to protect both of this meaningful buildings (Quinn,2017)
Figure 4.5 & Figure 4.6 : Ancient people used Kapak and Parang when chop down trees (Asalsilat,2015)
Figure 4.7 & Figure 4.8 : The unit of measure in Depa system (Sastrabali,2016)
Figure 4.9 & Figure 4.10 : Exterior façade view of traditional Malay house and surau (Iddin,2017)
Figure 4.11 : Exterior post and lintel (Quinn,2017)
Figure 4.12 : Exterior Wall (Iddin,2017)
Figure 4.13 : Interior roof structure (Quinn,2017)
Figure 4.14 : Beautiful Ornaments on staircase (Iddin,2017)
Figure 4.15 : Exterior staircase ,Surau (Iddin,2017)
Figure 4.16 : Pasak known as nail but is made using wood .These technique ws used to interlock the steps with
the outer striger (Quinn,2017)
Figure 4.17 : Detail showing junction of tie beam, column and joist. The floor joist is jointed to the column
(Quinn,2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 4.18 : Ornaments help these buildings improvement air ventilation and the beauty of the house
(Iddin,2017)
Figure 4.19 & Figure 4.20 : Beduk who located at ground floor of the Malay traditional surau (Iddin,2017)
Figure 4.21 : Pokok Bemban (Alamendah.,2011)
Figure 4.22 : Pokok Buluh (Warisanpetani,2016)
Figure 4.23 : Pokok Rumbia (Learnmelanau,2011)
Figure 4.24 : Interior looks of Atap Rumbia (Quinn,2017)
Figure 4.25 : Exterior looks of Atap Rumbia (Quinn,2017)
Figure 4.26 : Worker ties all the daun Rumbia together with using Rotan. (Fenditazkirah,2013)
Figure 4.27 : Daun Rumbia basks in the sun (Amlubai-kerabat,2015)
Figure 4.28 : Iron bar was setting on window frame (Iddin,2017)
Figure 4.29 : Exposed Foundation (Iddin,2017)
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CHAPTER 5
FIGURE
Figure 5.1 : Basic Construction of Traditional House (Yuan, 1987)
Figure 5.2: The Setting up of a basic traditional Malay House Form (Yuan,1987)
Figure 5.3 : Construction process of traditional Malay House (memori-Kedah, 2017)
Figure 5.4: Concrete Footing and foundation of the two traditional buildings (Iddin,2017)
Figure 5.5: Placing of Column and Footing of Surau Haji Abdul Rahman Abdullah (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.6: Placing of Column and Footing of Sungai Ular House (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.7: Set up of Foundation formwork steps.(cgetechnology,2011)
Figure 5.8: Column Construction detail with steel rod connecting the footing sketch (Dana, 2017)
Figure 5.9: View upwards from lower ground of the timber joist system with floorboards laid across the joists
(Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.10: Exposed joists and beams seen from below of Surau Haji Abdul Reahman Abdullah (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.11: Usage of round timber joists for the open-air “pelantar”(Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.12: Connection details of nails for round timber joists (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.13: Usage of dowels to secure parts (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.14: Beam to Column Connection Detail with wedges sketch (Dana, 2017)
Figure 5.15: Basic Mortise and Tenon Joint detail sketch (Dana, 2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 5.16: Detail of Spacing of the joists resting upon the beam.in the traditional Sungai Ular House (Quinn,
2017)
Figure 5.17: Basic lap joint sketch (Dana, 2017)
Figure 5.18: An example of the post and beam being recessed to secure to one another (Dana, 2017)
Figure 5.19: Construction detail of Wall system and floor system (picrevise, 2017)
Figure 5.20: External wall view of Sungai Ular House (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.21: Side view of weatherboards on exterior wall (agung1501, 2014)
Figure 5.22: Kedah House showing its roof structure (Quinn,2017)
Figure 5.23: The surau with a close view of its roof (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.24: Queen post truss (Wikipedia,2007)
Figure 5.25: Queen post truss seen in the surau (Qayyum,2017)
Figure 5.26: A clear view of the layers consisting of purlins, principal rafters and the common rafters
(Qayyum,2017)
Figure 5.27: Zoomed in view of the ties betwwen the atap layers (Quinn,2017)
Figure 5.28: A full view of the surau and its roof system (Quinn,2017)
Figure 5.29: The material used for the atap of both of the buildings (Quinn,2017)
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FIGURE
Figure 5.30 (Top left) : Construction details on the lowest layer roof, supported by the front columns (Qayyum,
2017)
Figure 5.31 (Top right) : The ridge board of the roof, connects two queen post truss along with the purlins
(Qayyum, 2017)
Figure 5.32 (Bottom left) : Additional detail highlighting the rafters underneath the roof eaves (Qayyum,2017)
Figure 5.33 (Bottom right) : Zoomed out view of the roof details with an additional beam (with ceiling fan)
supporting the structure (Qayyum,2017)
Figure 5.34: A perspective view of the staircase at the surau (Qayyum,2017)
Figure 5.35: Woodcarved stairs found just at the entrance to the house (Jiyann,2017)
Figure 5.36: Unexploded Axonometric of stairs at the surau (Measured Drawing Team Kedah Traditional
House,2017)
Figure 5.37: Exploded Axonometric of stairs at the surau, highlighting which joints should be connected
(Measured Drawing Team Kedah Traditional House,2017)
Figure 5.38: A hybrid of concrete and wood makes the staircase unique (Qayyum,2017)
Figure 5.39: The treenail (pasak) used to lock the joints in place (Quinn,2017)
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LISTOFFIGURES
CHAPTER 5
FIGURE
Figure 5.40: Main Floor Plan of Sungai Ular House indicating the placement of windows and doors sketch
(Dana, 2017)
Figure 5.41: Main Floor Plan of Surau Haji Abdul Rahman Abdullah sketch (Dana, 2017)
Figure 5.42: Louvred window shutters in surau.(Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.43: Louvred window Detail Drawing (Measured Drawing Team Kedah Traditional House ,2017)
Figure 5.44: Double casement windows.(Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.45: Double casement window Detail Drawing (Measured Drawing Team Kedah Traditional House
,2017)
Figure 5.46: Double hinged door (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 5.47: Double Hinged door detail drawing (Measured Drawing Team Kedah Traditional House, 2017)
Figure 5.48: Sliding Door detail drawing (Measured Drawing Team Kedah Traditional House, 2017)
Figure 5.49: Door frame detail of the double hinged door (Zulkifli,1999)
Figure 5.50: Mortise and tenon joint detail (Zulkifl, 1999)
Figure 5.51: Mortise and tenon joint detail of the door frame (Zulkifli, 1999)
xxvii

LISTOFFIGURES
CHAPTER 6
FIGURE
Figure 6.1: The moulds from one of the pieces of wood under the floor boards (Jiyann,2017)
Figure 6.2: Some of the appearance defects of the wood used for both buildings (Jiyann,2017)
Figure 6.3: A zoomed in view of the deterioration some of the columns suffer (Quinn,2017)
Figure 6.4: Woodcarving defect (Iddin,2017)
Figure 6.5: View of the remains of one of the broken windows (Dana,2017)
Figure 6.6: The rusting found on the iron bars at the interior side of the window (Qayyum,2017)
Figure 6.7: The gaping hole found on the atap (Quinn,2017)
xxviii

CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
The module, Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings for the course Bachelor of Science (Honours) in
Architecture is the basis for this assignment. The module lasts 2 months from 9th January to 9th March 2017 and
involves students of semester 2 and semester 3 of Bsc(Hons) in Architecture. The module consists of 3 parts of
projects comprising of different aspects to the said documentation and drawings.
The module synopsis is as follows:
“The subject aims to develop an understanding of the principles of building preservation/conservation and the methods of
recording it in three documentation methods; measured drawings, written documentation and photographic documentation. The
ideas of application and management of architectural historic documentation will be presented as part of the overall knowledge
of building preservation/conservation. For measured drawings, students are to document historically and architecturally
significant buildings in the form of as-built drawings. The task requires 10 to 20 students per group that involve fieldworks
consisting of measuring techniques such as photographing, sketching, using of theodolite and measuring tapes. The outcomes
of the subject are collection of plans, section, elevations, details and axonometric views / models; complemented with a report
that explains about the background, history, concept, style construction techniques and ornamentation of the building.”
2

