PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Acids, Bases and Salts'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
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2. What is an Acid?
A substance that tastes sour, turns Blue Litmus Red,
and neutralizes bases is known as an Acid.
{pH – Less Than 7}
They can be classified in two categories on the basis of
their strength:
• Weak Acids – It is an acid that Dissociates
Incompletely, releasing only some of its hydrogen
atoms into the solution. For e.g.:- H2CO3, H2SO3, etc.
• Strong Acids – It is an acid that is Completely
Dissociated in an aqueous solution. For e.g.:-
HCl,H2SO4, etc.
3. What is a Base?
A substance bitter in taste, turns Red Litmus Blue, and
neutralizes acid is known as a Base. They are generally
soapy in touch.
{pH – More Than 7}
They can be classified in two categories on the basis of
their strength:
• Weak Base – They are the basic substances that
Dissociates Incompletely in water. For e.g.:- NH3,
Al OH 3, etc.
• Strong Base – They are the basic substances that
Completely Dissociates in water. For e.g.:- NaOH,
KOH, etc.
4. Physical Properties of Acids & Bases
Properties Acids Bases
Color
Mineral acids are colorless.
Organic acids are white-colored
solids.
Bases are colorless
except for the
hydroxides of Fe & Cu.
Taste Sour Bitter
Touch – Slippery
Solubility Soluble in water.
Some bases are soluble
which are called Alkalis.
5. Chemical Properties of Acids & Bases
• The Reactions of Acids and Bases with Metals.
• The Reaction of Metal Carbonates/ Bicarbonates with Acids.
• The Reactions of Metal Oxide with Acids.
• The Reaction of Non-metal Oxide with Bases.
• The Reaction of Acids with Bases {Neutralization}.
6. Acids & Bases with Metals
• The Metal in this reaction displaces Hydrogen atoms from the acids as H2 gas and
forms a compound called a Salt.
Mg(s)+2HCl(aq.)⟶MgCl2(aq)+H2(g)
• Alkalis (bases that are soluble in water) react with metals to produce Salt and
Hydrogen gas.
2NaOH(a) + Zn(s) → Na2ZnO2(s) + H2(g)
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
Bases + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
7. Metal Carbonates/ Bicarbonates with Acids
Metal Carbonates/ Bicarbonates react with Acids to produce Salt, Carbon Dioxide
and Water.
Na2 CO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq.) → 2NaCl (aq.) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (aq.) → NaCl (aq.) + CO2 + H2O (l)
• Bases do not react with Metal Carbonates/ Bicarbonates at all.
Metal Carbonate/ Bicarbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
8. Metal Oxide with Acids
Metallic Oxides are Basic in nature, but react with
acids to produce Salt and Water.
CaO (s) + 2HCl (aq.) → CaCl2 (s) + H2O (l)
Metal oxide + Acid → Salt + Water
9. Non – Metal Oxide with Bases
Non-Metal Oxides are acidic in nature, but reacts with a base to neutralize each
other resulting respective Salt and Water are produced.
2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O
Non – Metal Oxide + Base Salt + Water
10. Neutralization
The reaction between an strong acid and strong base to give a salt and water is
known as a Neutralization reaction.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
11. What are Indicators?
The Indicators tells whether a substance is
acidic or basic by changing their color.
Thera are three types of Indicators:
• Natural Indicators – They are obtained
from the nature. For e.g.:- Litmus, Turmeric,
etc.
• Synthetic Indicators – They are synthesized
in a laboratory and are artificial. For e.g.:-
Methyl Orange, Phenolphthalein, etc.
• Olfactory Indicators – Their odor changes
in acidic or basic media. For e.g.:- Vanilla,
Onion, etc.
12. What are Alkalis?
An Alkali is a base that dissolves in water.
They are soapy to touch, bitter and corrosive.
For e.g.:- NaOH, KOH, etc.
{pH – More Than 7}
Properties of Alkalis are:-
• They are soft and have low density.
• Alkalis have low melting and boiling points.
• They give characteristic color to the flame.
• Alkalis react easily with Halogens.
• They can be stored in mineral oil solutions.
13. Dilution of Acid
The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is a
Highly Exothermic. Care must be taken while mixing Conc.
Nitric Acid or Sulphuric Acid with water.
• Acid to Water – The acid must always be added slowly to
water with constant stirring.
• Water to Acid – If water is added to a conc. acid, the heat
generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause
burns. The glass container may break due to excessive
heat.
Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in
the conc. of ions (H3O+/OH– ) per unit volume. Such a
process is called Dilution.
14. pH: The Universal Indicator
pH Scale was developed to measure the conc. of hydrogen ions in a solution.
• The p in pH stands for ‘Potenz’ in German, meaning ‘Power’.
• The pH scale ranges from 0 (Very Acidic) to 14 (Very Alkaline).
• The pH of a neutral solution is 7.
