This document discusses different functional groups that are commonly found in organic compounds. It describes the key characteristics of several functional groups including alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. For each group, it identifies the specific atoms present, common bonding patterns, physical properties, naming conventions, and how they can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on their structure.
2. ORGANIC
CHEMESTRY
Catalog
•Organic chemistry is the study
of the structure, properties,
composition, reactions, and
preparation of carbon-containing
compounds.
• specific groupings of atoms within
molecules that have their own
characteristic properties, regardless
of the other atoms present in a
molecule. Common examples are
alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids,
ketones, and ethers.
3. Functional
Group
Catalog
• Functional groups are the most
reactive parts in organic
compounds and determine the
major properties of compounds.
• specific groupings of atoms within
molecules that have their own
characteristic properties, regardless
of the other atoms present in a
molecule. Common examples are
alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids,
ketones, and ethers.
4.
5.
6. Hydroxyl groups are simple structures consisting of an oxygen
atom with two lone pairs bonded to a hydrogen atom. They readily
participate in hydrogen bonding, generating either a net positively or
negatively charged ion.
The C=O group plays a particularly important role in organic chemistry.
This group is called a carbonyl.In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is
a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an
oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic
compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound
containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl
compound.
7. •colourless liquids at room
temperature.
•two carbons and an oxygen
.• they are named as
alkanol.
•Has an O-H group
• Can be classified as
1°/2°/°3 according to the
posotion on carbon
skeletont.
Alcohol
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. If that carbon is
attached to one
carbon, the alcohol
is primary; two,
secondary; three,
tertiary. If zero
carbons and three
hydrogens (a
unique situation) it
is methanol.
9. * Has 1 oxygen
*O-H or C=O group
*The Oxygen is
sandwiched between
two carbon atoms thier
names end with ether.
*colorless, sweet-
smelling, extremely
volatile, and combustible
liquids.
Ethers
10. Adehydes
* only one Oxygen
* Has a C= O group
*C=O Group is at the end
of the carbon chain,sois
nextdoor to a hydrogen
atom .
* they are named as
alkanal .
11. ketones.
* Only one
Oxygen
*Has a C=O
group is not at
the of carbon
chain so is next
door to Carbons
.
*they are named
as alkanone.
12. Carboxylic acids
* Has 2 oxygen
* Has O-H and C=O
Groups on the on the
same carbon atoms.
*This -- COOH group has
to be at the end
ofacarbon chain.
*They are named as
Alkanoic acid .
13.
14. Amines
* Contain nitrogen
* Has an --NH2 group Can
beclassified as 1°/2°/3°
according to the number
of carbon atoms
conected to the N.
*they are named as alkyle
amine.