This assignment, commenced by a team of 19 students and a tutor, Mr. Mohamed Rizal Mohamed. As a compulsory
requirement for the module, the team must attend an on-site field trip to measure and document two traditional Kedah
buildings in the facility of the Kedah State Museum in Alor Setar, Kedah for a duration of 6 days from 20th – 25th
January 2017.
This report is the requirement of Project 2: Building Report and Photobook, and it is the product of the research and
documentation brought upon the two Kedah traditional buildings throughout the duration of this assignment. It
consists of measured drawings, pictures, references and written text of research based on external sources, the site-
visit and discussions regarding the assignment guidelines.
Our scope of research is the culture and history of the Kedah traditional buildings and its relationship to the
architecture and construction. The main topics of our research are Culture and History, Architecture and Design, and
Building Construction. The report will closely highlight the importance of each topics and how they affect each other in
various aspects.
3

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This assignment aims to introduce several methods of documenting historic structures to preserve an accurate
record of historic properties for research or preservation purposes, and introduce basic preparation of measured
drawings of a building or structure to prescribed standard. Through the assignments, students are able to acquire
hands on experience in the process of documenting historically and culturally significant buildings with the process of
manual measuring, technical drawings, in-depth research and model making.
This report showcases important information regarding the traditional Kedah buildings in various aspects. The focus
of the report is to analyse the relationship of its culture and history, architecture and design, and building
construction.
The aims of the assignment is as follow:-
● To produce sketches as proof of individual’s in-depth understanding of the building
● To accurately measure the buildings and produce technical drawings based on the measurements as it is.
● To produce a report that compiles all the information gathered from research on the buildings
● To produce a video as a documentation of the building
● To produce a scaled model based on the documentations of the buildings
The report aims to answer the following questions regarding how does the culture and history affect the function and
features of the buildings; what significance does the buildings show in architectural and design aspects; what are the
functions and types of the construction details; how do the social classes affect the materials and where are they
acquired.
4

1.3 EQUIPMENTANDMETHODOLOGY
EQUIPMENT
Several tools and equipment are used for various purposes, such as measuring or providing access to complete the
process of measuring and documentation.
Bosch GLM 80 Professional Digital Laser Distance Meter
This device has played an important role in the measuring and documentation of this project. This is a laser equipped
device that is capable of measuring distances more efficiently and accurately. It is very useful for situations when the
measured distance is not reachable or accessible by measuring tape. With various settings available, the device can
measure heights of the roof or identify the distance between rafters. With the right mode, it can also measure angles.
The accuracy of the device is up to 3 decimal points.
Figure 1.1 Bosch GLM 80 Professional Digital
Laser Distance Meter (Bosch, 2017)
5

Measuring Tape
Measuring tapes are essential in any type of measurements involving building construction. It is an efficient tool that
can be deployed quickly to get fast measurements. Measuring tapes are useful for measuring moderate distances of
up to 20 meters and further distances of up to 100 meters depending on the type of measuring tape. For long
distances, it is operated by 2 people as one end is placed at the starting edge and the other for the reading to get
accurate measurements. It has measurement readings in centimeters and feet.
Figure 1.2 100-meter measuring tape (Komelon,
2017)
Figure 1.3 8-meter measuring tape (Stanley,
2017)
6

Level Tool (R60Professional Set)
The level tool is provided as a set together with the laser distance
meter. The laser distance meter is kept in the level tool and can
be removed easily. The level tool is required to ensure that
measurements are aligned and straight and not angled.
DSLR Camera and Tripod Stand
The camera is an essential tool in the process of documenting.
The camera needs to provide clear image that accurately depicts
the features and elements of the building. It is used for the
photobook compilation and video required from the assignments.
The pictures are also important for the detailing used in the
drawings.
String
The string has many functions for the measurements. Among the
functions of string are, to set a boundary of measurement, to
measure curved surfaces, to check alignments and to use as a
marker on-site.
Figure 1.4 R 60 Professional Tool (Bosch, 2017)
Figure 1.5 Canon DSLR with Stand (Canon,
2017)
Figure 1.6 Ball of string (Dreamstime, 2017)
7

Extendable Ladder / Multi–purpose Ladder
Ladder provides vertical access to unreachable heights. It is used to ease measurements that are high above
and could not be reached by human height. The ladder goes up to 3 meters depending on type.
Figure 1.7 Foldable ladder (Pepperfry,
2017)
Figure 1.8 Extension ladder (Werner,
2017)
8

Crane
A crane was rented for a day during our on-site fieldwork. The crane provides very high elevations to measure
elements unreachable without proper equipment. It is used to measure elements on the roof.
Figure 1.9 Platform Crane (Iddin, 2017)
9

METHODOLOGY
Methodology is important to get accurate measurements and to ensure the most efficient workforce. Therefore,
several methods were used to measure and document the building appropriately.
Traditional Measuring Technique
To measure each measurement manually on-site. The equipment used for this method were measuring tape,
laser distance meter, string, ladder, level tool and crane. It is to use any means necessary to measure an
element physically.
Figure 1.10 Measuring with crane (Iddin,
2017)
Figure 1.11 Measuring
with ladder (Iddin, 2017)
Figure 1.12 Measuring with measuring
tape (Iddin, 2017)
10

Taking Photos
Taking photos with the camera is essential for the details of ornamentations. It will be too much of an effort to
measure every single detail on a single ornament. Instead, taking a photo and tracing them on software then
scaling them is more efficient and appropriate.
On-Site Strategy
In our situation where we had to measure two buildings, namely Rumah Sungai Ular and Surau Haji Abdul
Rahman Bin Abdullah. Therefore, we have separated our team to 3 groups with one photographer. The result is
having 7-8 people measuring for buildings in 2 groups with roles such as, plans, elevation and section. And a
group of 3 in charge of site context around the site. At the end of each measuring session, we discussed our
measurements to ensure they are accurate.
Software Programs
The methods we used for producing the technical drawing is through software programs such as AutoCAD. This
is a much more effective method compared to manual drawings. As some team members are from semester 2,
there are some lack of experience in that aspect.
11

Literature Research
We have used several methods for researching the information and data regarding the buildings. The methods
include, using the internet, researching books, and interviews.
On the internet, we were able to find brief information regarding the culture and architecture of traditional houses
in general. We were also able to get information on the construction details of the buildings. All sources are
properly referenced for copyright laws.
Through the library, we were able to get detail information about traditional houses in Kedah, including culture,
context and construction. The books are referenced appropriately.
During our site visit, we were able to interview an officer, En Zulkifli with knowledge on the building. We were
able to get the much-needed history of the buildings that could not be found elsewhere.
12

Model-making
Model-making is an essential part towards documenting the buildings. The models provide a solid representation
that gives the viewers freedom of perspective. To make the to-scale model, there are a few methods to consider
and execute.
The main method used is to laser cut the materials for assembly with a laser cutting machine. The AutoCAD
drawings are used as the machine’s reference. In the situations where laser cut is not efficient or effective for an
element of the model, manual cutting technique with pen knife is used.
Upon completion of cutting, the model is assembled by hand with aid of binding materials. Much precaution is
taken during the assembly process.
13

1.4 LIMITATIONS
RANDOMERROR
Also known as human error is the situation when an individual did not retrieve an accurate measurement. These
errors can be caused by, wrong eye position, individual carelessness, and other external factors. To avoid this
situation, we have checked our measurements multiple times to achieve the most accurate result.
LACK OF INFORMATION
As our team was put on the spot to measure these buildings due to a change of site, we did not do prior
research before the site visit. Also, the research of the buildings hit a snag when we were unable to get any
details pertaining to the history of the building from all the sources. We were only able to get a brief history of
both the buildings through the interview.
14

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The purpose of this report is to showcase and highlight the significance of Rumah Sungai Ular and Surau Haji
Abdul Rahman Bin Abdullah in various aspects, mainly its cultural significance, its relationship with architecture,
and the uniqueness of building construction. The report consists of information regarding the buildings and the
influences such as society, economy, politics and site. These information and data are also purposed to preserve
the recorded cultural and historical significance of the buildings.
Furthermore, this study gave us a precious insight of the cultural significance of these buildings. And provided us
with profound knowledge regarding every detail we have studied upon. By documenting our research, it is with
our regards that we are able to provide more people to have access to knowledge about these buildings and the
architectural style in general. Also, to spread knowledge of the culture and daily activities of the traditional Malay
lifestyle in hopes of more awareness to better understand and appreciate the traditional houses of Malaysia.
The study includes appropriate drawings, pictures, illustrations, video, and report to provide the most in-depth
information that rediscovers the beauty of traditional Malay houses in Malaysia.
15

