Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Comparetive account of limb fore limb and hind limb
1. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
PRESENTATION ON – COMPARATIVE LIMB
OF VERTIBRATE
PRESENTED BY-
NAGESHWAR KULDEEP
MSC-1 sem
GUIDED BY-Dr.
MAJID ALI SIR
2. COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF LIMB
1.Introduction
2. Definition
3.Type of limb
4.Comparetive study of limb
5.Conclution
6.Refrence
3. Introduction
•A limb or extremity is a jointed bodily apndage that human and
many animal use for locomotion such as walking ,runing, and
swimming or for prehensile grasping or climbing in the human
body arms and legs are commonly called upper limb and lower
limbs
•The supporting frame work to maintain body shape, protection of
internal organs against external hazards and to maintain
characteristic topography of organ is called Skeleton.• The
skeletal system is broadly divided into two groups 1 Axial skeleton
2 Appendicular skeleton.• The axial skeleton lies in the long axis
and it includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.• The
appendicular skeleton lies in the transverse axis and it includes
the girdle and the limbs.
4. Definition :-
A limb is a jointed appendage of a humans or other
animal’s body any of the paireds parts (such an arm
,wing or leg )of an animal that stick out from the body
and are used mostly in moving and grasping .
5. •The fore limbs of vertebrates are of the typical pentadactyle
type. • They are built on the
same fundamental plan. But they are variously modified in
different vertebrates to suit the mode of life
•They form a homologous organ.
• Following elements present in all vertebrates fore limbs.
Comparison of fore limbs
8. Mammals Reptiles birds amphibians
Uper
arms
humerus Only bone in
upper arm
This is long
and strong
bones upper
end is
counded
caled head
Rode like
slightly
bone
It small but
rounded
Fore arm Redio-
ulna
•Firmly held
together by
ligament
•Redius -small
•Separate
bone
•Radius -thin
•Separat
e bone
•Radius
–thin,
small
Form the elbow
to the wrist
there is joint
bone called
radio ulna it is
union of two
bones
•Alna-longer
•Deep line
•Joint
wrist •8 small bones
•2 rows present
• 10 small
bones
•Three rows
•First -3
•middle -1
carpals
• 3
carpals
•6 small bones
–carpels
9. m r b a
Wrist First rows-3
carpals
Second rows
-5
•Distal row -
5
•Distal
epiphysis
----------------- •Arranged –
2 rows
•Proximal
row -3
carpals
•Second line
-3
palm Metacarpals • 5
metacarpals
•Thumb -2
•Fingers –
long bones
,called
phalanges
-----------------
---
•Carpo
metacarpus
–this bone is
made up of
two ladenlike
bones
•First –
smaller and
more errect
•Second –
strong,straig
ht rod
•Third-
• 4 bones
•1 pollex
•4 joined on
metacarpuls
10. Hind limbs bones :-
• the hind limb bones include femar , tibio-fibula ,tarsal and metatarsal and
12. Bones amphibian Reptiles Birds Mamals
femur •This is the bone of
hind limb
•Proximal end is
rounded
•This is the
bone of thigh
•Thick
---------------------
---
•Long and hard
bone with large
rounded
protrusion
Tibio-fibula •joinet bone formed
by the union
•Grove in whole lenth
•Tibio fibula is long
strong bone
•Sepretd bone
•Strong
•Fibula-
westigid
•Tibio –tarsals
with tarsal
•End me joint
•Tarsals •Ankle bone –very
long
•It happen in two line
•First row calcanium
•Outer side –
astragalus
•
•There are 5
tarsals
•Two in
proximal row
and three
dorsal row
---------------- •Ankals bone -6
• 2 astrogets
• 4 metacarpals
13. Conclution :-
Abov analysis show that the fore limb and hind limb are
important part of any animal which help walking, swimming and
running which is very important in animals life .
Refrence :-
1) Vertebrate life
By-willian N. ferland
1)R.P UNIFIEED
By-dr.R.S. SAXENA
