2. Observation
Any information about any field of student is called observation
For example
Quaid-e-Azam was a good lawyer
Punjab has 34 district
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3. Value/Datum
Any numeric observation is called value or datum
For example
Punjab has 34 district
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4. Attribute
Any nonnumeric observation is called attribute.
For example
Quaid-e-Azam was a good lawyer
Muhammad Haroon is a good teacher
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5. Data
Set of observation is called data
For example
Marks of all student in a class
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6. Quantitative Data
Set of values is called quantitative data
For example
Marks of all student in a class
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7. Qualitative Data
Set of attribute is called qualitative data
For example
Dress color of student in a class
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8. Statistics
Statistics is study of those methods which are used to collect, present, analyse and
interpretation the data. Statistics is also used in decision making under uncertain
condition. There are two branches of statistics.
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
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10. Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics is study of those methods which are used to analyse and
interpretation the data. Statistics is also used in decision making under uncertain
condition.
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11. Population
A Population consists of the totality of the observations with which we are concerned.
Or
Set of objects or individual having some common characteristics is called population.
For example
The heights of all the students in the university
Population of first year student in the university
Population of piano ball points
The number of bolts produced by a machine.
N denotes the size of the population.
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12. Sample
A Sample is the representative part of the population. Sample is studied to know the
properties of the population.
Or
A small part of population which represent all most all characteristics of population is
called sample.
For example
The heights of all the students in the State class
Student of 1st year statistics
Piano ball points at a book shops
The sample size is denoted by n.
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13. Statistic
Any values calculated from sample data is called statistic (Latin).
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14. Variable
Any Characteristics which can change is called variable. It is denoted by ( X, Y, Z ) last
capital alphabets.
For example
Height
Temperature
Price
There are two types of variable
Quantitative variable
Qualitative variable
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15. Constant
Any Characteristics which can not change is called constant. It is denoted by ( a, b, c )
first small letters.
For example
Number of eyes
Number of hands
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16. Quantitative Variable
A variable which takes numeric observation is called quantitative variable.
For example
Height
Temperature
Price
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17. Qualitative Variable
A variable which takes nonnumeric observation is called qualitative variable.
For example
Name
Shirt color
There are two types of Qualitative variable
Discrete Variable
Continuous Variable
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18. Discrete Variable
A variable which takes specific values is called discrete variable.
For example
Number of Chair
Number of student
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19. Continuous Variable
A variable which takes all possible values is called continuous variable.
For example
Height
Time
Temperature
Weights
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20. Order Statistics/Array
The arrangement of values in either order is called order statistics. There are three
meaning of statistics
Statistics in plural sense
Statistics in singular sense
Statistics as plural of statistic
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21. Statistics in Plural Sense
The word statistics in plural sense are the numerical observations collected for some
definite purpose regarding to some field of study.
Or
Statistics is name of a subject.
For example
The ages of students are called the statistics of ages
The prices of fruits collected are called as statistics of fruit prices
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22. Statistics in Singular Sense
Statistics in singular sense is a body of methods used in the collection, presentation,
analysis & the interpretation of data.
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23. Statistics as Plural of Statistic
Any values calculated from sample data is called statistic. When we have more than one
statistic, then we shall use the word statistics as plural of the word statistic. Thus the
sample mean ( 𝑋 ) and the sample standard deviation ( S) are the statistics.
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24. Census
The study of population is called census.
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25. Sample Survey
The study of sample is called sample survey.
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27. Primary Data (with respect to collection)
Such data which is collected from field and present in its original form is called primary
data.
For example
Marks of students obtained of class
It is also called data, unarranged data, ungrouped data, raw data and firsthand collected
data
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28. Secondary Data
Such data on which at least one statistical method is applied. It is also called grouped
data.
For example
Marks of students obtained from office record
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29. Ratio
Ratio is defined as “Fraction of two number”.
For example
Ratio of “a” to “b” = a:b = a/b
Ratio of students with uniform to without uniforms
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30. Fraction/ Proportion
Fraction is ratio of a part to its total
For example
Part : Total = Part/Total
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31. Model
A model is a mathematical statement used in studying the results of an experiment or
predicting the behavior of future repetitions of the experiment. A set of observations can
be described by means of simplest model as given below.
𝑌𝑖 = 𝜇 + 𝜀𝑖
In the above model, 𝑌𝑖 represents the individual observations, 𝜇 denotes the population
means and 𝜀𝑖 denotes random error.
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32. Random Error
The random error 𝜀𝑖 is a chance variation in the observational process. The random error
may be written as 𝜀𝑖 = 𝑌𝑖 - 𝜇 , 𝜀𝑖’s are usually assumed to be from population having zero
mean, while the term 𝑌𝑖 - 𝜇 is known as deviation of an observation 𝑌𝑖 from population
means ( 𝜇 ).
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33. Factorial (!)
“n” Factorial is the product of n positive integers (!) is by n!.
For example
0!=1
2!=2x1=2
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