2.1HISTORY&CULTUREOFMALAYSIA
HISTORYOFMALAYSIA
Figure 2.1: The way of living of the past.
(prepcue, 2017)
Ancient times (8000B.C-3rdCenturyAD)
The arrival of stone-age hunters and gatherers was the pioneer that step
foot in Malaya. Farmers were involved in agriculture activities. Bronze
and iron were the essence to the materials of farming tools. People
settled along the rivers, bringing fishing and growing crops partly into
their lives. In the North, Kedah was very happening as it was highly
civilized and trace of influences from India through trade became
apparent. Buddhism and Hinduism were introduced as well.
Figure 2.2: The strategic spot at Malacca
brought success to Srivijaya. (konfrontasi,
2017)
Srivijaya (7thCentury-13thCentury)
Domination from the state of Srivijaya arose, controlling the coast of
Malay Peninsular. Trades with India and China caused the Malacca
straits to be ruled. Srivijaya was at it’s peak until the 11th century. It
went downfall after it’s power declined.
17

Figure 2.3: Parameswara and his followers
exploring the foreign land, which is named
Malacca after that. (kttahun5sksl, 2017)
Malacca (14thCentury-1511)
A great leader, Parameswara and his followers discovered the land
Melaka. Malacca was filled with power and wealth due to the
tradings with Arab, Chinese and Indian. It brought attention to the
Portuguese causing the fall of Malacca.
Figure 2.4: Portuguese was defeated by the force
of Johor and Dutch. (holidaymapq, 2017)
Johor and The Dutch (16th Century-
17thCentury)
The collaboration between Johor and the Dutch has led them to a
successful domination towards Malacca. Portuguese was defeated
and replaced. In the 17th century, the Dutch wiped out the other
European area.It was a glorious period of time for the Dutch and
Johor, as their power came together. In 1699, Sulatan Mahmud was
assassinated and marks the end of Johor power.
18

The Colonization of British (18thCentury)
In 1786, Francis Light came into Penang and found Georgetown. In 1824, the Dutch
surrendered Malacca to the British. The population of the states were rapidly
increasing due to the entering of Chinese and Indian workers. Sarawak was also
controlled by British and their territory expanded.
`
Figure 2.5: Francis Light colonized Penang and his contribution has made Penang
one of the strategic locations for trading purposes. (surakit, 2017)
Figure 2.6: Rubber estate was one of the rising industry
during the colonization of British. (Iumwmalaysianstudies,
2017)
British Malaya (1895-20thCentury)
British has expanded their influences throughout the whole
Malaya. Beginning of the 20th century, one of the new
industry has become one of the popular industries - the
rubber industry. In addition, the oil and tin industry has also
joined in. Malayan’s economy has improve immensely until
the 1930s where the economy falls. At that time, the
unemployment rate rose.
19

Figure 2.7: Japanese entered Malaya with great
power. They’ve shown cruelty and were
constantly spreading propaganda. (mahaguru,
2017)
The Rise of Japanese (1941-1942)
On the 8th of December 1941, the invasion of the Japanese towards the
Malay Peninsular occurred. The appearance of the Japanese has led
British to surrender themselves. Japanese troops has conquered most of
the lands and Chinese were treated badly.
Figure 2.8: Tunku Abdul Rahman, the first Prime
Minister during Malaysia’s Independence Day.
(merpatiputih88, 2017)
Malaya Independence (1944-1965)
In 1944, Japanese was defeated and British has decided to unify the
states in Malayan called the Malayan Union. Some of the people opposed
the idea of unifying the states. Many new parties was formed to take
action regarding the matter, and come out with a solution. In 1955, A
constitution for Malaya was prepare by the Reid Commission and Malaya
soon achieved independence on 31st August 1957. The first prime
minister was Tunku Abdul Rahman. In 1963, Singapore Sarawak and
Sbah joined Malaya. However in 1965, Singapore was separated.
20

Figure 2.9: The major racial argument and
violence. (pinterest, 2017)
The Tragedy (1960-1969)
In the 1960s, there was a racial incident whereby the Malays and Non-
Malays wasn’t in peace. The unsatisfactory between races has caused
arguments and violence in May 1969. On the 13th May 1969, the supporters
of the opposition were celebrating their success while the supporters of
governing parties were against the oppositions and all the difference in
standings led to two days of violence. After the incident, a declaration
regarding the state of emergency and also the suspension of parliament was
made.
Figure 2.10: The iconic Twin Tower located at
Kuala Lumpur. (inspireholidays, 2017)
Modern Malaysia (1971-1991)
In 1971, the parliament was progressively reconvened. Malaysian
government restructured themselves, and incorporated new economic
policies. Since then, Malaysia has improving and turning into a country that
was filled with rich agriculture and industrial. In 1991, a new development
policy was implemented.
21

Malaysia, filled with rich historical and cultural
background, undergone a journey with multiple
encounter with the foreigners, that has made us known
to a widespread of exposure towards the outside world,
that made us accepting, being able to tolerate, and
stand as one regardless of where we’ve come from, that
has lived in peace and strive towards the known and
unknown that are ahead of us together. As the citizen of
Malaysia, all the great fights and remarkable
contributions by the people cannot be forgotten. In fact,
it has to be revisited to remind us who we are, and what
we’re capable of. In terms of the architectural aspects,
we begin from the old days, where the natural
environment became inspirations and resources to
survival purposes, to new creations, to a soulful shelter.
We trace back to the traditional Malay houses, going
back to the basics, and rediscover the values and ideas
behind these buildings.
Figure 2.11: Malaysia, a country filled with multicultural
individuals that lived in peace and harmony. (emaze,
2017)
Figure 2.12: The warriors of the country, that protected
the land shall always be remembered, with the build of
National Monument. (oxfordpoetryelection, 2017)
22

CULTURE OF MALAYSIA
Figure 2.13: The absence of boundaries around houses,
openness and intimacy were still retained.
(srikanditunteja,2017)
Figure 2.14: The friendly environment, that allows people to
visit one another freely. (remembersingapore, 2017)
The cultural background of the people are always
reflected in vernacular architecture, by understanding the
interaction that speaks for itself. In the past, the
neighborhood is always filled with people from all races.
Houses were always spread out in a specific zone with
vegetation surrounding the houses. There is a culture of
people visiting neighboring houses, sharing stories,
carrying out small talks or even helping out one another. It
was a simple life that people were living in. Houses were
located nearby with one another. Thus, even though it
was individual houses spread on a coverage of an area,
but the way of living is open and intimate. There wasn’t
any boundary restricting each family’s spaces back then.
People were more closer together, by being able to see
whats going on in the surrounding and without having
barriers in between. It was a friendly environment that was
reflected by the orientation of houses, where everyone in
the neighborhood is included.
23

In terms of the structural aspect, the house is raised by
multiple linear post. With it’s condition being raised, the
drainage system of the kitchen in traditional Malay houses
becomes an addition to the nourishment of the surrounding
vegetation. Some facilities are located outside the house,
such as the well and the toilet that reflects the Malay
building culture. There are a lot of daily life routines that
affects the functionality inside the house.For example, the
highly ventilated roof is sometimes used as the space to dry
dishes. Every element in this concept of a traditional Malay
house allowed us to understand the people, especially
people from the past that were living in a basic lifestyle,
making full use of the spaces in the house, fulfilling multiple
or specific functions, It shows how the house is constructed
in a way where every design elements is essential and
contributes to fit the needs of the people and a certain
culture or social aspects.
It wasn’t about modernizing the lifestyles of the people in
the past, or acknowledging how much has the financial
success that we have achieved, but the reasons to persist
the traditional form of design and construction that are more
noticeable.
Figure 2.15: A basic shelter to complement the simple
living without neglecting the consideration of the
environmental factors. (sda-architect,2017)
24

2.2HISTORYOFMALAYARCHITECTURE
Figure 2.16: A conventional traditional Malay house is mainly
supported using the post-and-beam system, which can be
seen clearly. (Quinn, 2017)
The Malay vernacular architecture in Malaysia established
by the Malay race has created authentic houses that has
reflected the life of Malay culture. The traditional Malay
houses that can be seen signifies the early progression of
basic houses.The idea of public and private spaces weren’t
the considerations to design a house. Their focus isn’t about
the architectural elements, such as the doors or walls. Thus,
the spatial quality of the spaces in traditional Malay houses
was not put into attention. The most apparent structure that
can be seen in a traditional Malay house is the post-and-
beam support system. It was defined by the positioning of
the post, the raise of floor level against the ground and the
construction method done by wood. In South East Asia
countries, similar elements like the raised floor level, gable
roofs, and also linear posts can be found too. This shows
how the Malay vernacular architecture is a representation of
the beginning of the architectural styles in the South East
Asia region.The history of the traditional Malay house
shares the same features, elements and structure among
the other similar houses in South East Asia countries. For
example, countries like Thailand and Indonesia also can
find these similar concepts of a traditional Malay houses.
25