• Value less than 7 on the scale represent an acidic solution.
• Value more than 7 on the scale represent an basic solution.
15.
16. pH in Everyday Life
• Are Plants and Animals pH sensitive?
Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.
Living organisms can survive only in a narrow
range of pH change.
When pH of rain water is Less Than 5.6, it is called
Acid Rain.
When acid rain flows into rivers, it lowers the pH
of river water.
The survival of aquatic life in such rivers become
difficult.
17. • What should be the pH of Soil in the
Backyard?
Plants require a specific pH range for
their healthy growth.
The optimal pH range of the soil
suitable for plant growth should vary
in-between 5.5 to 7.0.
The soil should neither be alkaline nor
acidic in nature to support the growth
of plants.
Change in pH of the soil affects the
availability of nutrients for growth of
the plants.
18. • What is the pH in our digestive system?
Our stomach produces HCl which helps in
the digestion of food without harming the
stomach.
During indigestion, stomach produces too
much acid which causes pain and irritation.
To get rid of the pain, people use bases called
Antacids.
To neutralize the excess acid, Magnesium
Hydroxide (Milk Of Magnesia) is used.
19. • Is pH change responsible for Tooth Decay?
Tooth Decay starts when the pH of the mouth
is lower than 5.5.
Tooth enamel is made up of Calcium
Hydroxyapatite (crystalline form of Calcium
Phosphate) is the hardest substance in the body.
It is corroded when the pH in the mouth is
below 5.5.
Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by
degradation of sugar and food particles
remaining in the mouth after eating.
The best way to prevent this is to clean the
mouth using basic toothpastes.
20. • Self defense by Animals And Plants through
chemical warfare
Bee-sting Leaves an acid which causes pain
and irritation.
Use of a mild base like baking soda on the
stung area gives relief.
Stinging hair of nettle leaves inject Methanoic
Acid (Formic Acid) causing burning pain.
22. What is a Salt?
The substance formed (in addition to water) when acid and
base react with each other is called Salt. They generally
show neutral behavior.
{pH – 7}
They can be classified in 2 types:
• Acidic Salt – They are formed by the Partial Replacement
of Hydrogen Ions of an acid by a metal. For e.g.:- NH4Cl,
FeCl3, etc.
• Basic Salt –They are formed by the Partial Replacement of
Hydroxide Ions of a base with an acid. For e.g.:- Na2CO3,
CaCO3, etc.
23. Properties of Salts
Salts may show
acidic, basic or
neutral
behavior.
They conduct
electricity in
molten state or
when soluble in
water.
They are hard,
crystalline solids
and non-volatile
in nature.
They have high
melting points.
Salts are
insoluble in
organic solvents
like kerosene,
petrol, etc.
24. Common Salt
• Chemical Name:- Sodium Chloride
• Chemical Formula:- NaCl
• Preparation:- It is formed by the combination of HCl and
Sodium Hydroxide.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
• Uses:-
It is widely used in food industries as a food
preservative.
It is a major raw material in the industrial
manufacturing of various chemicals such as sodium
carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate etc.
25. Caustic Soda
• Chemical Name:- Sodium Hydroxide
• Chemical Formula:- NaOH
• Preparation:- When electricity is passed through an aq.
solution of NaCl (Brine), it decomposes to form NaOH.
This process is also called Chlor – Alkali process.
2NaCl + 2H2O → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
• Uses:-
It is used for the making of soaps and detergents, paper
and fibers.
It is also used for de-greasing metals.
26. Bleaching Powder
• Chemical Name:- Calcium Oxychloride
• Chemical Formula:- CaOCl2
• Preparation:- It is formed by the action of Chlorine
on Ca(OH)2.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
• Uses:-
It is used to make drinking water germ free.
It is also used as an oxidizing agent in many
industries.
27. Baking Soda
• Chemical Name:- Sodium Hydrogencarbonate
• Chemical Formula:- NaHCO3
• Preparation:- It is formed when NaCl reacts with
Ammonia, water and CO2.
NaCl + H2O + NH3 + CO2 → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
• Uses:-
The baking soda is used in the kitchen for making
crispy pakoras.
It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
28. Washing Soda
• Chemical Name:- Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate
• Chemical Formula:- Na2CO3.10H2O
• Preparation:- It is formed when 10 water molecules
are added to Na2CO3.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O
• Uses:-
It is used for removing permanent hardness of
water.
It can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic
purposes.
29. Plaster Of Paris
• Chemical Name:- Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate
• Chemical Formula:- CaSO4. ½ H2O
• Preparation:- It is formed when Gypsum is heated
at 373 K (100C), to lose water.
CaSO4. 2H2O → CaSO4. ½ H2O + 3/2 H2O
• Uses:-
It is used by doctors to support the fractured
bones.
It is used for making toys, materials for decoration
and for making surfaces smooth.
