CLASS 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES BY MAHENDRA RAJAK

1. PHYSICAL EDUCATION
CLASS – 12
MAHENDRA RAJAK
(TGT P&HE)
KV MAHABUBNAGAR
Women
and
Sports
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2. Sports Participation of Women in India
 The participation of women in sports in India is very small.
 Gender inequality is strongly evident in every field of life including sports.
 The problem is more socio-psychological than anything else.
 The Government of India instituted the National Sports Festival for Women with the objective to
promote women’s sports.
 However, this programmed could not bring any noticeable improvement in women’s participation in
sports.
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3. Methods to Increase Women’s Participation in Sports
Coaching
Programmes
Menstrual
Dysfunction
Menarche
Facilities
Price/Affordability
Special
Considerations
Associated with
Physiology
Safety
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4. Factors responsible for less participation of
women in the field of sports
Physical factors
 Lack of fitness and wellness
 Female Athlete Tired
Psychological factors
 Lack of confidence
 Lack of interest of spectators
 Less no. of female coaches
 Less media coverage
 Personal safety
 Less education of women
Sociological factors
 Lack of legislation
 Lack of time for sports activity
 Male dominated Culture in the sports
 Attitude of society towards women in sports
participation
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5. steps to improve participation of women in
sports & games
 Motivation and inspiration to women for participation.
 Support from family and parents.
 To organize camps, seminar and workshops.
 To provide knowledge and media coverage.
 Educating women at grass root level for participation.
 Provide better infrastructure and facilities.
 Ensuring safety and security of women.
 More opportunity for competition.
 Develop new techniques and environments.
 To build physical and psychological strength
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6. Psychological Aspects of Women Athletes
 Stress All women athletes undergo various degrees of stress-due to increased competition and. male
domination. But women are able-to handle stress in a better way as they are more open and have a large
social circle.
 Aggression Women may experience aggression that may reduce then- performance in sports. But they
are able to mange the aggression and also are less aggressive in nature.
 Sensitive Women are more sensitive to the reaction of the people towards them. Therefore positive
reinforcements by parents, coach, friends can enhance their performance.
 Eager to Learn Women are more eager to learn the new skills and techniques. Therefore coaching is
easier in case of women athletes.
 Coping Women are able to handle and manage their emotional and interpersonal problems in a more
efficient way. This helps women athletes to make strategies for better performance.
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7. Sociological Aspects of Women Athletes
 Social Stigma The social outlook is that girls are feeble, weak as compared to men and therefore they
should not participate in sports.
 Safety Issues Girls have to face certain safety issues such as late night training, going to and
 coming from sports venues, coaching centers etc. Due to this, they find it difficult to pursue sports.
 Lack of Proper Facilities Women have to face lack of specific facilities such as separate changing rooms,
rest rooms etc. This leaves very few opportunities for women.
 Lack of Role Models In the absence of women’s greater participation in sports, there are no role
models. Due to this, girls do not get encouragement from parents or coaches.
 Less Media Coverage Women sports tournaments do not get wide coverage as men’s sports. Electronic
and print media do not give proper attention on women tournaments. Therefore women do not get
encouragement to participate in sports.
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8. Female Athletes Triad 8

9. Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder which refers as to the decreased bone material contents. There are various
factors, which lead to osteoporosis, these are:
 Insufficient calcium in diet: - The main cause of osteoporosis is intake of insufficient calcium in diet.
 Amenorrhea: - Women suffering from Menstrual dysfunction or Amenorrhea for more than 6 months are
likely to face osteoporosis because the secretion of the hormone called Osteogeny is decreased in those
women. This hormone is necessary for absorption of calcium in our body.
 Eating disorder: - Eating disorder like anorexia and bulimia etc. may also cause osteoporosis because there
can be less amount of calcium intake.
 Bad Eating Habits: - Intake of Caffeine, Alcohol, tobacco or smoking may lead to osteoporosis. These
products have a negative effect on Bone Density.
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10. Amenorrhea
It is a menstrual disorder or illness in female of 18 years or above either never began
menstruating or there is an absence of menstruation for three months and more.
The factors or causes which may inspire or enhance the chances of amenorrhea,
 Hormone changes
 Intensive excises
 Intake of less carbohydrates or calories.
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11. Eating disorders
When people began to eat more than normal or very small amounts it is known as eating disorders.
These types are
1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa: This is a psycho-physical condition. It is characterized by lack of appetite and an
associated with the subconscious desire to remain slim. Such a felling usually develops in young women
or adolescence female in order to retain their body figure and image.
Bulimia is an affecting adolescence girls or young women it is characterized by period of excessive
eating (binge) alternating with normal eating.
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13. Menstrual dysfunction
 Absence of menstrual periods: - This problem may be due to eating disorder, excessive exercise schedule,
extreme level of stress and medications etc.
 Premenstrual syndrome: - Many girls may have symptoms such as acne, backaches, Sore breasts, headaches,
constipation, depression, irritability and feeling anxious etc.
These symptoms may be faced by female before their menstruation.
 Abnormal Cramps: - These cramps are caused by a chemical in the body that makes the muscles in the uterus
contract.
 Heavy or prolonged period: - It is common for a girl’s menstrual period to be heavier on some days than
others.
 Irregular menstrual period: - The regular menstrual cycle for a female is 28 days. However, it may vary from 21
to 35 days.
 Delay in the first menstrual period.
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14. Thanku
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