Traditional Malay houses are similar to one another,
but it comes with a little variation based on the different
parts of Peninsular Malaysia. The Malay vernacular
architecture has been modified with implementations of
new style from the exposure of the outside world,
countries like Indonesian, Siamese, Arab, British,
Dutch, Portuguese, Southern Chinese and more. For
example, In the 15th century, it was the period when a
large numbers of Chinese laborers arrived and worked
in Selangor, Perak as well as Pahang.
Figure 2.17: The map above shows the Peninsular Malaysia
and the definite location of each states.(ngsoongwenn, 2017)
Figure 2.18 & 2.19: The basic design of a traditional malay house. (pinterest,2017) (flickriver, 2017)
The traditional Malay house building style was first brought in by a Chinese worker, where he built an unique form of house
for the them to accommodate his basic design that still reminds us his intentions of designing the house.
26

Wood is the main material used to build building structures of a
traditional Malay house, including walls, doors, windows and more. Most
of the materials can be found in forest areas. At that time, Nipa palm,
Nibong, and swamp palms were being used for roof materials. Some of
these materials are split into banks to be used for the flooring as well.
Some of the traditional Malay uses the similar roof materials, but
corrugated iron has virtually replaced atap roof. In addition, Malay
houses has evolved and changed to suit people’s taste. For instance, the
use of furniture and the choice of walls height. But, the main layout
design of a Traditional Malay house remains the same: Rumah Ibu,
Rumah Dapur, Serambi, and Anjung. These are part the culture of a
traditional Malay house.
Figure 2.20: Hardwood that are commonly
used to build the house is cengal
wood.(manchestertimbermerchants, 2017)
Figure 2.21: Nipa palm leaves used to
create atap roof. (dreamstime, 2017)
Figure 2.22 & 2.23: Examples of Rumah Dangau/Teratak. (pecidasase,2017)
Rumah Dangau or Rumah Teratak is a
single-unit house and it is also the
earliest form of traditional Malay house.
It is rarely seen in Malaysia, but it can
still be found in rural areas. Rumah
Dangau / Teratak has only one single
main space and a compact kitchen area,
some Rumah Dangau / Teratak has a
porch extending from the building roof.
27

In the 19th century, traditional Malay houses in Malacca often use wood carvings to decorate their houses. In
addition, the staircase that are located in the front entrance were covered in art nouveau tiles. Traditional Malay
houses in Malacca shows multicultural history such as the Chinese-inspired courtyard and tiled staircase. Hence, it
influences the pattern of carvings and being incorporated in ornamentation design of aa traditional Malay house.
Figure 2.24: Carvings and ornamentation that are
incorporated in traditional Malay houses. (pinterest,
2017)
Figure 2.25: Carvings that are used to decorate the house
are usually inspired the natural environment. Flora patterns
are one of the commonly used patterns.(jadhomes, 2017)
28

HISTORY OF RUMAH DATO MURSYID DIRAJA HAJI ABDULRAHMANBIN ABDULLAH
(SURAU)
Figure 2.26: The overall view of the Surau.
(Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.27: The South Elevation of the Surau.
The cylindrical shaped object is called the Beduk.
It was used during the prayers. (Quinn, 2017)
This surau is owned by Dato 'Mursyid Sultan, Haji Abdul
Rahman bin Abdullah, which is also known as Haji Abdul
Rahman Merbok. It was a traditional Malay house
originally, but the owner has decided to teach Al-Quran.
Hence, the owner transforms the Malay house into a
surau. The Sultan of Kedah awarded the title ‘Dato
'Mursyid Royal’ to the building owner because of his own
expertise in Islamic affairs.
The workers started the building construction of this Malay
house in 1939 and the building is completed in 1941. Since
the inhabitants of this house began in 1941, the house was
made as a place to teach al-Quran and religious books.
The local community often visit the house for the purpose
of studying the religious sciences until his death on 1
November 1986.
The home Dato Mursyid was awarded to the State
Museum Kedah in 1988 after a new house was built.
29

HISTORYOFRUMAHTRADISIONALKAMPUNGSUNGAI
ULAR,KULIM,KEDAH.
This traditional Malay house was named Rumah Sungai Ular, Kulim. The owner of the house was Encik Saman Bin
Saad. He gave the house to the Kedah State Museum on 19 September 1988 through the hands of the Tunku Abdul Jalil
Bin Tunku Thiauddin, Kulim District Officer. The house used to display tools and pictures that shows the lifestyle of the
people from the past. Present day, the house is no longer opened to public, but only open to students or any research
study purposes.
Figure 2.28: The East Elevation of the house. The
entrance was the staircase that leads the path towards
the Anjung.(Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.29: The Rumah Ibu, which is also the space
where family members rest. (Quinn, 2017)
30

2.3 THE CULTURE OF MALAY ARCHITECTURE
MAIN FEATURES OF THE MALAY HOUSE
The traditional Malay house not only reflects the creativity and the aesthetics of the Malay Culture, but also meets their
socioeconomic, cultural and environmental needs.
Figure 2.30 & 2.31: The surrounding environment of the traditional Malay houses
are filled with vegetation. (theodora, 2017) (cheeseburgerbuddha, 2017)
The traditional Malay house
normally sets in a small
compound and the open spaces
are usually facing the front and
surrounded with vegetation.
Variety of fruit tress may pass
the edge of the building.
Figure 2.32: The well serves as an essential feature to the lives of the people, serving water for their daily usage. (123rf, 2017)
There is a well located at the back compound of the traditional Malay house for
drinking, washing as well as bathing.
31

Figure 2.33: The joist that contributes to the support of the
floorboards and the weight of the building. (Quinn, 2017)
The main design of all the traditional Malay House has its own
building construction method which allows the house to be easily
assemble and disassemble wherever or whenever necessary.
Another main feature of all the traditional Malay house is the
height of the building, steep sloping gable roof.
Traditional Malay house has roof that are covered with atap, which are light in weight and also a good thermal insulator made
from palm tree leaves. Atap roof cools down the interior spaces during the day and night, and it can release heat during
daytime. Besides that, the roof is fit with tebar layar, which prevents the roof from leakage during rain fall, at the same time
provides good ventilation.
Figure 2.34: The layer of atap leaves are tied
up together and used to attached with the
roof. (Quinn, 2017)
Figure 2.35: The steep roof with the rafters at
the back of it supporting the whole roof
structure. (Quinn, 2017)
32

Figure 2.36: The base of the columns are made up
of concrete, with timber post to support and elevate
the floor level. (Quinn, 2017)
In addition, another main feature of the traditional Malay house are
the stilts, which is the post that supports the whole house, raising
from the ground. Traditional Malay houses were usually built along
the rivers. Thus, the idea of a raised floor construction is to avoid
the dampness around the house in this hot and humid tropical
climate. It can avoid flash floods during the rainy season and allow
ventilation through the cracked woods flooring. In addition, the
raised floor system prevent attacks from wild animals especially for
those traditional Malay houses that are located in the forest.
All traditional Malay houses have at least two entrances. The main
entrance is facing the front and another one facing the back. The front
main entrance is mostly for male visitors.In contrast, the back entrance
is for the women as well as the children. Female visitors usually enter
from the back entrance to join the gatherings and activities held in the
kitchen.
Figure 2.37: The staircase that leads to front
and back entrances of the house. The form of
the house that responds to the climate
conditions is also shown. (eficienciaenergtica,
2017)
33

Most of the traditional Malay house has slabs that are made from stone or timber at the base of the staircase. The spot is
where visitors put their shoes before entering the house. Besides that, a clay water vessel (tempayan) with a water gourd
(gayong) is put by the side for visitors to wash their feet upon ascending the stairs. This is to remain the cleanliness of
the interior spaces.
Figure 2.39: The water gourd (Gayong) (northerndipper,
2017)
Figure 2.38: The clay water vessel (Tempayan)
(kaskus, 2017)
34

INTERIOR SPACES OF THE MALAYHOUSE
One of the most congenial aspects of the Malay house is its openness. All traditional Malay houses are divided into
different spaces, instead of rooms. The most noticeable feature in the traditional Malay house is the absence of
partitions or solid ceiling-height walls that separates spaces. Instead of creating a solid boundary, Malay people tend to
use cloth as partitions to divide the spaces.
Figure 2.40: The division of spaces in a
traditional Malay House.(archfullstop,
2017)
Figure 2.41: The possibilities and flexibility of expanding the traditional
Malay house. (shirleysia-dissertation, 2017)
35

The traditional Malay house separate the spaces into 2 main categories:
I) The Public Spaces
The staircase located at the front of the house is a gesture of a
transitional space from a public region to a private region. It leads
people to the main area, which is what Malays call Anjung.
Anjung is a covered porch which is a space for people to gather
around and relax. This spot is also where visitors that passes by
the owner’s house and being greeted by them.
Figure 2.42: The indication of the staircase leading to the Anjung
(Covered Porch). (rumahkereda, 2017)
The Anjung leads to a long and narrow reception area, which the
Malay calls it Serambi, which connects the front porch to the
core of the house.This is a space where social interaction take
place and religious functions are carried out. The space is
mainly occupied for non-family members. Since the Serambi is
an open space, the space has more air ventilation.
Figure 2.43: The Serambi fits as a welcoming space for visitors.
(keywordsking, 2017)
36

The space adjacent to the Serambi is called the Rumah Ibu. It
is the main area of the traditional Malay house, one of the most
private and sacred space. This space where people carry out
prayers and rest. In addition, they perform household chores, for
instance ironing and sewing in Rumah Ibu.
Figure 2.44: The Rumah Ibu is where the privacy of the
family members are retained. (adesibank, 2017)
ii) The Private Spaces
Figure 2.46: The roof attic.(ujie, 2017)
Figure 2.45: The stairway to acces
the roof
attic.(rumahwarisanrabiahmatkleba
ngbesar, 2017)
Other than Rumah Ibu, there is also
an attic space called Loteng. It is
found in some traditional Malay house,
which is located in the roof space,
under the gables of Rumah Ibu.
37

Selang, which is a closed corridor that leads
to the Rumah Dapur, the kitchen of the
traditional Malay house. The kitchen of the
traditional Malay house is located at the
back of the house compound, this is mainly
for the women to gather and cook. It is also
a space for the family members to dine.
Figure 2.47: The kitchen (kosmo, 2017)
Figure 2.48: The
Pelantar (An open
platform)
(mycuteshoppe, 2017)
Figure 2.49: An
extension at the
kitchen area.
(mycuteshoppe, 2017)
The kitchen has a fire box for cooking
purposes. At the very end of the house,
there is an open platform, also known as the
Pelantar. It is constructed by timber and is
a build in utility in the Rumah Dapur. This is
the space for the family to prepare food and
to wash their clothes as well as the dishes.
38

Figure 2.50: An ample space under the house to store items. (Quinn,2017)
The space underneath the house is catered as a storage space or a working area.
Figure 2.50: An ample space under the house to store
items. (Quinn,2017)
Figure 2.51: An example of a sugar cane clamp stored
under the house, utilizing the empty spaces as a storage.
(Quinn, 2017)
39

2.4 HISTORY & THECULTURE OF KEDAH
Figure 2.52 : Kedah state flag. (libra1002, 2017)
Insight
Kedah additionally known by its honorific, Darul Aman, or "Abode of Peace" is a state of Malaysia. The place can be found in
the North-Western part of the Peninsular Malaysia . The state covers an aggregate territory of more than 9,000 km², and it
comprises of the terrain and Langkawi. The territory has a generally leveled landscape, which is utilized to develop rice
which in other words, called the "rice-bowl' of Malaysia. Langkawi is an archipelago of islands, a large portion of which are
uninhabited. Kedah was called Kadaram by old and medieval Tamil individuals and Syburi by the Siamese when it was
under their influence. Toward the north, Kedah fringes the condition of Perlis and shares an universal limit with the Songkhla
and Yala regions of Thailand. It's outskirts is Perak towards the South and Penang toward the South-West.
The state's capital is Alor Setar and the regal seat is in Anak Bukit. Other significant towns that can be found are Sungai
Petani, Kulim on the terrain, and Kuah on Langkawi.
40

2.4.1 GEOGRAPHY
Kedah is the eighth biggest state and also one of the most populated state in Malaysia, with an aggregate land zone of
9,500 km2 (3,700 sq mi), and a populace of 1,890,098.
The Pedu Lake is the biggest man-made lake in the state.
Figure 2.53 : Maps of Kedah. (instant2travel, 2017) Figure 2.54 : Pedu Lake of Kedah. (flickr, 2017)
41

2.4.2 CLIMATE
Kedah has a tropical climate. The city has a critical precipitation, even in the driest month, there is still a considerable
measure of rain. As indicated by Köppen and Geiger, this atmosphere is named (Af = Tropical rainforest atmosphere;
normal precipitation of no less than 60 mm (2.4 in) in consistently). The normal yearly temperature is 19.5 °C in Kedah.
Precipitation here midpoints 1935 mm.
The driest month is July, with 67 mm of precipitation. The majority of precipitation in Kedah falls on the November,
averaging 245 mm.
The hottest month of the year is April, with an average temperature of 20.1 °C. July is the coldest month, with temperatures
averaging 19.0 °C.
Figure 2.55 : Graph of Kedah climate throughout the
year. (en.climate-data.org, 2017)
42

2.4.3ECONOMY
Kedah is known as the "rice bowl" (Malay: Jelapang Padi) of Malaysia, representing about portion of Malaysia's aggregate
creation of rice. In 2008, the state government restricted the transformation of paddy fields to lodging and mechanical parts to
secure the rice business. Tourism, especially on the island of Langkawi is one of the developing significance.
Kedah has fashioned its economy towards the car and aviation businesses with Modenas and Asian Composites setting up
bases here. One of the fundamental preferences is the low work costs and the foundation set up with the North-South
Expressway and the Penang International Airport close by. In 1996, the Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP) was formally opened as the
main high innovation mechanical stop in Malaysia. The Park contains an aggregate land territory of around 14.5 square
kilometers (5.6 mi²).
This monetary region is a piece of the Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER). The Northern Corridor Economic Region is
one of the three improvements made by locals in Peninsular Malaysia; other advancement areas being the Iskandar Malaysia
(or South Johor Economic Region) and the East Coast Development Region.
Figure 2.56 : Picture show paddy field of Kedah.
(prezi, 2017)
43

2.4.4 ARCHITECTURE
Customary Malay engineering was extremely basic and moderate to oblige their families with exceptionally basic instruments
and low economy around them. As time passed by, there was an incredible advancement in their development strategy to suit
their evolving way of life, condition and needs.
The customary Malay house is one of the wealthiest segments of Malaysia's social legacy. It is planned and worked by the
villagers themselves. It has demonstrates the imaginative and tasteful aptitudes of the Malays. The outline of the conventional
Malay house mirrors the personality of the proprietor as well as demonstrate the financial, social and history of the past. The
conventional Malay house highlighted Malays in all way. The diversity between the house in each state demonstrated that
different regions has their own respective differences. The houses are designed well intended to suit its nearby climatic
conditions and express the lifestyle of its occupants, as far as adaptability and multifunctional employments.
The area of Kedah and Perlis makes the state of the Kedah Long Roofed House and Perlis Long Roofed House practically
comparable aside from the game plan of the different areas of the house. The course of action of the Kedah Long Roofed
House is stretched and has a long level rooftop with it's peak closes at the closures.
Figure 2.57 : Traditional Malay House around Malaysia. (prezi, 2017)
44

2.4.5 INFLUENCES
The spread of Islamic culture in Malaysia is said to have a few hypothesis. The landing of Islam through trade has exist since
before thirteenth century. The port on the shoreline of peninsular Malaysia, eastern Sumatra, and the northern island of Java
have been distinguished to be a critical amid seventh and eighth century. Materials, for example, fragrant wood and flavors has
been a noteworthy things which includes China, India and the Mediterranean area. Preacher action Plays an essential role
back then. Preachers who had arrived by means of trader boats had spread Islamic lessons and convictions to the nearby
individuals. Thus, they figured out how to spread Islam to the neighborhood rulers. Toward the end of the thirteenth century, a
few ports in northern Sumatra was overwhelmed by Islam. From there, Islam has spread to peninsular Malaysia. Malay wood
cutting is absolutely utilizes Islamic standards and theories as a center component in creating wood carvings. Along these
lines, all Hindu-Buddhist creatures themes were wiped out. In addition, Malay culture has slowly impacted the premise of wood
carving logic.
Figure 2.58 : Traditional trading in Malaysia. (pinterest,
2017)
45

Calligraphy
It was one of the things that were acknowledged by the
Malay Muslims. The carvers has been effectively creating
work of art highlighting Islamic craftsmanship. Calligraphy
kept on setting among the carvers and regularly incoporated
with nature and geometric themes. The calligraphy has its
own significance and usually displaced openly to the public.
The message relies upon the capacity of space.
Geometry
This geometric themes kept growing in accordance with
the acknowledgment of the Malays to Islam. At the point
when creatures thought processes are not permitted, the
carvers start to apply the geometric examples in the
cutting. For most of the part, the geometric themes joined
with calligraphic themes. There are geometric themes
joined with verdure. Geometric themes utilizes Islamic
geometry found in mosque, tombs, royal residences and
houses.
Figure 2.61 : Picture shown calligraphy craving.
(prophetpbuh, 2017)
Figure 2.62 : Picture shown geomertry style craving.
(Quinn, 2017)
47

Wood Carving in Kedah Traditional Architecture
Flora
Malays gravitates towards the floral theme since Islam restricts
the utilization of creature themes. Thus, the Malay carvers
applies develop nature as part of the carvings. At times, the
plants theme were taken from non-vital or obscure species by
any means. In any case, the imagination of the carvers have
made the carvings more intriguing. NIn present day, the plant
theme carvings contain stylish components. Some of the plants
carvers create are inspired by plants planted around the house
Fauna
Gagak Sura winged creature theme were use for illustrious
occasion. The legendary animals, for example, the garuda, the
God's vehicle were indicated among the people even before Islamic
culture.
After the attack of Islam in the district, all Hindu-Buddhist creatures
themes were dispensed. Creatures theme that have been chosen
were changed shrewdly and has been delivered in an unique way.
Figure 2.59 : Picture shown Gagak Sura. (ipedr, 2017)
Figure 2.60 : Picture shown flora craving on wood. (pinterest,
2017)
46

Cosmos
In the past, peoplein the Malay culture regularly uses elements such as the sun, moon, stars, mists move, the slopes, waves,
et cetera. Sun and star are the most regular themes utilized as a part of peak finishes.
Figure 2.63 : Picture shown cosmos theme on the wood
craving. Quinn, 2017)
48

2.5 HISTORY & THE CULTURE OF ALORSETAR
Geography
Alor Setar is situated in the North-Western piece of Malaysia. Alor Setar has a population of more than 366,787 individuals.
It's fringe region areKubang Pasu, Pokok Sena and Pendang. It is situated at Coordinates 6 ° 7'N 100 ° 22'E, at the edge of
the Malacca Strait which isolates Malaysia from Indonesia.
The city once enveloped a range of 666 km²; and it was then lessened to a coverage of 424 km² because of the production of
the new area of Pokok Sena. Alor Setar is encompassed by critical stream frameworks, for example, the Kedah River, River
Langgar, Tajar River, Anak Bukit River, Alor Malai and Alor Merah.
Figure 2.64 : View of Alor Setar city. (anotherbrickinwall,
2017)
49

2.5.1 CLIMATE
Similarly with all parts of Malaysia, Alor Setar has an extremely protracted wet season.It is regular in a few districts with
the same atmosphere, precipitation is seen not withstanding amid the short dry season. The average temperature is
around 32 degrees Celsius and minimal temperature is around 23 degrees Celsius. Alor Setar has frequent rainfall, as
large as 2300 mm of precipitation every year.
Figure 2.65 : Climate of Alor Setar during the day. (tripmondo, 2017)
50

2.5.2 DEMOGRAPHY
A larger part of Alor Setar are comprised of Kedahan Malay while the minority ethnics are trailed by Chinese, Indian, Thai,
and different Malays incorporate such as Pattani Malay.
Figure 2.66 : Climate of Alor Setar during the day.
(pinterest, 2017)
51

2.5.3 HISTORY
Alor Setar was established in 1735 by Kedah's nineteenth Ruler, Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II and is the state's
eighth managerial focus since the foundation of the Kedah Sultanate in 1136. The prior managerial focuses were situated in
Kota Bukit Meriam, Kota Sungai Emas, Kota Siputeh, Kota Naga, Kota Sena, Kota Indera Kayangan and Kota Bukit Pinang.
Noteworthy occasions kept here incorporated the passing on of Perlis and Setul (now Satun) to Kedah by the Siamese in May
1897 (both regions were isolated from Kedah since 1821) and a 90-day celebration from June to September 1904 to commend
the wedding of the five offspring of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah.
Alor Setar became the ninth city in Malaysia on 21 December 2003. The announcement service to pronounce the Kedah's
capital city was held at Dataran Tunku, Alor Setar. The people that were present at the memorable service were Sultan Tuanku
Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah and his partner Che' Puan Haminah Hamidun, the Raja Muda of Kedah and Raja Puan Muda (Heir
Apparent of Kedah State and his associate), individuals from the Kedah sovereignty, parliament individuals and state exco
individuals. The function was likewise seen by regular people and tourist.
52
Figure 2.67 : Picture shown was Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah

2.5.4 CULTURE
Kedah, which is a multi-racial state filled with races like the Malays, Chinese, Indians and Thais, Kedah is actually multi-
social. In spite of the fact that Islam is the national religion, opportunity of love is ensured. Bahasa Malaysia is the national
dialect. However English is generally spoken.The social assorted qualities of Kedah is best reflected in its convention, the
moment points of interest of engineering and way of life. Among the neighborhood conventional tunes and moves which
are intelligent of everyday lives of the ordinary citizens are Tarian Cinta Sayang, Lagu-lagu Berendoi, Wayang Kulit, and so
forth. Likewise, the Silat, which is a type of customary Malay self-protection, is additionally prominent in Kedah. It comes in
different structures and typically performed at different events, for example, weddings and functions.The best beginning
stage to investigate the social legacy of Kedah is Alor Setar itself, the state's capital. The various fine, old structures, for
example, Balai Besar, Balai Seni Negeri, Masjid Zahir, Courthouse, and General Post Office characterized the climate of
provincial administer and speaking to one of the most seasoned historic points of Alor Setar. An understanding into
Kedah's rich social legacy can be examined by going by the State's Museum. The gallery houses an accumulation of
ancient rarities, fine canvases and an extensive variety of verifiable relics. Being the most seasoned state, Kedah has a lot
of these huge, valuable collectibles in plain view. The apparatuses under the Rumah Sungai Ular Kulim house was a few
devices that was utilized in those days. For moment, there was the pengapit santan, pengapit tebu and so forth. It used to
be a show for open, to mirror the way of life of the general population in those days. The design of the house is the
standard format for larger part of the conventional Malay house. A lounge room in front, enters the rooms, and after that
the kitchen. The room, individuals from the past used to utilize material to go about as the allotments to separate spaces.
53
Figure 2.68 : Picture shown is Tradtional Silat

2.5.5 ARCHITECTURE
Rumah Kedah, it is privately known as Rumah Bumbung Panjang or the Long Roof House which mirrors the character of
the customary Malay rooftop shape. Apart from the Rumah Bumbung Limas, Bumbung Lima and Bumbung Perak, The
Rumah Panjang are the most seasoned to be recognized in Malaysia Penisula. It is the most straightforward of four specific
house frames.
One of the main characteristics of Rumah Kedah is the
archiculation and ornamentation of the building. Most decoration
focus on openings such as windows rails(Jerejak),
ventilations(Kerawang), roof eaves(Meleh) and rafter
boards(Papan Cantik).
It is built on stilts like most Malay House, however the main floor
is raised higher above ground than other Malay House. This is
purposely designed based on the environmental factors in Kedah,
which is having paddy fields in the surrounding.
Figure 2.69 : Ornament of Traditional Malay House. (pinterest,
2017)
Figure 2.70 : Common Malay House in Kedah. (ilusidanfantasi, 2017)
54

The most commmon roofing material used for the
bumbung panjang is the attap( a thatch made from
Nipah and other palm trees found in the local natural
vegetation).
Simple gable roof supported by king posts used by traditional Malay
house.
Figure 2.71 : Picture shown traditional Malay House
roofing. (aldeeny, 2017)
Figure 2.72 : Picture shown traditional support construction of roof. (prezi, 2017)
55

3.1 SITE CONTEXT
Located at the capital of Kedah, Alor Setar,
the Kedah House and Surau is one of the
historical building in the bustling city. It
shares the same site compound as Kedah
State Museum, sitting by the bank of Kedah
River. They are facing towards the Darul
Aman Highway and surrounded by suburbs.
(Figure 3.1).
Figure 3.1 Aerial view of the site surrounding. The site
is facing to Darul Aiman Highway, sitting by the banks
of Kedah River. (GoogleMap, 2017)
57

Legend :
1.Wat Siam Bakar Bata
2.Persatuan Leong Say
Tong
3.Suburban area
4.MBAS Swimming Pool
Complex
5.Stadium Darul Aman
Figure 3.2 Aerial view of the site surrounding. The site is facing to Darul Aiman Highway,
sitting by the banks of Kedah River. (GoogleMap, 2017)
58
1
2
3
5
4

3.1.1 Surrounding Buildings
Darul Aman Stadium
An all-seater and a multi-purpose stadium established in 1962 and opened officially by the Sultan of Kedah during
Malaya winning 1-0 against South Korea. After the expansion in 1997, it has a capacity of 40,000 seats. As the
largest stadium in the state, it is currently used mostly for football matches. It was one of the venues for the 1997
FIFA World Youth Championship as well as the official stadium for Malaysian Super League's club Kedah FA.
Figure 3.3 (Top) The aerial view of the
stadium. (Google, 2017)
59
Figure 3.4 (Below) Entrance view of
the stadium.(Google, 2017)

Persatuan Leong Say Tong
Sitting just right behind of the Kedah house, Persatuan Leong Say Tong is a Chinese association in Kedah. Back in the
days before independence, the Chinese organisation was established in order to unite China immigrants in Malaysia.
The purpose was to help out each other economically. The power of the association became stronger and till now it still
exists in every corner of the country. The association are divided by the Chinese surnames, it was said that the
surnames came from different regions of China. While Leong Say (陇西 in Chinese) is the source for the surname
Dong, Lee and Pang.
Figure 3.5 The elevation of Leong Say Tong. (Google , 2017)
60

Wat Samosornrajanukpradit
(Thai:วัดสโมสรราชานุประดิษฐ ์)
A Thai Buddhist temple located in the Alor Setar suburb
of Bakar Bata, often just known as Wat Siam Bakar Bata.
It is one of the influence of Thai. Kedah have ever been one of
the tributary states of Siam until 1909, when Anglo-Siamese
Treaty of 1909 was signed and ceded the states of Kedah,
Kelantan, and Terengganu to Great Britain while Pattani
remained in Siamese hands. The treaty has defined the border
between British and Siamese territories and ultimately became
today's border between Malaysia and Thailand. The influence
of Thai left well with the name of the places and the traditional
entertainments, including this Thai Buddhist temple.
Figure 3.6 : The entrance view of the
temple. (GoogleMap, 2017)
Figure 3.7 : Interior of the temple.
(GoogleMap, 2017)
61

A public swimming pool that serves as training
center during weekdays. The depth of the
swimming pool is suitable for kids and the
entrance fee is very affordable with RM3 charges
for adults during weekend. Therefore it is a
popular destination for local families during
weekends.
MBAS Swimming Pool Complex
Figure 3.8 : MBAS Swimming Pool (Google , 2017)
62

3.1.2 Buildings In Site Compound
Built in 1936 then relocated to its present site at Bakar Bata, near the banks of Kedah River in 1964. The present
museum complex was completed in 1977 at a cost of RM8 million. The state museum is the centre of knowledge about
Kedah with a large collection of Kedah's historical, culture, and royal heritages. The collection includes early Chinese
porcelain, artifacts from the archaeological excavations in Bujang Valley and a 'gold tree', a gold sculpture of a small
tree given annually by the early Kedah Sultanate to Siam as a tribute. It is a good place to learn Kedah’s history, dating
back from the glorious Bujang Valley civilization between third century and twelfth century to the recent British colonial
days.
Kedah State Museum
Figure 3.9 : Kedah State Museum is a 3 storey high
building. (Google , 2017)
63

One of the branches of the Malaysian Historical Society,
a non-government organisation established officially at
1953, aimed to preserve the historical documents and
records as well as promote local history and culture. The
headquarter is located at Kuala Lumpur, with branches in
every states of the country. The organisation also
published journals and articles about historical studies, in
order to educate the younger generations about the
interesting history of Malaysia. To initiate the interest of
the citizen in understanding Malaysia history, seminars
and exhibitions are held annually and open to public.
Competitions are also organised to encourage students
to study history from young age. Figure 3.10 : Front facade of PSMCK
(GoogleMap, 2017)
Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia CawanganKedah
(PSMCK)
64

The compound of the house is heavily shaded with trees and covered with vegetation. This sets the house in a cooler
environment. The setting of traditional Malay house that close to nature and surrounded by greenery absorbs lots of
daylights, thus lessen the effect of glare.
3.1.3 Landscape
Plants
Figure 3.11: Palm trees behind Kedah house.
(Google, 2017)
65

Food is the most important elements in associating the
relationship between plants and also mankind.
Therefore, the cultivation of plants in Malay community is
generally more focused on food necessity.
Among the plants/ crops species that could be seen are
the example of plantation of Garcinia mangostana
(mangosteen), Musa spp. (banana), Cocos nucifera
(coconut), Artocarpus integer (cempedak/ jackfruit),
Artocarpus heteropyllus Lam (nangka/ jackfruit),
Mangifera spp. (mango) and many more.
Figure 3.12 : Mango tree at the site
compound. (Ng, 2017)
66

Figure 3.14 : Banana trees beside the Kedah
house. (Ng, 2017)
For every house, the plantation of trees that are food
source become a vital necessity by considering Malay
community culture that rarely buy the basic ingredients for
the kitchen needs. Most of menus of Malays use raw
materials in their surrounding area
Figure 3.13 : Banana trees beside the Kedah house.
(Ng, 2017)
67

3.2 Orientation of the Building
3.2.1 Malay Houses in Kampong
According to The Encyclopedia of Malaysia
Architecture (1998), kampongs have been described
as several cluster Malay houses with its compound.
There is never a clear boundary within the
houses.Some settlers use a coconut trunk to
mark their boundaries whereas others use a
small stream to identify the boundaries of the lot. This
allows the villagers to roam around freely and partake
in social interactions between each other. The
compounds have a path that link between houses, for
example, roads lead from house to
public facilities such as a mosque, school, cemetery,
shops and workplaces such as paddy fields, boat jetty
and orchards.
Figure 3.15 : Kampong’s orientation.(Google,
2017)
68

Typically, houses in kampongs are arranged organically. The usage of the term “organic” being unplanned,
natural, absence of clear polars and the exclusion of professional intervention. Normally, residents select the house
location based on traditional beliefs. They used to and perhaps are still dependant on local carpenters and shamans in
choosing the most optimal location for their residence. After the kampongs are developed into a substantial settlement,
only then are modern infrastructures, facilities, and utilities are implemented. Soon, these Infrastructures and services
determine the location of the houses.
Figure 3.16 : Kampong’s organic layout.
(Google, 2017)
69

In kampongs, it was very conducive for doing communal activities within the settlement because of the open
atmosphere, random layout and the lack of physical barriers. As such, this helps improve upon the concept of sharing,
caring and cooperation among the kampong’s community.
Figure 3.17 : An example of a kampong communal activity being held.
(Google, 2017)
70

Al-Ahmadi once stated, that in order to place things in the Malay environments,orientation is one of the most
important elements. Most traditional Malay houses found in kampongs are oriented to face the Qibla, which is facing
West-Northwest. Syed Iskandar Ariffin found that, most traditional Malay house frontages were also oriented towards the
main point of access to the site like footpath, pathway, track and road even if they need to abandon north-south
orientation, the ideal orientation.
Figure 3.18 : Aerial view of the Qa’bah
(Google, 2017)
Figure 3.19 : Location of Mecca (Google, 2017)
3.2.2 Orientation in relation to religious factor
71

As such, Qibla orientation is not taken as a deciding factor compared to the orientation of the main door.
However, this does not apply to mosques and suraus in the area due to the this particular necessity to face Mecca
being extremely crucial. Apart from that, kampong houses do not face the back of another house directly.
Figure 3.20 : Surau in Kampong.
(Google, 2017)
Figure 3.21 : Surau Haji Abdul Rahman. (Quinn,
2017)
72

The buildings on site are facing to the southeast with the main entrance facing towards the wide parking
lot. The parking lot was initially a field with trees before it was covered with tar. Both of the houses have their back
facing to the Qibla. As Surau is a religious place, it is easier for the masses to arrange themselves for prayers if one
part of the Surau is facing to the Qibla. The house is arranged parallel to the Surau, mainly for aesthetic purpose. They
are both linked by a semicircle pathway arching out from both of their entrances to ease the access between two
buildings.
Figure 3.23 : View of the buildings from parking
lot (Quinn, 2017)
3.2.3 Building Site Orientation
Figure 3.22 : Aerial View of the site (Google
map, 2017)
73

3.3 Design Concept
Vernacular houses are usually designed with a deep understanding and respect for nature. A vast knowledge of
nature’s ways and the ecological balance was present in most traditional societies as the villagers had to rely on the
surrounding nature for most of their resources. Their food, medicine, and building and household materials were
obtained directly from the natural environment. The natural approach found in our Malay house is reflected in the
climatic design of the house.
Figure 3.24 : Pureness of Materials
( Quinn, 2017 )
Figure 3.25 : Vernacular Architecture
( Quinn, 2017 )
74

To achieve thermal comfort, a traditional vernacular Malay house usually has to :
(a) allow adequate ventilation for cooling
(b) use low capacity building materials so that little heat is transmitted into the house
(c)control direct solar radition
(d) control glare from the surrounding environment
(e) provide shelter to the inhabitants against rain
(f) ensure adequate natural vegetation in the surroundings to provide temperature cooling
Figure 3.26 : Thermal Diagram. ( Google, 2017 )
75

The thatched house roof with large overhangs effectively controls solar radiation. The large overhangs provide good
shelter from the sun and rainfall. It also allows the windows to be left open most of the time for ventilation, even during
storms as the rain would not enter the house.
Figure 3.27 : Roof Details on Sheltering.( Iddin, 2017 )
76

For example, there are many gaps in the building located in its windows, ventilation grilles and panels; and its open interior
with minimum partition allow easy flow of air and a much cooler inside atmosphere.
As for heat management, both structures are made of wood and leaves for the roof. Their interiors are also very spacious,
with little dividers in between them. Both of them also have carved floral decorations on top of the structure to help control
the light flow in the house and aid in providing proper ventilation throughout the house.
Figure 3.30 : Ventilation on the Window (Quinn,
2017)
Figure 3.29: Ventilation Ornamental Gaps
(Google map, 2017)
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There is an abundance of windows found in the Malay house and since the body level is the most vital area for
ventilation, fully openable windows are often used. Not only that, the carved wooden panels and grilles found
throughout the house are also effective ventilation devices. The roof of the house is also designed in such a way that
it is used to direct and trap air to ventilate the roof space.
Another creative use of effective ventilation device is the use of patah in the roof. The vegetation planted around the
houses are also designed in such a way that there is an optimal wind flow to the house.
Figure 3.28 : Air Circulation through the
house (Google, 2017)
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Furthermore, the compound of the house is also often
covered with vegetation. This sets the house in a cooler
environment, as the trees and vegetation are not absorbing
and storing heat from solar radiation and releasing it into the
environment. Glare is controlled in these houses by
excluding open skies and bright areas from the visual field.
The large overhangs help cover windows to reduce glare
from the open skies. It can be observed that the traditional
Malay house uses mainly ventilation and solar radiation
control devices to provide climatic comfort for the house.
Figure 3.31 : Ventilation Ornament 1 (Quinn,
2017)
Figure 3.32 : Ventilation Ornament 2 (Quinn,
2017)
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The Malay house is often divided into areas, rather than rooms, for various social and household activities. The design
of the house has also been dictated by the social mores of the Malays, such as the provision of a private space for the
womenfolk and a public space for the entertaining of male guests, because the Malay house is always considered a
unit of a larger community in the village.
3.4 Spatial Organisation & SpatialExperience
80

Basically, the traditional Malay house can be divided into
three main areas, the ‘serambi’ (verandah), ‘rumah ibu’
(main house) and ‘dapur’ (kitchen). To separate the area,
one slight floor level changes or doorways is made between
the areas. Besides the three main areas, some of the
houses have ‘anjung’ and ‘selang’. The anjung is a covered
porch used as a relax area for family members or guest
while selang is a passageway that links the main house to
the kitchen and provides an effective firebreak between the
areas in the house.
81

1
2
3
As it can be seen on the right side, There are 5
spaces divided according to its user activities inside
and it got its own names. It also gives different
feelings and ambiences in different rooms.
1. Anjung
2. Serambi Gantung
3. Rumah Ibu (Serambi Samanik)
4. Dapur (Rumah Tengah)
4
Figure 3.35 Floor plan of Kedah traditional house.
(Measured Drawing Team Kedah Traditional
House, 2017)
82

Traditional Malay houses have at least two entrance by
steps, the main entrance at the front for visitors and
males and the one at the back mostly for women and
children.
At the entrance, stairs lead up to a covered porch called
the anjung. The porch acts as a good transition space
between the public and the private domains. The anjung
also acts as an important focal point for the entrance.
Unfamiliar visitors and guests are entertained here. It is
also a favourite place for the house occupants to rest,
chat and watch the goings-on and passers-by in the
village. It brings the harmonious and peaceful ambiance
as the user entering the house and enable the cross
ventilation since it is half open wall.
Figure 3.36 : Stairs leading up to the
anjung. (Ng, 2017)
Entrance
83

From the entrance porch, one enters into the serambi gantung.This is the place where most guests are entertained.
The windows in serambi gantung are low, allowing good ventilation and view to the exterior.
Through this space user can experience the harmonious and togetherness between users (family, friends, and
relatives). There are a lot of openings that provide enough light penetration within the space. There is also additional
lamps inside the room to maximise the needs of light. It also gives a relaxing ambiance with the help of good
ventilation.
Figure 3.37 : Serambi Gantung. (Quinn, 2017)
Serambi Gantung (Hanging Verandah)
84

Serambi Samanaik
Serambi Samanaik is the connection between rumah ibu and the kitchen. This is the place where the user sleep and
rest during the night.
Usually the users gather to do meetings, praying here. It is also a sleeping space for adults.The space has lesser
windows and openings compared to other spaces in the house, giving a spiritual and calm ambiance. The dim lighting in
the room are achieved by decreasing amount of openings. As the ceiling are higher than the wall partitions, it gives an
open feeling to the user, so that one does not feel suffocating in the dim and enclosed space.
Figure 3.38 : The dim lighting in the room are achieved
by lesser window and openings. (Iddin, 2017)
85

The kitchen is always situated at the back of the house, and is on the lowest floor level. Activities that are done here
including the preparation of food, cooking, eating and washing. The womenfolk also often group here to chat.
It is the most spacious space in the house, with natural lights come in through every sides of the wall (it looks enclosed
due to broken windows that we could not open). It gives an enjoyable and comfortable atmosphere for cooking activities
and group conversations.
Dapur (Kitchen)
Figure 3.40 : Cooking utensil. (Iddin, 2017)Figure 3.39 : Kitchen (Iddin,2017)
86

3.5 Design Features
The building emphasised on its roof and stilts of the foundation, both buildings are built above ground of a higher level.
The highlight feature is the decorations and ornaments in the building that reflected the way of traditional living and
Malay culture. This includes the carvings that can be seen exterior as well as the arrangement of furnitures interior.
3.5.1 Kedah Traditional House
The exterior of Kedah Traditional house are unique with the blend of nature materials, the placing of the wood planks
wall, the framework of the joints and also the framework for windows and openings. It shows the pureness of material
usage and design concept from the local builders.
Figure 3.41 : East Side of the house
(Quinn, 2017)
87

East Side
The front side of the house is the east side from the compass, it exhibits mostly all main features of the house.
Transom Windows that allow the air to circulate between inside and outside space, The ornamental gable roof with
traditional decoration, raised floor by using high foundation, short height staircase that leads to the anjung part of
the house.
Figure 3.42 : East Side of the house (Iddin, 2017)
88

West Side
The back side of the house is the west side by compass, consisting portable or moveable pelantar (for washing and
drying clothes) behind the kitchen space (dapur). The facade also included with horizontal arranged repetitive wood
planks, timber door, and an additional space as it can be seen at the extended attap roof at the left side
Figure 3.43 : West Side of the house (Iddin, 2017)
89

South Side
The Anjung space of the house placed at the South side of the house, It shows the overall spaces and rooms that
belong to the house. It shows the Anjung’s half open wall, repetitive timber planks wall placement, Transom windows,
and different height of flooring and roofing.
Figure 3.44 : South Side of the house (Iddin, 2017)
90

North Side
The North side of the house mostly shows the high level of raised flooring, and it shows the extended views of the
overall length of the house. As it can be seen below exhibit the longest room of the house, and repetitive wall to add.
Figure 3.45 : North Side of the house (Iddin, 2017)
91

Part of the attap roof was well decorated with an authentic craft from the locals, which showed repetition and
patterns bringing the sense of a whole or unify different parts of patterns.
Exterior Details
Figure 3.46 : Gable Screen ornament (Quinn, 2017) Figure 3.47 : Roof Ornamental Detail (Quinn, 2017)
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Foundation
This is part of the foundation of Kedah Traditional House, which functions as house support to enable the house to
rise up higher, avoiding dangerous animals and enabling a cooler interior by cross ventilation through beneath the
floor.
Figure 3.48 : Foundation of the House
(Quinn, 2017)
93

Wall
Exterior wall with repetition placement of wood panels, which is also part of the interior walls, brings both same
experiences of harmonious and visually pleasing. Which includes the window frame that disguises as part of the
exterior wall. Even though it looks neat and similar, but in actual it is different in sizes.
Figure 3.49 : Horizontal Wall (Iddin, 2017) Figure 3.50 : Timber Wall Placing
(Iddin, 2017)
94

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